底排装置强非稳态燃烧特性研究
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摘要
本文以降低底部排气弹纵向距离散布为目标,以内弹道学、传热学、燃烧学等学科专业知识为基础,利用瞬态测压系统、高速录像系统等实验设备,重点研究底部排气装置在火炮膛内及出炮口所经历的强非稳态工作过程,针对环境条件瞬态变化对底部排气装置工作性能的影响,从底排内弹道角度,对高氯酸铵／端羟基聚丁二烯(AP/HTPB)复合底排药剂(下文中统一称之为AP复合底排药剂或复合底排药剂)及点火具在出火炮炮口前后经受的瞬态泄压这一强非稳态过程中的燃烧行为及工作特性进行了较为系统的理论与实验研究。
针对某155mm自行加榴炮底排弹采用的AP复合底排药剂,就其基本特性参量展开了实验研究,利用密闭爆发器测量了该复合底排药剂的火药力和气体余容,并根据实验结果拟合得到了该复合底排药在高压条件下的燃速公式：同时采用低压舱测量得到了亚大气压条件下底排药剂燃速的实验结果,拟合得到了低压条件下燃速公式。从而为模拟底排药剂的点火与燃烧提供了依据。
设计并采用专门半密闭爆发器,并采用高速录像手段,对底部排气装置开展了非稳态燃烧研究,在模拟炮口压力变化的环境压力突降条件下,发现复合底排药剂的燃烧必将经历失稳-熄灭-复燃的强非稳态过程。并且在实验中首次发现,现有某155mm底排装置,在开始工作最初约560ms内,底排装置的喷口可能出现两次或多次欠膨胀超音速流或临界流动,甚至出现震荡(间歇)燃烧情况。在探索和对比实验基础上,提出了抑制和防范底排装置在高降压速率下燃烧失稳的新技术。
对某155mm自行加榴炮采用的复合底排药剂在瞬态降压条件下的非稳态燃烧行为与规律开展了比较系统的实验与观察,首次发现,AP复合底排药剂在400～1.12×10~4MPa/s的降压速率范围内,其瞬变燃烧行为表现为三种类型,即自动复燃型、振荡燃烧型(临界型)和永久熄灭型。决定AP复合底排药剂瞬变燃烧行为特性的主要因素是降压时的初始压力和降压速率。初始压力越大,降压速率越小,燃烧越趋于稳定。火炮发射条件下,底排药剂在膛内可以实现点火。底排装置出膛口时的瞬态降压速率,必将致使底排药剂燃烧失稳。
在研究复合底排药剂强非稳态燃烧行为规律基础上,提出了解释振荡燃烧和永久熄火机理,建立了底排燃烧理论模型,推导得到了影响底排燃烧稳定性的公式,从而为解释底排燃烧行为和指导底排药柱及装置的结构设计提供了理论依据。
采用半密闭爆发器和高速录像实验装置,对不同类型底排点火具在瞬态降压条件下的工作特性进行了比较系统的实验研究,研究结果表明,在模拟底排弹出炮口时经历的压力瞬态下降过程中,首次观察到点火具射流随环境压力变化而变化,底排点火具本身的燃烧稳定性受到高降压速率的严重影响。点火具这种工作特性,主要与点火药剂成分有关。此外,还发现点火射流对底排药柱存在冲击过度,致使底排药柱局部破碎,产生“掉块”现象。
底排点火药剂中含有重金属成分,是点火射流在底排药柱的燃烧弧面上造成蚀坑的直接原因,蚀坑的直接作用是增强了底排药柱中、前期燃烧的“增面性”,同时又加剧了后期燃烧的“减面性”,从总体上看,底排燃烧时间缩短了。从而使底排工作特性偏离了设计预想。
在分析现有的固体含能材料点火理论的基础上,侧重采用固相点火模型,结合复合底排药剂在火炮膛内的具体工况,对底排药剂的不同加热点火模式,运用拉氏变换,得到了不同简化分析解。并采用数值传热学,对不同加热点火模式进行了数值计算。这些工作对估算底排药剂不同加热条件下的点火延迟时间和分析点火延迟时间影响因素具有重要的理论意义和工程参考价值。
To reduce the range dispersion of base bleed projectile, the process and characteristics of transient combustion of AP (Ammonium Perchlorate) composite base bleed charge was systematic, ally investigated in theory and experiment. The key issues of this paper are focused on the studies of the intensive unstable working process of base bleed charge in the instant when the projectile is shoting out of the gun muzzle by the using of transient pressure measurement system and high speed digital video camera. The theoretical model based on interior ballistics, heat transfer, combustion is introduced in the study.
The essential characteristics of AP/Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) composite base bleed propellant were studied experimentally by a closed bomb. The propellant force and the covolume of the composite grains were measured, and the combustion rate equation of base bleed propellant under high pressure was fitted based on the experiment data. Furthermore, the combustion rate equation under low pressure was fitted based on the data obtained by using a low pressure capsule.
The special designed semi-closed bomb and a high speed digital video camera system were used to investigate the unstable combustion of base bleed unit. The results show that, under abrupt depressurization, the combustion of composite base bleed charge consequentially experiences a successive process, which is instability, extinguishment, and reignition. A new phenomenon was found first time in this experiment, the underexpanded flow or critical flow appears in the nozzle of base bleed unit twice or more during initial 560ms under depressurization. Based on comparative tests, a new technology was proposed to control the combustion of base bleed grain and avoid burning unstably under high speed depressurization.
A systematic observation and investigation on the performance and law of unstable combustion of base bleed charge were carried out, and some phenomena were observed for the first time. In the range of depressurization rate from 400MPa/s to 1.12×1O~4MPa/s, there are three kinds of transient combustion of composite base bleed charge, which are reignition, critical combustion (oscillation combustion), and irreversible extinguishment. The initial pressure and the depressurization rate are the key factors which determine the transient combustion of composite base bleed charge. If the initial pressure is higher or the depressurization rate is lower, the combustion is more stable. The base bleed charge can be ignited in bore during gun fire, the transient depressurization rate nearby the gun muzzle makes the combustion unstable. Based on the study, the mechanism to explain oscillation combustion and irreversible extinguishment was proposed, and a combustion model of base bleed charge was established, and a formula about the influence factors of combustion was conducted. Besides, the phenomenon that the over impingement of ignition jet stream to base bleed grain was found in the experiment, then part of base bleed charge is broken and blown out of base bleed chamber.
To study the transient combustion characteristics and performance of different kinds of igniters under the depressurization, an experiment was performed, by using a semi-closed bomb and a high speed digital video camera. The results show that, the igniter jet stream varies according to the environment pressure and the stability of igniter combustion is affected by the depressurization. The performance of igniter is relevant to the component of ignition powder. Jet stream of igniter produces ablation holes on the circular arc burning surface of base bleed grain because of the heavy metal component in ignition powder. The direct effect of ablation intensifies progressive burning in earlier and intermediate stages of combustion, and intensifies degressive burning in late stage of combustion. In general, combustion time reduces. Consequently, the performance of base bleed unit deviates designation.
Based on the analysis of ignition theory of solid energetic material, by adopting solid-phase ignition model mainly and taking working condition of composite base bleed charge in-bore into account, a simplified analytical solutions of various heat ignition models of base bleed charge were conducted with Laplace transform. Numerical calculation of heat ignition was processed also. These works are important in theory and can be applied to estimate ignition delay time and analyze the factors that affect ignition delay in various heat conditions.
针对某155mm自行加榴炮底排弹采用的AP复合底排药剂,就其基本特性参量展开了实验研究,利用密闭爆发器测量了该复合底排药剂的火药力和气体余容,并根据实验结果拟合得到了该复合底排药在高压条件下的燃速公式：同时采用低压舱测量得到了亚大气压条件下底排药剂燃速的实验结果,拟合得到了低压条件下燃速公式。从而为模拟底排药剂的点火与燃烧提供了依据。
设计并采用专门半密闭爆发器,并采用高速录像手段,对底部排气装置开展了非稳态燃烧研究,在模拟炮口压力变化的环境压力突降条件下,发现复合底排药剂的燃烧必将经历失稳-熄灭-复燃的强非稳态过程。并且在实验中首次发现,现有某155mm底排装置,在开始工作最初约560ms内,底排装置的喷口可能出现两次或多次欠膨胀超音速流或临界流动,甚至出现震荡(间歇)燃烧情况。在探索和对比实验基础上,提出了抑制和防范底排装置在高降压速率下燃烧失稳的新技术。
对某155mm自行加榴炮采用的复合底排药剂在瞬态降压条件下的非稳态燃烧行为与规律开展了比较系统的实验与观察,首次发现,AP复合底排药剂在400～1.12×10~4MPa/s的降压速率范围内,其瞬变燃烧行为表现为三种类型,即自动复燃型、振荡燃烧型(临界型)和永久熄灭型。决定AP复合底排药剂瞬变燃烧行为特性的主要因素是降压时的初始压力和降压速率。初始压力越大,降压速率越小,燃烧越趋于稳定。火炮发射条件下,底排药剂在膛内可以实现点火。底排装置出膛口时的瞬态降压速率,必将致使底排药剂燃烧失稳。
在研究复合底排药剂强非稳态燃烧行为规律基础上,提出了解释振荡燃烧和永久熄火机理,建立了底排燃烧理论模型,推导得到了影响底排燃烧稳定性的公式,从而为解释底排燃烧行为和指导底排药柱及装置的结构设计提供了理论依据。
采用半密闭爆发器和高速录像实验装置,对不同类型底排点火具在瞬态降压条件下的工作特性进行了比较系统的实验研究,研究结果表明,在模拟底排弹出炮口时经历的压力瞬态下降过程中,首次观察到点火具射流随环境压力变化而变化,底排点火具本身的燃烧稳定性受到高降压速率的严重影响。点火具这种工作特性,主要与点火药剂成分有关。此外,还发现点火射流对底排药柱存在冲击过度,致使底排药柱局部破碎,产生“掉块”现象。
底排点火药剂中含有重金属成分,是点火射流在底排药柱的燃烧弧面上造成蚀坑的直接原因,蚀坑的直接作用是增强了底排药柱中、前期燃烧的“增面性”,同时又加剧了后期燃烧的“减面性”,从总体上看,底排燃烧时间缩短了。从而使底排工作特性偏离了设计预想。
在分析现有的固体含能材料点火理论的基础上,侧重采用固相点火模型,结合复合底排药剂在火炮膛内的具体工况,对底排药剂的不同加热点火模式,运用拉氏变换,得到了不同简化分析解。并采用数值传热学,对不同加热点火模式进行了数值计算。这些工作对估算底排药剂不同加热条件下的点火延迟时间和分析点火延迟时间影响因素具有重要的理论意义和工程参考价值。
To reduce the range dispersion of base bleed projectile, the process and characteristics of transient combustion of AP (Ammonium Perchlorate) composite base bleed charge was systematic, ally investigated in theory and experiment. The key issues of this paper are focused on the studies of the intensive unstable working process of base bleed charge in the instant when the projectile is shoting out of the gun muzzle by the using of transient pressure measurement system and high speed digital video camera. The theoretical model based on interior ballistics, heat transfer, combustion is introduced in the study.
The essential characteristics of AP/Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) composite base bleed propellant were studied experimentally by a closed bomb. The propellant force and the covolume of the composite grains were measured, and the combustion rate equation of base bleed propellant under high pressure was fitted based on the experiment data. Furthermore, the combustion rate equation under low pressure was fitted based on the data obtained by using a low pressure capsule.
The special designed semi-closed bomb and a high speed digital video camera system were used to investigate the unstable combustion of base bleed unit. The results show that, under abrupt depressurization, the combustion of composite base bleed charge consequentially experiences a successive process, which is instability, extinguishment, and reignition. A new phenomenon was found first time in this experiment, the underexpanded flow or critical flow appears in the nozzle of base bleed unit twice or more during initial 560ms under depressurization. Based on comparative tests, a new technology was proposed to control the combustion of base bleed grain and avoid burning unstably under high speed depressurization.
A systematic observation and investigation on the performance and law of unstable combustion of base bleed charge were carried out, and some phenomena were observed for the first time. In the range of depressurization rate from 400MPa/s to 1.12×1O~4MPa/s, there are three kinds of transient combustion of composite base bleed charge, which are reignition, critical combustion (oscillation combustion), and irreversible extinguishment. The initial pressure and the depressurization rate are the key factors which determine the transient combustion of composite base bleed charge. If the initial pressure is higher or the depressurization rate is lower, the combustion is more stable. The base bleed charge can be ignited in bore during gun fire, the transient depressurization rate nearby the gun muzzle makes the combustion unstable. Based on the study, the mechanism to explain oscillation combustion and irreversible extinguishment was proposed, and a combustion model of base bleed charge was established, and a formula about the influence factors of combustion was conducted. Besides, the phenomenon that the over impingement of ignition jet stream to base bleed grain was found in the experiment, then part of base bleed charge is broken and blown out of base bleed chamber.
To study the transient combustion characteristics and performance of different kinds of igniters under the depressurization, an experiment was performed, by using a semi-closed bomb and a high speed digital video camera. The results show that, the igniter jet stream varies according to the environment pressure and the stability of igniter combustion is affected by the depressurization. The performance of igniter is relevant to the component of ignition powder. Jet stream of igniter produces ablation holes on the circular arc burning surface of base bleed grain because of the heavy metal component in ignition powder. The direct effect of ablation intensifies progressive burning in earlier and intermediate stages of combustion, and intensifies degressive burning in late stage of combustion. In general, combustion time reduces. Consequently, the performance of base bleed unit deviates designation.
Based on the analysis of ignition theory of solid energetic material, by adopting solid-phase ignition model mainly and taking working condition of composite base bleed charge in-bore into account, a simplified analytical solutions of various heat ignition models of base bleed charge were conducted with Laplace transform. Numerical calculation of heat ignition was processed also. These works are important in theory and can be applied to estimate ignition delay time and analyze the factors that affect ignition delay in various heat conditions.
引文
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