行波热声发动机的理论与实验研究
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摘要
热声效应是热与声之间相互转换的现象，即声场中的时均热力学效应。热声发动机是一种通过热声效应实现热能与声能转化的装置。用热声发动机取代机械式压缩机来驱动脉管制冷机或其它热声制冷机是完全消除制冷系统运动部件以延长制冷系统运行寿命的新思路。1979年Ceperley首先提出了行波型热声发动机概念。由于行波热声发动机在回热器中进行的是可逆热声转换过程，并且声场中速度和压力相位相同，所以可以更高效地产生和传输声功。因此行波热声发动机也就成为这一领域的研究热点。
本文简要回顾了热声学的历史和研究现状，并从不同角度对热声机械的基本原理进行了论述。根据前人的观点并结合自己对热声热机的理解，给出了热声热机工作机理的热力学解释。
在可行性分析之后，设计并搭建了一台大型多功能行波热声发动机。该热声发动机长4.5米，高1.25米，设计最大输入功率5千瓦。它不仅可以用于行波与驻波混合型热声发动机实验，还可以单独进行行波环路实验及热声发动机驱动脉管制冷机实验。该热声发动机比纯驻波型热声发动机具有更低的起振温度、更大的压比及更高的热声转换效率。以氮气为工质，在充气压力为0.9MPa的条件下，该热声发动机最大压比达1.21，工作频率为25Hz，这是当前国际上处于前列的实验结果。
Thermoacoustic effect is the phenomenon of the conversion between thermal energy and acoustic power. Thermoacoustic engine is a kind of machine, which converts thermal energy into acoustic power by thermoacoustic effect. It is a new way of thinking to drive a pulse-tube refrigerator or other thermoacoustic refrigerators by using thermoacoustic engines instead of mechanical compressors so as to completely eliminate moving parts of refrigeration system for more reliable operation. Ceperley first proposed the idea of traveling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine in 1979 and it was practically realized by Swift in 1999. Because the thermoacoustic conversion process that occurs in its regenerator is reversible and velocity is in phase with pressure, traveling-wave thermoacoustic engine can produce and transmit acoustic power with higher efficiency theoretically.
After a detailed review on the developments of the research on thermoacoustics, as well as the latest advancements in this field, prospective applications, and a survey of theoretical fundamentals, the author's work focuses on the following sections:
According to predecessors' explanations, as well as personal understanding on thermoacoustic effects, a qualitative explanation for the operating mechanism of thermoacoustic engines from thermodynamic viewpoint is presented.
After the analysis of feasibility, a large-scale multi-function thermoacoustic-stirling heat engine has been designed and constructed. With the length and height of 4.5meters and 1.25 meters, respectively, the engine is designed to have the maximal input power of 5,000W. It can operate in traveling wave mode with only the torus in experiment, as well as in hybrid mode of standing wave and traveling wave with the whole engine working, and it can be also used to drive a pulse-tube refrigerator. In comparison with standing-wave heat engine, it has lower onset temperature and higher pressure ratio, which is of great significance for introducing a variety of energies of low quality into thermoacoustic engines, such as solar energy, waste vapor energy and so on. With the filling nitrogen of 0.9 MPa, the maximal pressure ratio reaches 1.21 and the operation frequency is 25 Hz, which is a rather good result in this field.
本文简要回顾了热声学的历史和研究现状，并从不同角度对热声机械的基本原理进行了论述。根据前人的观点并结合自己对热声热机的理解，给出了热声热机工作机理的热力学解释。
在可行性分析之后，设计并搭建了一台大型多功能行波热声发动机。该热声发动机长4.5米，高1.25米，设计最大输入功率5千瓦。它不仅可以用于行波与驻波混合型热声发动机实验，还可以单独进行行波环路实验及热声发动机驱动脉管制冷机实验。该热声发动机比纯驻波型热声发动机具有更低的起振温度、更大的压比及更高的热声转换效率。以氮气为工质，在充气压力为0.9MPa的条件下，该热声发动机最大压比达1.21，工作频率为25Hz，这是当前国际上处于前列的实验结果。
Thermoacoustic effect is the phenomenon of the conversion between thermal energy and acoustic power. Thermoacoustic engine is a kind of machine, which converts thermal energy into acoustic power by thermoacoustic effect. It is a new way of thinking to drive a pulse-tube refrigerator or other thermoacoustic refrigerators by using thermoacoustic engines instead of mechanical compressors so as to completely eliminate moving parts of refrigeration system for more reliable operation. Ceperley first proposed the idea of traveling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine in 1979 and it was practically realized by Swift in 1999. Because the thermoacoustic conversion process that occurs in its regenerator is reversible and velocity is in phase with pressure, traveling-wave thermoacoustic engine can produce and transmit acoustic power with higher efficiency theoretically.
After a detailed review on the developments of the research on thermoacoustics, as well as the latest advancements in this field, prospective applications, and a survey of theoretical fundamentals, the author's work focuses on the following sections:
According to predecessors' explanations, as well as personal understanding on thermoacoustic effects, a qualitative explanation for the operating mechanism of thermoacoustic engines from thermodynamic viewpoint is presented.
After the analysis of feasibility, a large-scale multi-function thermoacoustic-stirling heat engine has been designed and constructed. With the length and height of 4.5meters and 1.25 meters, respectively, the engine is designed to have the maximal input power of 5,000W. It can operate in traveling wave mode with only the torus in experiment, as well as in hybrid mode of standing wave and traveling wave with the whole engine working, and it can be also used to drive a pulse-tube refrigerator. In comparison with standing-wave heat engine, it has lower onset temperature and higher pressure ratio, which is of great significance for introducing a variety of energies of low quality into thermoacoustic engines, such as solar energy, waste vapor energy and so on. With the filling nitrogen of 0.9 MPa, the maximal pressure ratio reaches 1.21 and the operation frequency is 25 Hz, which is a rather good result in this field.
引文
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[10] Mikulin E I et al. Low-temperature expansion pulse tube. Adv Cryo Eng, 1984; 29:629
[11] Zhu S W et al. A single-stage double inlet pulse tube refrigerator capable of reaching 4.2K. Cryogenics, 1995; 35: 1207
[12] 蒋彦龙，陈国邦，G．Thummes．20K以下温区单级脉管制冷机直流控制实验研究．低温工程，2002，6：3～18
[13] Xu M Y, de Waele A T A M, Ju Y L. A pulse tube refrigerator below 2K. Cryogenics, 1999; 39 (10): 865-869
[14] Radebaugh R et al. Development of a thermoacoustically driven orifice pulse tube refrigerator. Proceedings of 4th Interagency Meeting on Cryocoolers, Plymouth, MA, David Taylor Research Center, 1990; Navy Report DTRC91/003:205
[15] Swift G W, Radebaugh R. Acoustic cryocooler. U. S. Patent, 4953366, 1990
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