重庆市土壤—烤烟体系中氯素营养研究
摘要
采用调查研究、田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法，对重庆市主要植烟县(市)的土壤和烟叶含氯量进行了调查研究，弄清了重庆市主要植烟县(市)土壤、烟叶氯素含量现状；根据调查结果于2002～2003年在重庆市武隆县黄壤和紫色土上进行了不同施氯量的田间试验，研究氯对烤烟生长、养分吸收和品质的影响，为烤烟的合理施肥和重庆市优质烟叶的生产提供科学依据。主要试验结果如下：
重庆植烟土壤含氯量低，平均为13.4 mg/kg(n=1441)，变幅为痕量～99.7mg/kg。根据烟草总公司在烟草种植区划中对土壤氯素含量的规定：土壤含氯量＞45mg/kg，不适宜烟草种植：土壤含氯量≤30mg/kg，最适宜植烟。重庆最适宜烟草种植的土壤占90.0％；不适宜烟草种植的土壤仅占3.7％：严重缺氯的土壤(Cl≤2mg/kg)占19.2％：可能缺氯的土壤(Cl≤10mg/kg)占50.0％。重庆植烟土壤主要包括黄壤、黄棕壤、石灰土、紫色土和水稻土，以黄壤的种植面积最大，占植烟土壤的75.6％，不同类型土壤平均含氯量依次为黄壤15.2mg/kg＞石灰土12.8mg/kg＞黄棕壤5.6mg/kg＞紫色土5.3mg/kg＞水稻土1.8mg/kg。从不同植烟县(市)土壤含氯量看，以石柱、丰都最低，平均含量为2.6mg/kg，严重缺氯土壤占57.0％、55.7％；其次是武隆，平均含氯量为5.8mg/kg；其它县(市)土壤含氯量在10.0～22.0mg/kg范围内。
重庆市烟叶含氯量很低，平均为0.70g/kg，变幅0.11～9.19g/kg。有99％的烟叶样本含氯量低于优质烟叶要求的含氯下限(3g/kg)，缺氯(烟叶含氯量＜0.25g/kg)的烤烟样本占22.5％；仅有0.5％的烟叶样本含氯量在优质烟叶要求的最适宜含氯量(3.00～6.00g/kg)范围内。以石柱、黔江烟叶含氯量最低。
2年的试验结果一致表明，施氯量在0～45.0 kg/hm~2范围内，烤烟产量、上等烟比例和产值都随着施氯量的增加而提高。当施氯量＞60.0 kg/hm~2时，各项指标又有下降的趋势。在所有的处理中，以施氯量45.0kg/hm~2的处理烤烟生长势、烟叶产量、上等烟比例、产值最佳。
烟叶含氯量随施氯量的提高而增加，二者呈直线或指数相关。在地膜覆盖栽培条件下，施氯量在30.0～45.0kg/km~2范围内，各部位烟叶含氯量最佳为3.0-4.4g/kg：露地栽培则以施氯量在45.0～60.0kg/km~2范围内，烟叶含氯量比较适中为2.10-5.00g/kg；当施氯量小于30.0kg/km~2时，无论是地膜或露地栽培烟叶含氯量都低于3.00g/kg。从烟叶含氯量来看，也以施氯量45.0kg/hm~2的处理最好。不同部位烟叶氯素含量高低为上部叶＞下部叶＞中部叶。施氯有降低烟叶硫素含量，增加烟叶钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量的趋势。
适量施氯提高了烟叶总糖和还原糖含量；降低了上部和下部烟叶烟碱及总氮含量，对中部烟叶影响较小：烟叶各化学成分的比例：施木克值、K_2O/Cl、总糖/烟碱以及烟碱/总氮比更为协调，改善了烟叶品质。
氯在土壤中的残留量及其动态变化，两年的试验结果明显不同。2002年各施氯处理烤烟
西南农业大学硕士学位论文
摘要
收获后土壤含氯量明显比试验前高，即氯在土壤中有一定的残留;但是所有处理烤烟收获后土
壤氯素含量都小于30.0m眺g，仍然适合烤烟种植。2003年在黄壤上无论是地膜栽培或露地栽
培，烤烟收获后土壤含氯量与试验前相当，氯素在土壤中残留少。造成2年试验结果差异的原
因除了土壤性质外，降雨量和降雨强度影响了氯素在土壤中残留和淋失，2003年烤烟生长的
5一6月降雨量比2002年高300mm。在不同气候年景，施用含氯肥料后残留在土壤中的氯是否
对下一年的烤烟生产有影响，有待进一步研究。
The contents of chlorine in tobacco-planting soils and tobacco leaves, as well as the effect of different C1 application on the growth, nutrient absorbed and quality of tobacco were studied by investigation, field experiments and laboratory analysis in Chongqing. The purposes of this study were to understand the status of chlorine content in tobacco-planting soil and tobacco leaves, in order to provide detailed information for improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Chongqing. The main results were as follows:
The content of chlorine in various tobacco-planting soils was low, which average content was 13.4mg/kg with the range of trace to 99.7mg/kg in Chongqing. The chlorine contents in 90% of the soil samples were lower than 30mg/kg, which was very fit for tobacco planting. The chlorine contents in 3.7% of the soils were more than 45mg/kg and were not fit for tobacco planting according to the Handbook of Tobacco Planting Division. However, the chlorine contents in some soils were less than 2mg/kg that occupied 19.2% in the soils in the investigation regions, the chlorine was deficient, there were 50% chlorine potential deficient soils which chlorine content less than 10mg/lg. The yellow soil was a dominant tobacco planting soil, its proportion in the tobacco-planting soil accounts for 75.6% in Chongqing. The chlorine content in different soil types showed the order of yellow soil (15.2mg/kg) >lime soil (12.8mg/kg) >pale brown soil (5.6mg/kg)>purple soil (5.3mg/kg)>rice soil (1.8mg/kg).In the tobacco planting regio
ns in Chongqing, the average chlorine content that was 2.6mg/kg in soil was the lowest in Fengdu and Shizhu county, the chlorine deficiency soils were in the proportion of 57.0% and 55.7%,respectively. The average content of chlorine in soil that was 5.8mg/kg was lower in Wulong county. In other counties, the chlorine content in soil was in the range of 10.0~22.0mg/kg.
The content of chlorine in tobacco leaves was very low, which average content was 0.7g/kg with the range of 0.11g/kg to 9.19g/kg in Chongqing. The chlorine contents in 99% of the leaves samples were lower than 3.0mg/kg, which was the lower limit that demand of high quality tobacco leaves. The chlorine content in tobacco leaves were less than 0.25g/kg that occupied 19.2% in the investigation regions, the chlorine was deficient. The chlorine contents only 0.5% leaves samples were range 3.0g/kg to 6.0g/kg, which was the fit chlorine content of high quality tobacco leaves.
Two years' results indicated that the proportion of first class tobacco leaves, the yield and the output value of tobacco raised with the increasing of chlorine application. There were decreasing trend of the quality indexes when chlorine application more than 60.0kg/hm2. Among all treatments, the growth status, yield, output value and the proportion of first class leaves of tobacco were the best
when application of 45.0mg/kg chlorine.
The chlorine content of tobacco leaves raised with the increasing of chlorine application, which were straight line or index correlation. Under the condition of film-covering, leaves chlorine content of each part .which were 3.00~4.40g/kg ,was the best when the chlorine applied from 30.0~45.0mg/km2 in soil. But uncovered, leaves chlorine content of each part , which were 2.10~5.00g/kg, was moderate ,when the chlorine applied from 45.0~60.0mg/km2 in soil, when the chlorine applied less than 30.0mg/km2 in soil, the leaves chlorine content were lower than 3.00g/kg under the above two conditions. According the leaves chlorine content, the treatment of Cl application with 45.0mg/kg in soil was the best. The leaves chlorine content in different parts showed the order of upper>middle>lower. The leaves sulphur content decrease and the content of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn of leaves increased with the application of chlorine fertilizer.
The contents of total sugars and reduced sugars in the tobacco leaves were increased by application of proper chlorine, and decrease the content of nicotine and total nitrogen of upper as
重庆植烟土壤含氯量低，平均为13.4 mg/kg(n=1441)，变幅为痕量～99.7mg/kg。根据烟草总公司在烟草种植区划中对土壤氯素含量的规定：土壤含氯量＞45mg/kg，不适宜烟草种植：土壤含氯量≤30mg/kg，最适宜植烟。重庆最适宜烟草种植的土壤占90.0％；不适宜烟草种植的土壤仅占3.7％：严重缺氯的土壤(Cl≤2mg/kg)占19.2％：可能缺氯的土壤(Cl≤10mg/kg)占50.0％。重庆植烟土壤主要包括黄壤、黄棕壤、石灰土、紫色土和水稻土，以黄壤的种植面积最大，占植烟土壤的75.6％，不同类型土壤平均含氯量依次为黄壤15.2mg/kg＞石灰土12.8mg/kg＞黄棕壤5.6mg/kg＞紫色土5.3mg/kg＞水稻土1.8mg/kg。从不同植烟县(市)土壤含氯量看，以石柱、丰都最低，平均含量为2.6mg/kg，严重缺氯土壤占57.0％、55.7％；其次是武隆，平均含氯量为5.8mg/kg；其它县(市)土壤含氯量在10.0～22.0mg/kg范围内。
重庆市烟叶含氯量很低，平均为0.70g/kg，变幅0.11～9.19g/kg。有99％的烟叶样本含氯量低于优质烟叶要求的含氯下限(3g/kg)，缺氯(烟叶含氯量＜0.25g/kg)的烤烟样本占22.5％；仅有0.5％的烟叶样本含氯量在优质烟叶要求的最适宜含氯量(3.00～6.00g/kg)范围内。以石柱、黔江烟叶含氯量最低。
2年的试验结果一致表明，施氯量在0～45.0 kg/hm~2范围内，烤烟产量、上等烟比例和产值都随着施氯量的增加而提高。当施氯量＞60.0 kg/hm~2时，各项指标又有下降的趋势。在所有的处理中，以施氯量45.0kg/hm~2的处理烤烟生长势、烟叶产量、上等烟比例、产值最佳。
烟叶含氯量随施氯量的提高而增加，二者呈直线或指数相关。在地膜覆盖栽培条件下，施氯量在30.0～45.0kg/km~2范围内，各部位烟叶含氯量最佳为3.0-4.4g/kg：露地栽培则以施氯量在45.0～60.0kg/km~2范围内，烟叶含氯量比较适中为2.10-5.00g/kg；当施氯量小于30.0kg/km~2时，无论是地膜或露地栽培烟叶含氯量都低于3.00g/kg。从烟叶含氯量来看，也以施氯量45.0kg/hm~2的处理最好。不同部位烟叶氯素含量高低为上部叶＞下部叶＞中部叶。施氯有降低烟叶硫素含量，增加烟叶钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌含量的趋势。
适量施氯提高了烟叶总糖和还原糖含量；降低了上部和下部烟叶烟碱及总氮含量，对中部烟叶影响较小：烟叶各化学成分的比例：施木克值、K_2O/Cl、总糖/烟碱以及烟碱/总氮比更为协调，改善了烟叶品质。
氯在土壤中的残留量及其动态变化，两年的试验结果明显不同。2002年各施氯处理烤烟
西南农业大学硕士学位论文
摘要
收获后土壤含氯量明显比试验前高，即氯在土壤中有一定的残留;但是所有处理烤烟收获后土
壤氯素含量都小于30.0m眺g，仍然适合烤烟种植。2003年在黄壤上无论是地膜栽培或露地栽
培，烤烟收获后土壤含氯量与试验前相当，氯素在土壤中残留少。造成2年试验结果差异的原
因除了土壤性质外，降雨量和降雨强度影响了氯素在土壤中残留和淋失，2003年烤烟生长的
5一6月降雨量比2002年高300mm。在不同气候年景，施用含氯肥料后残留在土壤中的氯是否
对下一年的烤烟生产有影响，有待进一步研究。
The contents of chlorine in tobacco-planting soils and tobacco leaves, as well as the effect of different C1 application on the growth, nutrient absorbed and quality of tobacco were studied by investigation, field experiments and laboratory analysis in Chongqing. The purposes of this study were to understand the status of chlorine content in tobacco-planting soil and tobacco leaves, in order to provide detailed information for improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Chongqing. The main results were as follows:
The content of chlorine in various tobacco-planting soils was low, which average content was 13.4mg/kg with the range of trace to 99.7mg/kg in Chongqing. The chlorine contents in 90% of the soil samples were lower than 30mg/kg, which was very fit for tobacco planting. The chlorine contents in 3.7% of the soils were more than 45mg/kg and were not fit for tobacco planting according to the Handbook of Tobacco Planting Division. However, the chlorine contents in some soils were less than 2mg/kg that occupied 19.2% in the soils in the investigation regions, the chlorine was deficient, there were 50% chlorine potential deficient soils which chlorine content less than 10mg/lg. The yellow soil was a dominant tobacco planting soil, its proportion in the tobacco-planting soil accounts for 75.6% in Chongqing. The chlorine content in different soil types showed the order of yellow soil (15.2mg/kg) >lime soil (12.8mg/kg) >pale brown soil (5.6mg/kg)>purple soil (5.3mg/kg)>rice soil (1.8mg/kg).In the tobacco planting regio
ns in Chongqing, the average chlorine content that was 2.6mg/kg in soil was the lowest in Fengdu and Shizhu county, the chlorine deficiency soils were in the proportion of 57.0% and 55.7%,respectively. The average content of chlorine in soil that was 5.8mg/kg was lower in Wulong county. In other counties, the chlorine content in soil was in the range of 10.0~22.0mg/kg.
The content of chlorine in tobacco leaves was very low, which average content was 0.7g/kg with the range of 0.11g/kg to 9.19g/kg in Chongqing. The chlorine contents in 99% of the leaves samples were lower than 3.0mg/kg, which was the lower limit that demand of high quality tobacco leaves. The chlorine content in tobacco leaves were less than 0.25g/kg that occupied 19.2% in the investigation regions, the chlorine was deficient. The chlorine contents only 0.5% leaves samples were range 3.0g/kg to 6.0g/kg, which was the fit chlorine content of high quality tobacco leaves.
Two years' results indicated that the proportion of first class tobacco leaves, the yield and the output value of tobacco raised with the increasing of chlorine application. There were decreasing trend of the quality indexes when chlorine application more than 60.0kg/hm2. Among all treatments, the growth status, yield, output value and the proportion of first class leaves of tobacco were the best
when application of 45.0mg/kg chlorine.
The chlorine content of tobacco leaves raised with the increasing of chlorine application, which were straight line or index correlation. Under the condition of film-covering, leaves chlorine content of each part .which were 3.00~4.40g/kg ,was the best when the chlorine applied from 30.0~45.0mg/km2 in soil. But uncovered, leaves chlorine content of each part , which were 2.10~5.00g/kg, was moderate ,when the chlorine applied from 45.0~60.0mg/km2 in soil, when the chlorine applied less than 30.0mg/km2 in soil, the leaves chlorine content were lower than 3.00g/kg under the above two conditions. According the leaves chlorine content, the treatment of Cl application with 45.0mg/kg in soil was the best. The leaves chlorine content in different parts showed the order of upper>middle>lower. The leaves sulphur content decrease and the content of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn of leaves increased with the application of chlorine fertilizer.
The contents of total sugars and reduced sugars in the tobacco leaves were increased by application of proper chlorine, and decrease the content of nicotine and total nitrogen of upper as
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33. Hsu-PK, Hsieh-RH, Hwan-SS. Effects of chlorine on the uptake of mineral elements. Annuai-Report-Tobacco-Research-lnstitute. 1973. (4): 146～153
34. Kitamura-T, Ito-T, Ohzeki-K. Studies on the absorption of chloride by Burley tobacco. 3. Effect of heaping the farm animal wastes in the open on the exclusion of chloride and its effects on yield, quality, chemical constituents and the smoking quality of Burley tobacco. Bulletin-of-the-Morioka-Tobacco-Experiment-Station. 1978. (13): 25～38
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36. Tsai C. R. The uptake of Chloride by flue-cured tobacco in Taiwan. Bulletin of Taiwan Tob. Inst. 1979. (10): 39～46
37．毛知耘，周则芳，石孝均，等．再论氯化胺肥的发展前景．纯碱工业．2000．(4)：3～9
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40．黄宣正，殷文定，张均命，等． 增施氯化钾对烤烟产质量的影响．烟草科技．1995．(1)：26～29
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31. Von UexknllH. R. Response of coconuts to (potassium) chloride in the Philippines. Oleaginux. 1972. (26): 1～15
32. Fuqua-BD, Sims-JL, Leggett-JE, et al. Nitrate and chloride fertilization effects on yield and chemical composition of Burley tobacco leaves and smoke. Canadian-Journal-of-Plant-Science. 1976.56 (4): 893～899
33. Hsu-PK, Hsieh-RH, Hwan-SS. Effects of chlorine on the uptake of mineral elements. Annuai-Report-Tobacco-Research-lnstitute. 1973. (4): 146～153
34. Kitamura-T, Ito-T, Ohzeki-K. Studies on the absorption of chloride by Burley tobacco. 3. Effect of heaping the farm animal wastes in the open on the exclusion of chloride and its effects on yield, quality, chemical constituents and the smoking quality of Burley tobacco. Bulletin-of-the-Morioka-Tobacco-Experiment-Station. 1978. (13): 25～38
35．李章海，丁伟主编．烟草生产理论与技术．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2002，49～53
36. Tsai C. R. The uptake of Chloride by flue-cured tobacco in Taiwan. Bulletin of Taiwan Tob. Inst. 1979. (10): 39～46
37．毛知耘，周则芳，石孝均，等．再论氯化胺肥的发展前景．纯碱工业．2000．(4)：3～9
38．邹邦基，何雪晖．植物的营养．北京：农业出版社，1985，264～274
39．吴金桂，娄德仁，宁运旺．含氯化肥的肥料效应及安全施用技术．江苏农业科学．1994．(1)：39～41
40．黄宣正，殷文定，张均命，等． 增施氯化钾对烤烟产质量的影响．烟草科技．1995．(1)：26～29
41. Snyman-HG, Coetzee-JGK, Shawe-FJ, et al. The effect of fertilizer-applied chlorine, chlorine content of irrigation water and leaching of chlorine on chlorine uptake by tobacco. Agrochemophysica. 1976. (2): 23～30
42．成延鏊，伍仁军，吴纯奎． 四川烤烟区土壤氯的动态与施氯量的确定．中国烟草学报．1995．(4)：21～28
43．中国科学院烟草研究情报／室．烟草的微量元素．国外烟草．1989．(1)：25
44. Primlst-E, Rittmeyer-G, Schipfer-L. The effect of increasing nitrogen fertilizer application rates on the yield and composition of tobacco cv. Burley Semperante. Bodenkuttur. 1971. 22(1): 13～33
45．李永忠，罗鹏涛．氯在烟草体内的生理代谢功能及其应用．1995．3，10(10)：57～61
46. Hamad. Effect of some inorganic salts in soil on the chlorine content of tobacco. Research-Reports-of-the-Tobacco-Research-Institute. 1982. (9): 37～39
47. Kitamura-T, Ito-T, Kudo-H, et al. Studies on the absorption of chlorine by Burley tobacco. Bulletin-of-the-Morioka-Tobacco-Experiment-Station. 1978.29(13): 13～23
48．朱元洪，陈仁飞．浙江省主要土壤含氯背景值和施用含氯化肥对土壤氯积累的影响．浙江农业大学学报．1994．6(4)：234～237
49．上海农科院土肥所．氯化铵在水稻、大麦上的施用．上海农业科技．1990．37(6)：15～17
50．阎相奎．含氯化肥对灌漠土地区的甜菜质量和土壤性质的影响．土壤通报．1993．24(5)：228～230
51．黄云，饶义平，廖铁军．氯在土壤利植物中的分配动态研究．西南农业大学学报．1993．6，17(3)：258～263
52. Johnson G D, J L Sims, J H Grove. Tobacco International. 1989. 191(7): 39～43
53. Talsma T. Aust. J. Soil Sci. Res. 1980. 18(3): 333～342
54．袁家富，邹焱，彰成林，等．鄂西南烟区土壤的主要肥力特征分析．湖北农业科学．2002．(1)：38～40
55．邓启叫，刘淑欣．氯素营养时烤烟产量和品质的影响．福建农业科技．1996．(5)：16～17
56．王世济，李桐，林国平，等．安徽省主要烟区土壤养分状况及平衡施肥．烟草科技．2001 (11)：40～43
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59．曾觉廷，谢德体，魏朝富，等． 土壤发生与分类学．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1996，115～117
60．唐树梅，漆智平，黎成厚．贵州主要土壤类型氯的背景值．耕作与栽培．1991．(5)：54～55
61．宁运旺，张永春，吴金桂，等．土壤—植物系统中的氯及施用含氯肥料的几个问题．土壤通报．2001．10，32(5)：222～224
62．吴金佳，娄金梓，宁运旺，等．对含氯化肥农田应用效果的评价．土壤学报．1995．(3)：321～325．
63．向永生，邹焱．鄂西南烟区土壤、烟叶含氯状况及施氯效果研究．湖北民族学学报．2001．8，19(3)：23～25
64．赵兴，赵振山，周尚勇，等．中国烟叶生产实用技术指南，2003，420～423
65．王瑞新，韩富根，杨素勤．烟草化学品质分析法．郑州：河南科学技术出版社，1990，1～70
66．鲍士旦主编．土壤农化分析．北京：中国农业出版社，2000，1～329
67．K．蒙格尔，E．A．克尔克贝著，张宜春等译．植物营养原理．北京：农业出版社，1987，562～566
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