LTE/LTE-Advanced系统异构网中的无线资源管理技术研究
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摘要
如今,蜂窝网络的数据业务需求正在以指数型的速度增加,并且其需求类型越来越繁多,因此长期演进(Long Term Evolution, LTE)和长期演进增强(Long Term Evolution-Advanced, LTE-A)系统通过引入一些以正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)和天线多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MIMO)为代表的关键物理层技术来满足这些需求。然而,随着这些技术的深入研究,点对点链路的频谱效率已经达到了理论极限,由此获得的性能提升已经几乎停滞。而如果从网络层考虑,增加宏蜂窝小区部署的数量,又会造成大量的小区间干扰。因此,第三代合作伙伴(3rdGeneration Partnership Project,3GPP)提出了基于LTE系统的异构网络(Heterogeneous networks, HetNets)概念,并且引入了三种小型低功率基站：中继站(Relay)、家庭基站(Femto)和微微基站(Pico)。LTE蜂窝网络将主要利用宏基站(Macro eNB, MeNB)提供基础覆盖,同时利用小型基站增强特殊场景的深度覆盖,增加系统容量,提升用户体验。目前,3GPP已经对这三种小型基站做了大量的标准化工作。
进一步说,为了达到大幅提高单位小区的频谱效率的目标,部署了低功率基站的异构网络的无线资源管理(Radio Resource Management, RRM)研究就显得尤为重要。例如低功率站点的选择、子载波分配、功率分配、小区间干扰分析和小区间干扰协调等等。显然,资源分配和干扰分析及管理是未来无线资源管理非常重要的两部分,其算法也需要不断更新升级以适应新的覆盖场景和网络架构。本文首先介绍了LTE/LTE-A系统的基本原理、关键技术、网络框架。另外还介绍了异构网络的一些基本知识,包括组网模型和组网技术。最后,本文主要是在部署了Relay、Femto和Pico基站的异构网络架构下,围绕无线资源管理中的资源分配和干扰管理两个主线进行了分析和研究,并着重了解决了几个热点问题,例如双跳中继系统的资源分配、基于Femto部署的时分复用(Time Division Duplexing, TDD)系统的时隙交叉干扰分析、基于Pico部署的系统的小区间干扰协调等。
本文的研究点主要由以下几个部分组成：
首先,本文研究了可实现协作模式的双跳中继系统的资源分配问题。在已有的研究中,大多工作都是在考虑部分影响因素的前提下进行的。本文中,在总功率严格受限和用户服务质量需求的约束下,构造了包括中继节点选择、子载波分配和功率分配在内的最优化问题。为了求得最优化问题的解,本文借助数学工具进行了分析。由于资源分配问题的凸优化特性,以及采用无穷尽搜索求得最优解的高复杂度,文章接着通过拉格朗日乘子和对偶性问题提出了一种次梯度迭代算法来求得此最优化问题的次优解。仿真表明,我们的算法在可以接受的复杂度的情况下仍然能够提供突出的吞吐量性能和较低的中断概率,具有良好的现实意义。
其次,基于双跳中继部署系统,本文提出了一种基于动态频率复用的资源分配方案,以提高系统资源分配的自由度。文章将资源分配问题分为两个子问题,并分别提出两个子算法。第一个子问题是通过动态子算法将整块频率资源分成高级组和常规组两个无硬性界线的虚拟组,分别代表分配给宏小区和中继接入小区的频率资源集合。第二个子问题是将各自划分到的频率资源集合如何分配给合适的用户、合适的中继节点、并采用恰当的功率进行发送。通过分析和仿真研究,相对于传统的静态频率复用方案,本文提出的动态方案能提供非常显著的SINR性能和更高的小区吞吐量。
第三，LTE TDD系统允许非对称的上下行配置,通过半静态地提供7种不同的上下行配置,以满足不同的上下行业务需求。然而,不同小区间使用不同帧结构配置时需要额外考虑上行与下行之间的干扰问题,包括基站与基站之间、用户与用户之间和基站与用户之间的干扰。特别地,部署了Femto的异构网络中的干扰场景更为复杂,因此本文对这种TDD系统下的时隙交叉干扰进行了分析和评估,并给出了各种部署场景和帧结构配置下组网共存建议。
第四,与Femto部署情况类似,基于Pico部署的异构网络的干扰同样需要进行分析研究。尤其是Pico小区的小区覆盖扩展(Cell Range Extension, CRE)技术的引入,使得其干扰情况将更加复杂而严重。本文对这些额外的干扰都做了详细的仿真分析,并给出共存建议。
第五,基于上面异构网络的干扰分析,本文提出了一种Pico小区和宏小区共信道场景下的小区间干扰协调方案。本方案主要是根据不同的上下行场景采用不同的干扰协调和资源调度方案,核心思想是仅仅对主要干扰源采用频率规避,其它次要干扰源复用频率资源。文中提出的方案充分考虑了影响系统性能的主要干扰因素,因此能有效提高整个小区吞吐量性能,特别是边缘小区的用户性能。
Nowadays, the various kinds of traffic demands in cellular networks are growing at an exponential rate. Therefore, some physical layer technologies including orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output have been introduced to satisfy these demands in Long Term Evolution (LTE) system and Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) system. With deep research of the technologies, the spectral efficiency of a point-to-point link is approaching its fundamental limits, and the further improvement of cell gains is not easy to achieve. With the consideration of network layer, more macrocells can be deployed to attempt to achieve cell splitting gains, but the soulation may cause high inter-cell interference. Consequently, the3rd Generation Partnership Project proposed the heterogeneous networks (HetNets) based on LTE system and introduced three low-power base stations:Relay, Femto and Pico. In LTE cellular networks, macro station is used to provide basic coverage, and the small stations are used to enhance deep coverage of some particular scenarios, increase the system capacity and raise the user experience. Up to now,3GPP has done a great deal of work on small stations standardization.
Moreover, it is particularly important to research radio resource management (RRM) of heterogeneous networks based on low-power base station deployment in order to get a substantial increase in the spectral efficiency per unit cell. For example, the selection of low-power node, subcarrier assignment, power allocation, inter-cell interference analysis and coordination should be considered in the heterogeneous networks. Obviously, resource allocation, interference analysis and management will be the two important parts of RRM, and algorithms of RRM need to constantly update the upgrade in order to adapt to new deployment scenarios and network architecture. The paper firstly introduces basic theory, key technologies and network architecture of LTE/LTE-A system. Further, the paper depicts some elementary knowledge of heterogeneous networks including network model and network technologies. At last, the radio resource management, including resource allocation and interference management, is studied and investigated in heterogeneous networks with Relay, Femto and Pico nodes. Some hot issues are well solved in this paper, such as, resource allocation of two-hop Relay system、cross-slot interference analysis of Time Division Duplexing (TDD) system、inter-cell interference coordination of Pico system.
Our research points of the paper can be composed of following parts:
Firstly, the paper studies the resource allocation problem in two-hop cooperative relaying cellular systems. Most existing works on resource allocation only considered some parts of all influential factors. Under power constraints and users'quality of serves (QoS) requirements, an optimization problem, including relay selection, power allocation, and subcarrier assignment, is formulated in the paper. In order to obtain the optimal solution of the problem, we utilize the mathematical tools to analyze the problem. Due to convex optimization features of the resource allocation problem, the optimal solution can be acquired only by adopting the exhausted search algorithm. In the paper, a suboptimal solution with sub-gradient method according to the Lagrangian formulation and dual problem is proposed. Simulation results prove that the new algorithm can achieve low outage probability and superior capacity performance with acceptable complexity. The method has very obvious practical significance.
Secondly, the paper proposes a resource allocation scheme in a two-hop relay system. The scheme can provide more degrees of freedom due to dynamic frequency reuse. The resource allocation problem is divided into two sub-problems, and two corresponding sub-algorithms are proposed. The first sub-problem partitions all frequency blocks into two virtual groups which are called super group and regular group, respectively. The two groups without rigid boundaries are frequency resource sets which are allocated macrocell and relay cell. The second sub-algorithm focuses on the problem how to select relay node for every UE with suitable power and subcarrier. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme can achieve superior SINR performance and higher throughput.
Thirdly, LTE TDD system allows for asymmetric uplink/dowlink (UL/DL) configuration and satisfies different UL/DL traffic demands by seven different semi-statically configured UL/DL configurations. Howerer, the interferences between UL and DL including base station-to-base station, UE-to-UE, and base station-to-UE interference need to be considered, when different cells configure different frame types. Particularly, the interference scenarios are more complex in heterogeneous networks based on Femto deployment. Therefor, the paper analyzes and evaluates cross-slot interference. Meanwhile, we give the advice about system coexistence in various deployment scenarios and frame configurations.
Fourth, the cross-slot interference also should be analyzed and evaluated in heterogeneous networks based on Pico deployment. Especially, more complicated and serious interference occours due to the introduction of cell range extension (CRE) technology in Pico cell. Also, we give the advice about system coexistence in various deployment scenarios and frame configurations.
Finally, the paper proposes an efficient inter-cell interference coordination scheme in co-channel scenario based on the above analysis of heterogeneous network. The basic idea is that only primary interfering sources of each scenario avoiding using the same resource used by interfered victim, and other interfering sources can reuse frequency resource. The proposed algorithm considers the primary interference factors relative to system performence. Therefor, the proposed ICIC scheme can achieve superior throughput performance, especially for cell edge user.
进一步说,为了达到大幅提高单位小区的频谱效率的目标,部署了低功率基站的异构网络的无线资源管理(Radio Resource Management, RRM)研究就显得尤为重要。例如低功率站点的选择、子载波分配、功率分配、小区间干扰分析和小区间干扰协调等等。显然,资源分配和干扰分析及管理是未来无线资源管理非常重要的两部分,其算法也需要不断更新升级以适应新的覆盖场景和网络架构。本文首先介绍了LTE/LTE-A系统的基本原理、关键技术、网络框架。另外还介绍了异构网络的一些基本知识,包括组网模型和组网技术。最后,本文主要是在部署了Relay、Femto和Pico基站的异构网络架构下,围绕无线资源管理中的资源分配和干扰管理两个主线进行了分析和研究,并着重了解决了几个热点问题,例如双跳中继系统的资源分配、基于Femto部署的时分复用(Time Division Duplexing, TDD)系统的时隙交叉干扰分析、基于Pico部署的系统的小区间干扰协调等。
本文的研究点主要由以下几个部分组成：
首先,本文研究了可实现协作模式的双跳中继系统的资源分配问题。在已有的研究中,大多工作都是在考虑部分影响因素的前提下进行的。本文中,在总功率严格受限和用户服务质量需求的约束下,构造了包括中继节点选择、子载波分配和功率分配在内的最优化问题。为了求得最优化问题的解,本文借助数学工具进行了分析。由于资源分配问题的凸优化特性,以及采用无穷尽搜索求得最优解的高复杂度,文章接着通过拉格朗日乘子和对偶性问题提出了一种次梯度迭代算法来求得此最优化问题的次优解。仿真表明,我们的算法在可以接受的复杂度的情况下仍然能够提供突出的吞吐量性能和较低的中断概率,具有良好的现实意义。
其次,基于双跳中继部署系统,本文提出了一种基于动态频率复用的资源分配方案,以提高系统资源分配的自由度。文章将资源分配问题分为两个子问题,并分别提出两个子算法。第一个子问题是通过动态子算法将整块频率资源分成高级组和常规组两个无硬性界线的虚拟组,分别代表分配给宏小区和中继接入小区的频率资源集合。第二个子问题是将各自划分到的频率资源集合如何分配给合适的用户、合适的中继节点、并采用恰当的功率进行发送。通过分析和仿真研究,相对于传统的静态频率复用方案,本文提出的动态方案能提供非常显著的SINR性能和更高的小区吞吐量。
第三，LTE TDD系统允许非对称的上下行配置,通过半静态地提供7种不同的上下行配置,以满足不同的上下行业务需求。然而,不同小区间使用不同帧结构配置时需要额外考虑上行与下行之间的干扰问题,包括基站与基站之间、用户与用户之间和基站与用户之间的干扰。特别地,部署了Femto的异构网络中的干扰场景更为复杂,因此本文对这种TDD系统下的时隙交叉干扰进行了分析和评估,并给出了各种部署场景和帧结构配置下组网共存建议。
第四,与Femto部署情况类似,基于Pico部署的异构网络的干扰同样需要进行分析研究。尤其是Pico小区的小区覆盖扩展(Cell Range Extension, CRE)技术的引入,使得其干扰情况将更加复杂而严重。本文对这些额外的干扰都做了详细的仿真分析,并给出共存建议。
第五,基于上面异构网络的干扰分析,本文提出了一种Pico小区和宏小区共信道场景下的小区间干扰协调方案。本方案主要是根据不同的上下行场景采用不同的干扰协调和资源调度方案,核心思想是仅仅对主要干扰源采用频率规避,其它次要干扰源复用频率资源。文中提出的方案充分考虑了影响系统性能的主要干扰因素,因此能有效提高整个小区吞吐量性能,特别是边缘小区的用户性能。
Nowadays, the various kinds of traffic demands in cellular networks are growing at an exponential rate. Therefore, some physical layer technologies including orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output have been introduced to satisfy these demands in Long Term Evolution (LTE) system and Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) system. With deep research of the technologies, the spectral efficiency of a point-to-point link is approaching its fundamental limits, and the further improvement of cell gains is not easy to achieve. With the consideration of network layer, more macrocells can be deployed to attempt to achieve cell splitting gains, but the soulation may cause high inter-cell interference. Consequently, the3rd Generation Partnership Project proposed the heterogeneous networks (HetNets) based on LTE system and introduced three low-power base stations:Relay, Femto and Pico. In LTE cellular networks, macro station is used to provide basic coverage, and the small stations are used to enhance deep coverage of some particular scenarios, increase the system capacity and raise the user experience. Up to now,3GPP has done a great deal of work on small stations standardization.
Moreover, it is particularly important to research radio resource management (RRM) of heterogeneous networks based on low-power base station deployment in order to get a substantial increase in the spectral efficiency per unit cell. For example, the selection of low-power node, subcarrier assignment, power allocation, inter-cell interference analysis and coordination should be considered in the heterogeneous networks. Obviously, resource allocation, interference analysis and management will be the two important parts of RRM, and algorithms of RRM need to constantly update the upgrade in order to adapt to new deployment scenarios and network architecture. The paper firstly introduces basic theory, key technologies and network architecture of LTE/LTE-A system. Further, the paper depicts some elementary knowledge of heterogeneous networks including network model and network technologies. At last, the radio resource management, including resource allocation and interference management, is studied and investigated in heterogeneous networks with Relay, Femto and Pico nodes. Some hot issues are well solved in this paper, such as, resource allocation of two-hop Relay system、cross-slot interference analysis of Time Division Duplexing (TDD) system、inter-cell interference coordination of Pico system.
Our research points of the paper can be composed of following parts:
Firstly, the paper studies the resource allocation problem in two-hop cooperative relaying cellular systems. Most existing works on resource allocation only considered some parts of all influential factors. Under power constraints and users'quality of serves (QoS) requirements, an optimization problem, including relay selection, power allocation, and subcarrier assignment, is formulated in the paper. In order to obtain the optimal solution of the problem, we utilize the mathematical tools to analyze the problem. Due to convex optimization features of the resource allocation problem, the optimal solution can be acquired only by adopting the exhausted search algorithm. In the paper, a suboptimal solution with sub-gradient method according to the Lagrangian formulation and dual problem is proposed. Simulation results prove that the new algorithm can achieve low outage probability and superior capacity performance with acceptable complexity. The method has very obvious practical significance.
Secondly, the paper proposes a resource allocation scheme in a two-hop relay system. The scheme can provide more degrees of freedom due to dynamic frequency reuse. The resource allocation problem is divided into two sub-problems, and two corresponding sub-algorithms are proposed. The first sub-problem partitions all frequency blocks into two virtual groups which are called super group and regular group, respectively. The two groups without rigid boundaries are frequency resource sets which are allocated macrocell and relay cell. The second sub-algorithm focuses on the problem how to select relay node for every UE with suitable power and subcarrier. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme can achieve superior SINR performance and higher throughput.
Thirdly, LTE TDD system allows for asymmetric uplink/dowlink (UL/DL) configuration and satisfies different UL/DL traffic demands by seven different semi-statically configured UL/DL configurations. Howerer, the interferences between UL and DL including base station-to-base station, UE-to-UE, and base station-to-UE interference need to be considered, when different cells configure different frame types. Particularly, the interference scenarios are more complex in heterogeneous networks based on Femto deployment. Therefor, the paper analyzes and evaluates cross-slot interference. Meanwhile, we give the advice about system coexistence in various deployment scenarios and frame configurations.
Fourth, the cross-slot interference also should be analyzed and evaluated in heterogeneous networks based on Pico deployment. Especially, more complicated and serious interference occours due to the introduction of cell range extension (CRE) technology in Pico cell. Also, we give the advice about system coexistence in various deployment scenarios and frame configurations.
Finally, the paper proposes an efficient inter-cell interference coordination scheme in co-channel scenario based on the above analysis of heterogeneous network. The basic idea is that only primary interfering sources of each scenario avoiding using the same resource used by interfered victim, and other interfering sources can reuse frequency resource. The proposed algorithm considers the primary interference factors relative to system performence. Therefor, the proposed ICIC scheme can achieve superior throughput performance, especially for cell edge user.
引文
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