废水生物处理系统的物质流和能量流解析及应用
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摘要
对于废水生物处理系统的评价尚缺少科学、有效的综合评价方法。针对这一问题,本论文以一个典型的工业废水生物处理厂为对象,建立了废水生物处理系统的物质流与能量流分析方法；以此为基础,利用单物质区域观察法和数学模型解析了进入该系统的碳、氮及磷元素的物质流向和能量流向；集成应用基于物质流与能量流分析的耦合生命周期评价模型、模糊识别以及灰色关联模型,探讨了废水生物处理系统的环境影响、效果以及能量消耗；构建了结合环境影响、能量回收以及运行效果指标的废水生物处理厂综合评价新方法。论文的主要研究内容和研究成果包括：
1.在对废水生物处理系统厌氧与好氧单元的深入分析基础上,采用单物质区域观察和数学模型相结合的方法,建立了废水生物处理系统中物质流与能量流平衡分析的新方法,有效地解析了厌氧与好氧单元内部的物质与能量流向。
2.对废水生物处理系统的物质流和能量流解析结果表明：厌氧单元被微生物分解的有机物主要转化为甲烷(CH4),其次转化为二氧化碳(CO2),还有小部分用于合成细胞,进入系统的内能绝大部分转化为甲烷内能；在好氧单元中碳进入到剩余污泥中的比例最高,进入单元的氮分布在剩余污泥、反硝化以及出水中；而进入好氧单元的总磷大部分转移到剩余污泥中；耗散的功和热占去进入系统内能中较大的比例。
3.利用基于物质流与能量流分析的耦合生命周期评价模型,探索了所选择废水生物处理系统在1年内(2008年7月-2009年6月)的环境影响。研究发现：该系统的厌氧单元2009年2月份环境影响的综合指数最小(97.89),2008年7月环境影响的综合指数最大(112.50)；好氧单元在2008年8月份环境影响的综合指数最小(12.34),2008年12月环境影响的综合指数最大(13.45)。
4.利用模糊识别模型与灰色关联模型,分别考察了所选择废水生物处理系统的运行效果及能量消耗情况。该系统的厌氧单元在2008年8月份属运行状况最佳；好氧单元在2009年2月份属运行状况最佳；厌氧单元能量利用率是影响系统能量消耗的最大因素,碳的平衡率和出水有机酸相对而言对能耗的影响较小；而好氧单元中COD的去除率是影响电耗的最大因素,其次是氮、磷平衡率。该结果能够为企业降低废水处理系统的消耗、提高其效率提供依据。
5.构建了所选择废水生物处理系统运行时的环境影响、运行效果以及能量回收等因素的综合评价新方法,获得了厌氧与好氧单元的优化工况时间。该系统的厌氧单元在2008年7月的综合评价最好,其次是2008年8月,但在9月至12月的结果看来整体效果较差；到了2009年1-4月,综合分析效果整体转好；而好氧单元在整个生命周期内的综合评价结果波动较大,2008年12月、2009年1月、2月的评价指数较高,属于好氧单元的运行评价较优时段。
So far, there is still lack of effective and comprehensive methods for evaluating biological wastewater treatment systems. Taking a typical industrial wastewater biological treatment plant as an example, based on life cycle assessment (LCA), in this work an integrated approach was established for evaluating this plant in ther terms of the material and energy flows. The material and energy flows of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus elements were analyzed on the basis of single-element regional observation and mathematical modeling methods. In this study, the LCA method, Fuzzy recognition approach and grey relational model were integrated to assess the potential environmental impact, performance and energy consumption of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and a new method with a consideration of index system of environmental impact, energy recovery and operation performance for the comprehensive evaluation of WWTP was established. The main contents and results of this work are as followed:
1. On the basis of in-depth analysis of anaerobic and aerobic units of the WWTP, a new method accounting for material and energy flow balance analysis was established by an integration of single-element regional observation and mathematical modeling methods. This method is found to be very effective to analyze the material and energy flows within the anaerobic and aerobic units.
2. The results of material and energy flows analysis of the WWTP showed that the organic matters decomposed by microorganism in the anaerobic unit were mainly conversed into methane (CH4), followed by carbon dioxide (CO2), and only a small part for the synthesis of cells. Most of internal energy into the system was converted into the internal energy. In the aerobic unit, proportion of carbon into excess sludge was highest with a nitrogen distribution into residual sludge, denitrification and effluent. On the other hand, total phosphorus was mainly converted into the excess sludge with the dissipation and heat accounting for the larger proportion of the system internal energy.
3. With the hybid LCA system of flow and energy flow analysis, the environmental impacts of the WWTP during one-year period (July,2008-June,2009) was investigated. The results showed that the comprehensive index of environmental impacts for the anaerobic unit was lowest in February,2009 (97.89) and highest in August,2008 (112.50). On the other hand, the comprehensive index of environmental impacts for the aerobic unit was lowest during the period of August,2008 (12.34) and highest in December,2008 (13.45).
4. With Fuzzy recognition approach and grey relational model, the operating performance and energy consumption of the WWTP were investigated. The results showed the optimization point for the anaerobic unit appeared in August of 2008 and the optimization point for the aerobic unit in February of 2009. Energy utilization ratio of anaerobic system was the biggest factor affecting the energy consumption, while carbon balance and organic acids in the effluent had relatively less impact on energy consumption. COD removal efficiency in the aerobic unit was the biggest factor affecting power consumption, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The results is useful for improving the WWTP operation.
5. A new method with a considearation of index system of environmental impact, operational efficiency and energy recovery for the comprehensive evaluation of the WWTP was established and the optimized working conditions for the anaerobic and aerobic units were achieved. The comprehensive evaluation of the anaerobic unit was the best in July of 2008, and followed by August of 2008, while became worse from September to December of 2008. The LCA comprehensive evaluation results of the aerobic unit were in large fluctuations. The comprehensive evaluation index was higher in December of 2008, January and February of 2009, which was optimum operating time for the aerobic unit.
1.在对废水生物处理系统厌氧与好氧单元的深入分析基础上,采用单物质区域观察和数学模型相结合的方法,建立了废水生物处理系统中物质流与能量流平衡分析的新方法,有效地解析了厌氧与好氧单元内部的物质与能量流向。
2.对废水生物处理系统的物质流和能量流解析结果表明：厌氧单元被微生物分解的有机物主要转化为甲烷(CH4),其次转化为二氧化碳(CO2),还有小部分用于合成细胞,进入系统的内能绝大部分转化为甲烷内能；在好氧单元中碳进入到剩余污泥中的比例最高,进入单元的氮分布在剩余污泥、反硝化以及出水中；而进入好氧单元的总磷大部分转移到剩余污泥中；耗散的功和热占去进入系统内能中较大的比例。
3.利用基于物质流与能量流分析的耦合生命周期评价模型,探索了所选择废水生物处理系统在1年内(2008年7月-2009年6月)的环境影响。研究发现：该系统的厌氧单元2009年2月份环境影响的综合指数最小(97.89),2008年7月环境影响的综合指数最大(112.50)；好氧单元在2008年8月份环境影响的综合指数最小(12.34),2008年12月环境影响的综合指数最大(13.45)。
4.利用模糊识别模型与灰色关联模型,分别考察了所选择废水生物处理系统的运行效果及能量消耗情况。该系统的厌氧单元在2008年8月份属运行状况最佳；好氧单元在2009年2月份属运行状况最佳；厌氧单元能量利用率是影响系统能量消耗的最大因素,碳的平衡率和出水有机酸相对而言对能耗的影响较小；而好氧单元中COD的去除率是影响电耗的最大因素,其次是氮、磷平衡率。该结果能够为企业降低废水处理系统的消耗、提高其效率提供依据。
5.构建了所选择废水生物处理系统运行时的环境影响、运行效果以及能量回收等因素的综合评价新方法,获得了厌氧与好氧单元的优化工况时间。该系统的厌氧单元在2008年7月的综合评价最好,其次是2008年8月,但在9月至12月的结果看来整体效果较差；到了2009年1-4月,综合分析效果整体转好；而好氧单元在整个生命周期内的综合评价结果波动较大,2008年12月、2009年1月、2月的评价指数较高,属于好氧单元的运行评价较优时段。
So far, there is still lack of effective and comprehensive methods for evaluating biological wastewater treatment systems. Taking a typical industrial wastewater biological treatment plant as an example, based on life cycle assessment (LCA), in this work an integrated approach was established for evaluating this plant in ther terms of the material and energy flows. The material and energy flows of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus elements were analyzed on the basis of single-element regional observation and mathematical modeling methods. In this study, the LCA method, Fuzzy recognition approach and grey relational model were integrated to assess the potential environmental impact, performance and energy consumption of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and a new method with a consideration of index system of environmental impact, energy recovery and operation performance for the comprehensive evaluation of WWTP was established. The main contents and results of this work are as followed:
1. On the basis of in-depth analysis of anaerobic and aerobic units of the WWTP, a new method accounting for material and energy flow balance analysis was established by an integration of single-element regional observation and mathematical modeling methods. This method is found to be very effective to analyze the material and energy flows within the anaerobic and aerobic units.
2. The results of material and energy flows analysis of the WWTP showed that the organic matters decomposed by microorganism in the anaerobic unit were mainly conversed into methane (CH4), followed by carbon dioxide (CO2), and only a small part for the synthesis of cells. Most of internal energy into the system was converted into the internal energy. In the aerobic unit, proportion of carbon into excess sludge was highest with a nitrogen distribution into residual sludge, denitrification and effluent. On the other hand, total phosphorus was mainly converted into the excess sludge with the dissipation and heat accounting for the larger proportion of the system internal energy.
3. With the hybid LCA system of flow and energy flow analysis, the environmental impacts of the WWTP during one-year period (July,2008-June,2009) was investigated. The results showed that the comprehensive index of environmental impacts for the anaerobic unit was lowest in February,2009 (97.89) and highest in August,2008 (112.50). On the other hand, the comprehensive index of environmental impacts for the aerobic unit was lowest during the period of August,2008 (12.34) and highest in December,2008 (13.45).
4. With Fuzzy recognition approach and grey relational model, the operating performance and energy consumption of the WWTP were investigated. The results showed the optimization point for the anaerobic unit appeared in August of 2008 and the optimization point for the aerobic unit in February of 2009. Energy utilization ratio of anaerobic system was the biggest factor affecting the energy consumption, while carbon balance and organic acids in the effluent had relatively less impact on energy consumption. COD removal efficiency in the aerobic unit was the biggest factor affecting power consumption, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The results is useful for improving the WWTP operation.
5. A new method with a considearation of index system of environmental impact, operational efficiency and energy recovery for the comprehensive evaluation of the WWTP was established and the optimized working conditions for the anaerobic and aerobic units were achieved. The comprehensive evaluation of the anaerobic unit was the best in July of 2008, and followed by August of 2008, while became worse from September to December of 2008. The LCA comprehensive evaluation results of the aerobic unit were in large fluctuations. The comprehensive evaluation index was higher in December of 2008, January and February of 2009, which was optimum operating time for the aerobic unit.
引文
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