热分离机振荡管内激波的行为与控制
摘要
热分离机是一种高效节能的新型气体膨胀制冷装置，具有结构简单、造价低廉、操作维护方便、寿命长、制冷部分无转动件及可以带液运行等特点，有广阔的应用前景，并已在油田伴生气或火炬管线中轻烃的回收、天然气脱水、为科学研究提供冷源等场合得到应用。热分离机的结构虽然简单，但其振荡管内部流动及有关过程的相互作用却十分复杂，还存在许多有待解决的问题。
热分离机内气体间能量的传输与转换主要通过激波的运动来实现的，因此深入研究激波的形成、运动、行为及控制方法对于揭示热分离机的制冷机理和提高其性能有重要意义。本文对热分离机的制冷机理、振荡管内激波的行为与控制进行了比较深入的理论和实验研究。
从热力学及气体动力学角度出发，探讨了热分离机的制冷机理、激波的形成与运动规律。建立了进、排气参数、管壁散热量（Q）、管长（L）、充、排气时间比（ζ）、射流频率（f）、膨胀比（ε）等参数与热分离机性能及管内非定常流动的关系，并分析了有关因素对热分离机性能的影响。对峰值振荡效应的物理现象、内在机制、峰值振荡条件、峰值振荡特性进行了系统的研究，使峰值振荡效应成为一个有明确物理意义和重要应用价值的概念。设计了一台封闭式单管热分离实验装置，对Q、L、f、ε、激波吸收器等因素对热分离机性能的影响进行了单因素实验；对理论分析和实验结果进行了比较，形成了较为系统的热分离机制冷机理和峰值振荡理论。主要结论如下：热分离机内激波形成的原因是射气瞬间接触面两侧压力和速度不相容；峰值振荡效应的内在机制为反射激波对充气阶段的驱动气或低温排气的加热，凡是影响激波形成及运动的因素都将对峰值振荡频率、冷效应及热效应产生影响；当充、排气时间比为0.1763时，最佳射流激励频率出现在高阶峰值振荡频率上。
The thermal separator is a new efficient gas expansion refrigerator. It has many good qualities such as energy saving, simply structured, cheaply and easily to operate and maintain, there is no revolving parts in the cooling part and can be run with liquid. For the above-mentioned reasons, the thermal separator has a lot of applications in chemical processes and engineering transformation, especially in the fields of liquid products recover from associated gas in oil field or light hydrocarbon gas in torch line, dehydrate natural gas, provides cold resource for scientific research. Although the structure is simple, the unsteady fluid flow and the action of the wave in the tube are very complicated. So far, there exists a lot of problems need to investigate.
In the thermal separator, the energy is transmitted through the movement of the shock wave. So that, it is of great importance to study the formation, action and controlling of the shock wave for discovering of the mechanism and ameliorating of the running nature of the thermal separator. In this dissertation, the cooling mechanism, the formation and the controlling of the shock wave was deeply studied theoretically and experimentally.
Based on the theory of Gas dynamics and Thermodynamics, the cooling mechanism and the formation and running rule of shock wave in the tube of the thermal separator was explored. The relations between the parameters of gas charging and exhausting, heat quantity through the shell of tube(Q), the length of the tube(L), the ratio of gas charging time to gas exhausting time(ζ), the frequency of the jet flow(f), the ratio of the expansion (ε), the nature of thermal separator and the unsteady flow in the tube were established. The phenomenon, internal mechanism, condition, and special quality of multi-order peak oscillating effect were studied systematically, and this studying make the multi-order peak oscillating effect to be a conception of definite physical meaning and important value of application. An enclosed single tube thermal separator was designed and by means of which the influence of single element of Q, L, ζ, f, ε on the performances of thermal separator was investigated experimentally. On the basis of the comparison between the theoretical analyses with the results of the experiment, a relatively systematical theory of the cooling mechanism and peak oscillating effect of the thermal separator was founded. Principal conclusions were drawn as the following: the non compatibility of pressure or velocity of the gas on both sides of the contact surface is the cause of the formation of shock wave; the heating effect of reflective shock wave to driving gas during charging or exhausting process is the internal mechanism of peak oscillating effect, and all the factors that influence the formation and the running of the shock wave will influence the peak oscillating frequency, cooling effect
and heating effect; when the ratio of gas charging time to gas exhausting time(ζ) equal to 0.1763, the frequency of the highest cooling efficiency will occur at higher order oscillating frequency.
热分离机内气体间能量的传输与转换主要通过激波的运动来实现的，因此深入研究激波的形成、运动、行为及控制方法对于揭示热分离机的制冷机理和提高其性能有重要意义。本文对热分离机的制冷机理、振荡管内激波的行为与控制进行了比较深入的理论和实验研究。
从热力学及气体动力学角度出发，探讨了热分离机的制冷机理、激波的形成与运动规律。建立了进、排气参数、管壁散热量（Q）、管长（L）、充、排气时间比（ζ）、射流频率（f）、膨胀比（ε）等参数与热分离机性能及管内非定常流动的关系，并分析了有关因素对热分离机性能的影响。对峰值振荡效应的物理现象、内在机制、峰值振荡条件、峰值振荡特性进行了系统的研究，使峰值振荡效应成为一个有明确物理意义和重要应用价值的概念。设计了一台封闭式单管热分离实验装置，对Q、L、f、ε、激波吸收器等因素对热分离机性能的影响进行了单因素实验；对理论分析和实验结果进行了比较，形成了较为系统的热分离机制冷机理和峰值振荡理论。主要结论如下：热分离机内激波形成的原因是射气瞬间接触面两侧压力和速度不相容；峰值振荡效应的内在机制为反射激波对充气阶段的驱动气或低温排气的加热，凡是影响激波形成及运动的因素都将对峰值振荡频率、冷效应及热效应产生影响；当充、排气时间比为0.1763时，最佳射流激励频率出现在高阶峰值振荡频率上。
The thermal separator is a new efficient gas expansion refrigerator. It has many good qualities such as energy saving, simply structured, cheaply and easily to operate and maintain, there is no revolving parts in the cooling part and can be run with liquid. For the above-mentioned reasons, the thermal separator has a lot of applications in chemical processes and engineering transformation, especially in the fields of liquid products recover from associated gas in oil field or light hydrocarbon gas in torch line, dehydrate natural gas, provides cold resource for scientific research. Although the structure is simple, the unsteady fluid flow and the action of the wave in the tube are very complicated. So far, there exists a lot of problems need to investigate.
In the thermal separator, the energy is transmitted through the movement of the shock wave. So that, it is of great importance to study the formation, action and controlling of the shock wave for discovering of the mechanism and ameliorating of the running nature of the thermal separator. In this dissertation, the cooling mechanism, the formation and the controlling of the shock wave was deeply studied theoretically and experimentally.
Based on the theory of Gas dynamics and Thermodynamics, the cooling mechanism and the formation and running rule of shock wave in the tube of the thermal separator was explored. The relations between the parameters of gas charging and exhausting, heat quantity through the shell of tube(Q), the length of the tube(L), the ratio of gas charging time to gas exhausting time(ζ), the frequency of the jet flow(f), the ratio of the expansion (ε), the nature of thermal separator and the unsteady flow in the tube were established. The phenomenon, internal mechanism, condition, and special quality of multi-order peak oscillating effect were studied systematically, and this studying make the multi-order peak oscillating effect to be a conception of definite physical meaning and important value of application. An enclosed single tube thermal separator was designed and by means of which the influence of single element of Q, L, ζ, f, ε on the performances of thermal separator was investigated experimentally. On the basis of the comparison between the theoretical analyses with the results of the experiment, a relatively systematical theory of the cooling mechanism and peak oscillating effect of the thermal separator was founded. Principal conclusions were drawn as the following: the non compatibility of pressure or velocity of the gas on both sides of the contact surface is the cause of the formation of shock wave; the heating effect of reflective shock wave to driving gas during charging or exhausting process is the internal mechanism of peak oscillating effect, and all the factors that influence the formation and the running of the shock wave will influence the peak oscillating frequency, cooling effect
and heating effect; when the ratio of gas charging time to gas exhausting time(ζ) equal to 0.1763, the frequency of the highest cooling efficiency will occur at higher order oscillating frequency.
引文
[1] Rennaz M C. Wellhead gas refrigerator field strips condensate. World Oil, Nov., 1971:60～61
[2] Rennaz M C. New French gas cooler recovers 120bpd gasoline. World Oil, Aug., 1973:57～59
[3] Christian D, Amande J C and Viltard C. Barge-mounted NGL plant boosts recovery from offshore field. World Oil, July,1982:105～107
[4] Marchal P， Malek S and Vitard J C. Skid-mounted rotating thermal separator. Oil and Gas, TECHNOLOGY， Dec．，1984:55～58
[5] 间宫林荣 かぇ冷却分离装置の化学工业の利用。化学装置，1978, 20:52
[6] 间宫林荣. 石油と石油化学. 1977, 21(3):58
[7] 日特公开, 昭47-10140
[8] 日特公开, 昭52-50379
[9] 日特公开, 昭53-64671
[10] 日特公开, 昭53-54169
[11] United State's patent, Thermal separators employing a movable distribute. May.17,1983, №4383423
[12] Sho J, Bao Y et al. Experimental investigation of a new type expander. Adv. Croy. Eng., 1986, 21:289
[13] Shao J et al. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental study on petroleum gas separation system incorporating RJE. Proc. of ICESR,1986
[14] Shao J. Experimental study of influence of transient performance in pressure puls tubes on isentropic efficiency of RJE. ICEC, Berlin-West, 1986
[15] 黄志达，黄钟岳，方曜奇等． 新型节能装置－透平式热分离机的研究. 大连工学院学报，1983, 22(3)：115～119
[16] 黄志达等． RFT-2000型透平式热分离机原理及应用． 大连工学院学报，1985， 24(4)：123～124
[17] 方曜奇等． 热分离机接受管中反射激波的消除． 第四届全国激波管与激波学术会论文集， 1987
[18] 方曜奇等． 接受管结构对热分离机制冷的影响． 流体工程， 1987， 17(3)：15～18
[19] 胡志敏，方曜奇等． 刚直管在脉动压力作用下表面泵热的实验研究． 全国化工机械专业教育指导委员会成立大会及第二届校际学术交流会论文
[20] 邵件，包裕第．转动喷嘴膨胀机的试验研究． 浙大学报，1984， 3(18)：52～54
[21] 邵件， 沈永年等． 转动式热分离机转速与变压管长度匹配的研究. 浙江大学学报， 1988， 22(5)：114～119
[22] 包裕第， 沈永年等．回收气体压力能的转动喷嘴式膨胀机的研究． 能源工程， 1982， (2)：27～30
[23] 李树云． 转动式热分离机的研究． 华北石油管理局勘察设计院， 1989
[24] 胡大鹏． 静止式热分离机的研究． [学位论文]． 大连：大连理工大学，1989
[25] Y.Q. Fang et al. The thermal separator: a new approach for pressurized gases. 17th Int. Sym. on Shock Wave and Shock Tubes
[26] 方曜奇等． 一种新型的制冷技术气波制冷机． 辽宁化工， 1990,(5)：51～54
[27] 方曜奇等．波制冷效率影响因素的实验研究． 气动实验与测量控制. 1993，17(3)：15～18
[28] Y.Q. Fang et al. Experimental study of gas wave refrigeration. Shock Wave proceedings, Sendai, Japan, 1991,2:1335～1338
[29] H.R. Yu. Recent development in shock tube application. Proceedings of the 1989 National symposium on shock wave phenomena, Shock Wave Research Centre, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University,1989:1～9
[30] 俞鸿儒． 热分离器内的流动． 大连工学院学报， 1984， 23(4)：1～7
[31] 黄公明． 脉动管中波的形成、反射与相交， 低温工程，1987，2：16~20
[32] 李学来，郭荣伟．振荡管内气柱谐振的研究．航空学报，1999，20（2）：1~3
[33] 李学来，郭荣伟．振荡管内接触面的运动．空气动力学学报，2000，18（3）：120~124
[34] 于伟． 利用多孔板阻尼提高热分离器效率． 青年力学协会第二届年会交 流论文，1992： Ⅲ－134
[35] 李学来． 轴向及径向传热对气波振荡管冷效应的影响：[博士学位论文]． 大连：大连理工大学，1996
[36] 袁湘江，周恒.计算激波的高精度数值方法． 应用数学和力学，21（5），441~450
[37] 刘光宗，方杭安． 压力谐振管的数值计算． 应用力学学报，1988, 15(2)：53～64
[38] 刘光宗，陈熙静． 双开口压力谐振管的数值计算． 应用力学学报，1990, 7(2)： 35～40
[39] 胡大鹏等．气波制冷机接受管内气体流动数值模拟及热效应．第四届高校化工机械专业教学科研校际交流会论文，1991
[40] 李力．气波制冷机接受管内不定常流数值计算：[学位论文]． 大连：大连理工大学，1994
[2] Rennaz M C. New French gas cooler recovers 120bpd gasoline. World Oil, Aug., 1973:57～59
[3] Christian D, Amande J C and Viltard C. Barge-mounted NGL plant boosts recovery from offshore field. World Oil, July,1982:105～107
[4] Marchal P， Malek S and Vitard J C. Skid-mounted rotating thermal separator. Oil and Gas, TECHNOLOGY， Dec．，1984:55～58
[5] 间宫林荣 かぇ冷却分离装置の化学工业の利用。化学装置，1978, 20:52
[6] 间宫林荣. 石油と石油化学. 1977, 21(3):58
[7] 日特公开, 昭47-10140
[8] 日特公开, 昭52-50379
[9] 日特公开, 昭53-64671
[10] 日特公开, 昭53-54169
[11] United State's patent, Thermal separators employing a movable distribute. May.17,1983, №4383423
[12] Sho J, Bao Y et al. Experimental investigation of a new type expander. Adv. Croy. Eng., 1986, 21:289
[13] Shao J et al. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental study on petroleum gas separation system incorporating RJE. Proc. of ICESR,1986
[14] Shao J. Experimental study of influence of transient performance in pressure puls tubes on isentropic efficiency of RJE. ICEC, Berlin-West, 1986
[15] 黄志达，黄钟岳，方曜奇等． 新型节能装置－透平式热分离机的研究. 大连工学院学报，1983, 22(3)：115～119
[16] 黄志达等． RFT-2000型透平式热分离机原理及应用． 大连工学院学报，1985， 24(4)：123～124
[17] 方曜奇等． 热分离机接受管中反射激波的消除． 第四届全国激波管与激波学术会论文集， 1987
[18] 方曜奇等． 接受管结构对热分离机制冷的影响． 流体工程， 1987， 17(3)：15～18
[19] 胡志敏，方曜奇等． 刚直管在脉动压力作用下表面泵热的实验研究． 全国化工机械专业教育指导委员会成立大会及第二届校际学术交流会论文
[20] 邵件，包裕第．转动喷嘴膨胀机的试验研究． 浙大学报，1984， 3(18)：52～54
[21] 邵件， 沈永年等． 转动式热分离机转速与变压管长度匹配的研究. 浙江大学学报， 1988， 22(5)：114～119
[22] 包裕第， 沈永年等．回收气体压力能的转动喷嘴式膨胀机的研究． 能源工程， 1982， (2)：27～30
[23] 李树云． 转动式热分离机的研究． 华北石油管理局勘察设计院， 1989
[24] 胡大鹏． 静止式热分离机的研究． [学位论文]． 大连：大连理工大学，1989
[25] Y.Q. Fang et al. The thermal separator: a new approach for pressurized gases. 17th Int. Sym. on Shock Wave and Shock Tubes
[26] 方曜奇等． 一种新型的制冷技术气波制冷机． 辽宁化工， 1990,(5)：51～54
[27] 方曜奇等．波制冷效率影响因素的实验研究． 气动实验与测量控制. 1993，17(3)：15～18
[28] Y.Q. Fang et al. Experimental study of gas wave refrigeration. Shock Wave proceedings, Sendai, Japan, 1991,2:1335～1338
[29] H.R. Yu. Recent development in shock tube application. Proceedings of the 1989 National symposium on shock wave phenomena, Shock Wave Research Centre, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University,1989:1～9
[30] 俞鸿儒． 热分离器内的流动． 大连工学院学报， 1984， 23(4)：1～7
[31] 黄公明． 脉动管中波的形成、反射与相交， 低温工程，1987，2：16~20
[32] 李学来，郭荣伟．振荡管内气柱谐振的研究．航空学报，1999，20（2）：1~3
[33] 李学来，郭荣伟．振荡管内接触面的运动．空气动力学学报，2000，18（3）：120~124
[34] 于伟． 利用多孔板阻尼提高热分离器效率． 青年力学协会第二届年会交 流论文，1992： Ⅲ－134
[35] 李学来． 轴向及径向传热对气波振荡管冷效应的影响：[博士学位论文]． 大连：大连理工大学，1996
[36] 袁湘江，周恒.计算激波的高精度数值方法． 应用数学和力学，21（5），441~450
[37] 刘光宗，方杭安． 压力谐振管的数值计算． 应用力学学报，1988, 15(2)：53～64
[38] 刘光宗，陈熙静． 双开口压力谐振管的数值计算． 应用力学学报，1990, 7(2)： 35～40
[39] 胡大鹏等．气波制冷机接受管内气体流动数值模拟及热效应．第四届高校化工机械专业教学科研校际交流会论文，1991
[40] 李力．气波制冷机接受管内不定常流数值计算：[学位论文]． 大连：大连理工大学，1994