防明火绝热柔性复合织物的失效行为研究
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摘要
为在明火火场等温差极大的环境下,不致灼伤并正常工作,消防及特殊工作人员需通过功能服装作有效安全、移动方便地隔热防护。而纺织材料在火场等高温强热流环境下的非静态使用,不可避免地会有热防护功效不足和材料老化的问题。这将导致材料形态和力学、物理、化学性能的变化,甚至发生热防护行为异常和功能失效。目前消防类热防护服装在实际应用中,耐火焰温度冲击性能较弱,在火场中停顿时间偏短(800℃时,t<10min),其本质问题是耐高温和隔热功的不足。为解决此类问题,以满足轻质、柔性、无障碍移动,和高效、智能、及安全的防护,本课题针对明火火场的高温强热流环境,研究开发防火绝热柔性复合织物,用于高温(800℃左右)火场环境下的防火和热隔绝。
在复合织物结构上,针对火场环境中的传热方式,在筛选热反射材料、耐高温纤维材料和蓄热相变材料(PCM)的基础上,整体设计出由外向内依次为热反射层、相变吸热复合层和隔绝舒适层的柔性复合织物,并对复合织物的制备和加工工艺做了实用性尝试,以期使织物实现高效、长时间的热防护效果。
在复合织物的构成材料上,考虑到火场的高温强热流环境,并对耐高温纤维材料的热学性能进行对比,选用玄武岩纤维和玻璃纤维作为复合织物的纤维隔热材料；由于明火火场的辐射强度很大,金属铝箔具有较高的热反射率且性价比高,故而选择金属铝箔作为热反射材料,并将铝箔与耐高温纤维织物基布粘结作为复合织物的外层热反射层；依据相变能量高、使用安全、材料易获取的原则,选用Pentaerythritol (季戊四醇)作为复合织物中的相变材料；考虑到相变材料发生相变前后的相对附着固定,选用耐高温纤维的针刺毡作为相变吸热复合层的基体；隔绝舒适层主要是进一步隔绝热量,从而保证人体舒适,故而选取阻燃棉织物。为保证复合织物的柔性,以及相变材料的相对固定,采用缝制的方式对各功能结构层进行复合加工成形。
在对复合织物的实用表征上,为测量织物在明火火场暴露条件下的防火绝热性能和长时间的失效行为,本研究设计制造了自主知识产权的织物防明火绝热性能测试装置FPPAS-1(Flaming Protective Performance Analysis System-1)。该装置真实模拟火场高温强热流环境,以分布式高精度温度传感器实时在线测量织物试样正、反面温度TR、TB及其随火场作用时间的变化曲线；并由此提出和建立了防火织物的防火隔热效率E、温度安全系数TcS、时间安全系数EtS和总防火安全指数等四类8个防火绝热效能和安全性评价指标。此外,在反复高温与明火冲击试验下,本研究对测试装置的精度进行了标定测量,对织物防明火绝热性能的变化进行了表征。
对防火绝热柔性复合织物的防火绝热性能的测试表明,复合织物小样均具有优良的防火绝热性能,这归因于复合织物各功能结构层的功能的有效分解分担作用。将各复合织物的防火绝热效能和安全性评价指标进行对比可知,耐高温纤维材料为玄武岩纤维的施加相变材料的复合织物呈现出最优的热防护性能,其单位面积重量为832.8g/m2,防持续火焰舔舌和绝热的温度高达509℃,比未施加相变材料时提高了83℃。这表明作为功能分担的相变材料在织物中有效地发挥了吸热隔绝作用。
复合织物经五次5min明火火场的反复暴露实验后,玄武岩纤维PCM复合织物的防火绝热温度的保持率为82.1%,且织物表面除发生轻微炭化发黄外无脆性破坏现象。对复合织物施加相变材料前后的温差能量估计以及与纯相变材料应发挥能量的对比,表明相变能的效率很低,在16.7%～30.7%范围内,这由相变材料的质量损失和热损耗导致；对施加相变材料前后的复合织物的基本力学性能测试,证实复合织物的强度和弯曲刚度在反复火场暴露实验后均有所下降,但仍分别保持在65%和75%以上。此结果说明所得复合织物在反复火场作用下,不仅保持其热防护性能,而且力学性能的变化也在允许范围内。
基于前人理论,结合实测结果,建立了织物防火绝热性能测试系统的传热模型。该模型综合考虑了明火火场、织物、空气层和人体皮肤条件,是一个导热传热、对流传热和辐射传热相耦合的逐层传热模型。并采用Matlab软件对传热模型进行了模拟仿真求解,计算出复合织物及其各功能结构层的温度分布；将复合织物及其功能结构层的数值计算结果与实测结果相比较,可知理论计算值与实测结果高度吻合,尤其在火场高温环境中的稳态传热阶段吻合度近乎100%。这表明所提出的传热模型具有极好的精准性和实用性。
传热模型的数值分析和防火绝热复合织物的实测结果,均表明在防火绝热织物性能及其传热机理方面的进展与突破,但更高效、长时间的防护,更理想的高温相变材料的发现及其效能的发挥机制仍有空间需进一步探索。
In order to keep focused on their job and avoid getting burn injury when exposed to flashover environment with a high temperature, firefighters and other special working staff should wear functional clothing to ensure them to be safe and convenient to move and protect from thermal strike. The non-static use of textile materials in the fire scene with a high temperature and heat fluxes, would inevitably result in insufficiency of the thermal protective performance and the aging decomposition of the material. This will lead to not only the changes of the morphological structure, mechanical, physical and chemical properties, but also the abnormal behavior and the invalidation of the thermal protective performance. Recently firefighting protective clothing is weak in the flame temperature resistant and the exposure time (less than10min at800℃and higher) when exposed to a fire scenario, the essence of which is the inadequate of high temperature resistance and heat insulating property. To address these issue and meet the requirement of light-weight, flexible and non-mobility obstacles, and achieve high efficient, intelligent, reliable fire protective performance, the research focuses on the developing of fire protective and thermal insulating flexible composite fabrics, which are mainly used to protect human from high temperature field, based on the analysis of the fire environment with a temperature of800℃and high heat fluxes.
Considering the coupled heat transfer of thermal conduction, radiation and convection of the fire environment, the existing thermal reflective materials, high-temperature resistant fiber materials and heat storage phase change materials (PCMs) were compared and evaluated. To obtain high efficient and long term thermal protective performance, the overall composite fabric was designed with three functional layers:the thermal reflective layer, the heat storage composite layer and the thermal comfortable liner. The tentative processing and preparation of the composite fabrics were also implemented practically.
Take into account the high heat fluxes of flashover, the basalt fiber and glass fiber were used as heat insulation materials of the composite fabric after comparing the thermal properties of the existing high temperature resistant fiber materials. The aluminium foil was selected as thermal radiation reflective material, due to its high reflectance and high cost performance. The outer thermal reflective layer, which is composed of aluminum foil and the woven substrate fabrics made of basalt fiber or glass fiber, could reflect most of the radiant heat. Pentaerythritol was used as phase change material based on the principle of high fusion heat, safe in use and easy access. In view of the application and the relatively fixed location of PCM, the punched felt, made of thermal resistant fiber, was used as the matrix of heat storage composite layer. The thermal comfortable liner made of flame retardant cotton fiber, was used to insulate the residual heat and make firefighters feel comfortable. To make the composite fabric flexible and the PCM fixed in the fabric, the sewing process was adopted to the forming of the composite fabric.
In order to characterize the fire protective performance and the thermal invalidation behaviour of the fabric when subjected to fire exposure, a fire protective performance testing apparatus entitled "FPPAS-1"(Flaming Protective Performance Analysis System-1) with self-owned intellectual property right was designed and developed. The apparatus could simulate the fire environment with high temperature and intensive heat fluxes. During the fire exposure experiment, the fabrics were exposed to the fire scenario simulated for5min, and then natural cooling was performed for10min. The real time temperature of the right and back surfaces of the fabrics and the temperature curves versus time, were measured by the distributed thermal sensors. Four kinds of8indexes of fire protective fabrics, especially the fire protective and thermal insulating efficiency E, the critical temperature safe factor TcS' the endurable time safe factor EtS and the fire protective safe index, were proposed and established to rate fire insulating performance and evaluate security of the fabrics. In addition, the repeated high temperature exposure and fire assaults experiments, and the calibration of measurement precision, were conducted on the apparatus.
Flexible composite fabrics prepared presented excellent fire protective performance, due to the effective function bearing of the functional structure layer. It was revealed that the composite fabric made of basalt fiber material and PCM, the weight per unit area of which is832.8g/m2, exhibited the best thermal protective performance by comparing the fire protective and thermal insulating indexes. The long term thermal insulating temperature of the fabric under fire exposure is509℃, which is83℃higher than the composite fabric without PCM. The result illustrated that the PCM has effectively play a role of heat absorbing and thennal insulating during the fire exposure.
The retention rate of the thermal insulating temperature of the composite fabric made of basalt fiber and PCM, was81.2%after5times of fire exposure experiment. Apart from slight charring and getting yellow, no brittle damage occurred on the surface of the fabric. The temperature differential energy was calculated between the composite fabric with PCM and without PCM, which revealed that the efficient of PCM is limited to16.7%～30.7%, which were attibuted to the weight and heat loss of PCM. The mechanical properties of the composite fabrics showed that both the strength and the bending stiffness had decreased during the repeated fire exposure experiment, but the retention rate remained at more that65%and75%, respectively. All the results indicated that the composite fabric maintained thermal protective performance as well as mechanical properties after5times of repeated fire exposure experiment.
Based on the previous theories, a heat transfer model of the fire protective testing apparatus has been established. The heat transfer model, comprehensively considering the factor of fire scene, fabric, air layer and human skin, is a coupled multilayer heat transfer model of heat conduction, convection and radiation. Matlab software was used to simulate and solve the heat transfer model on account of the boundary conditions of the fire exposure experiment. The temperature distribution of the composite fabric and the single functional layers were numerically calculated. By comparing the numerical results with the experimental results of the composite fabrics and the single functional layers, it is revealed that the heat transfer model coincide with the experimental to great extent. What is delighted is the coincidence degree is close to100%during the steady heat transfer stage. So the proposed numerical heat transfer model is precise and reliable.
Great progress and breakthrough has been made in developing the fire protective and thermal insulating composite fabrics and the heat transfer mechanism, by numerical analysis of heat transfer model and the evaluation of the fire protective performance of the composite fabrics. But thermal protective clothing with more efficient and longer thermal protection, better PCMs and the mechanism of PCMs still need further investigated and developed.
在复合织物结构上,针对火场环境中的传热方式,在筛选热反射材料、耐高温纤维材料和蓄热相变材料(PCM)的基础上,整体设计出由外向内依次为热反射层、相变吸热复合层和隔绝舒适层的柔性复合织物,并对复合织物的制备和加工工艺做了实用性尝试,以期使织物实现高效、长时间的热防护效果。
在复合织物的构成材料上,考虑到火场的高温强热流环境,并对耐高温纤维材料的热学性能进行对比,选用玄武岩纤维和玻璃纤维作为复合织物的纤维隔热材料；由于明火火场的辐射强度很大,金属铝箔具有较高的热反射率且性价比高,故而选择金属铝箔作为热反射材料,并将铝箔与耐高温纤维织物基布粘结作为复合织物的外层热反射层；依据相变能量高、使用安全、材料易获取的原则,选用Pentaerythritol (季戊四醇)作为复合织物中的相变材料；考虑到相变材料发生相变前后的相对附着固定,选用耐高温纤维的针刺毡作为相变吸热复合层的基体；隔绝舒适层主要是进一步隔绝热量,从而保证人体舒适,故而选取阻燃棉织物。为保证复合织物的柔性,以及相变材料的相对固定,采用缝制的方式对各功能结构层进行复合加工成形。
在对复合织物的实用表征上,为测量织物在明火火场暴露条件下的防火绝热性能和长时间的失效行为,本研究设计制造了自主知识产权的织物防明火绝热性能测试装置FPPAS-1(Flaming Protective Performance Analysis System-1)。该装置真实模拟火场高温强热流环境,以分布式高精度温度传感器实时在线测量织物试样正、反面温度TR、TB及其随火场作用时间的变化曲线；并由此提出和建立了防火织物的防火隔热效率E、温度安全系数TcS、时间安全系数EtS和总防火安全指数等四类8个防火绝热效能和安全性评价指标。此外,在反复高温与明火冲击试验下,本研究对测试装置的精度进行了标定测量,对织物防明火绝热性能的变化进行了表征。
对防火绝热柔性复合织物的防火绝热性能的测试表明,复合织物小样均具有优良的防火绝热性能,这归因于复合织物各功能结构层的功能的有效分解分担作用。将各复合织物的防火绝热效能和安全性评价指标进行对比可知,耐高温纤维材料为玄武岩纤维的施加相变材料的复合织物呈现出最优的热防护性能,其单位面积重量为832.8g/m2,防持续火焰舔舌和绝热的温度高达509℃,比未施加相变材料时提高了83℃。这表明作为功能分担的相变材料在织物中有效地发挥了吸热隔绝作用。
复合织物经五次5min明火火场的反复暴露实验后,玄武岩纤维PCM复合织物的防火绝热温度的保持率为82.1%,且织物表面除发生轻微炭化发黄外无脆性破坏现象。对复合织物施加相变材料前后的温差能量估计以及与纯相变材料应发挥能量的对比,表明相变能的效率很低,在16.7%～30.7%范围内,这由相变材料的质量损失和热损耗导致；对施加相变材料前后的复合织物的基本力学性能测试,证实复合织物的强度和弯曲刚度在反复火场暴露实验后均有所下降,但仍分别保持在65%和75%以上。此结果说明所得复合织物在反复火场作用下,不仅保持其热防护性能,而且力学性能的变化也在允许范围内。
基于前人理论,结合实测结果,建立了织物防火绝热性能测试系统的传热模型。该模型综合考虑了明火火场、织物、空气层和人体皮肤条件,是一个导热传热、对流传热和辐射传热相耦合的逐层传热模型。并采用Matlab软件对传热模型进行了模拟仿真求解,计算出复合织物及其各功能结构层的温度分布；将复合织物及其功能结构层的数值计算结果与实测结果相比较,可知理论计算值与实测结果高度吻合,尤其在火场高温环境中的稳态传热阶段吻合度近乎100%。这表明所提出的传热模型具有极好的精准性和实用性。
传热模型的数值分析和防火绝热复合织物的实测结果,均表明在防火绝热织物性能及其传热机理方面的进展与突破,但更高效、长时间的防护,更理想的高温相变材料的发现及其效能的发挥机制仍有空间需进一步探索。
In order to keep focused on their job and avoid getting burn injury when exposed to flashover environment with a high temperature, firefighters and other special working staff should wear functional clothing to ensure them to be safe and convenient to move and protect from thermal strike. The non-static use of textile materials in the fire scene with a high temperature and heat fluxes, would inevitably result in insufficiency of the thermal protective performance and the aging decomposition of the material. This will lead to not only the changes of the morphological structure, mechanical, physical and chemical properties, but also the abnormal behavior and the invalidation of the thermal protective performance. Recently firefighting protective clothing is weak in the flame temperature resistant and the exposure time (less than10min at800℃and higher) when exposed to a fire scenario, the essence of which is the inadequate of high temperature resistance and heat insulating property. To address these issue and meet the requirement of light-weight, flexible and non-mobility obstacles, and achieve high efficient, intelligent, reliable fire protective performance, the research focuses on the developing of fire protective and thermal insulating flexible composite fabrics, which are mainly used to protect human from high temperature field, based on the analysis of the fire environment with a temperature of800℃and high heat fluxes.
Considering the coupled heat transfer of thermal conduction, radiation and convection of the fire environment, the existing thermal reflective materials, high-temperature resistant fiber materials and heat storage phase change materials (PCMs) were compared and evaluated. To obtain high efficient and long term thermal protective performance, the overall composite fabric was designed with three functional layers:the thermal reflective layer, the heat storage composite layer and the thermal comfortable liner. The tentative processing and preparation of the composite fabrics were also implemented practically.
Take into account the high heat fluxes of flashover, the basalt fiber and glass fiber were used as heat insulation materials of the composite fabric after comparing the thermal properties of the existing high temperature resistant fiber materials. The aluminium foil was selected as thermal radiation reflective material, due to its high reflectance and high cost performance. The outer thermal reflective layer, which is composed of aluminum foil and the woven substrate fabrics made of basalt fiber or glass fiber, could reflect most of the radiant heat. Pentaerythritol was used as phase change material based on the principle of high fusion heat, safe in use and easy access. In view of the application and the relatively fixed location of PCM, the punched felt, made of thermal resistant fiber, was used as the matrix of heat storage composite layer. The thermal comfortable liner made of flame retardant cotton fiber, was used to insulate the residual heat and make firefighters feel comfortable. To make the composite fabric flexible and the PCM fixed in the fabric, the sewing process was adopted to the forming of the composite fabric.
In order to characterize the fire protective performance and the thermal invalidation behaviour of the fabric when subjected to fire exposure, a fire protective performance testing apparatus entitled "FPPAS-1"(Flaming Protective Performance Analysis System-1) with self-owned intellectual property right was designed and developed. The apparatus could simulate the fire environment with high temperature and intensive heat fluxes. During the fire exposure experiment, the fabrics were exposed to the fire scenario simulated for5min, and then natural cooling was performed for10min. The real time temperature of the right and back surfaces of the fabrics and the temperature curves versus time, were measured by the distributed thermal sensors. Four kinds of8indexes of fire protective fabrics, especially the fire protective and thermal insulating efficiency E, the critical temperature safe factor TcS' the endurable time safe factor EtS and the fire protective safe index, were proposed and established to rate fire insulating performance and evaluate security of the fabrics. In addition, the repeated high temperature exposure and fire assaults experiments, and the calibration of measurement precision, were conducted on the apparatus.
Flexible composite fabrics prepared presented excellent fire protective performance, due to the effective function bearing of the functional structure layer. It was revealed that the composite fabric made of basalt fiber material and PCM, the weight per unit area of which is832.8g/m2, exhibited the best thermal protective performance by comparing the fire protective and thermal insulating indexes. The long term thermal insulating temperature of the fabric under fire exposure is509℃, which is83℃higher than the composite fabric without PCM. The result illustrated that the PCM has effectively play a role of heat absorbing and thennal insulating during the fire exposure.
The retention rate of the thermal insulating temperature of the composite fabric made of basalt fiber and PCM, was81.2%after5times of fire exposure experiment. Apart from slight charring and getting yellow, no brittle damage occurred on the surface of the fabric. The temperature differential energy was calculated between the composite fabric with PCM and without PCM, which revealed that the efficient of PCM is limited to16.7%～30.7%, which were attibuted to the weight and heat loss of PCM. The mechanical properties of the composite fabrics showed that both the strength and the bending stiffness had decreased during the repeated fire exposure experiment, but the retention rate remained at more that65%and75%, respectively. All the results indicated that the composite fabric maintained thermal protective performance as well as mechanical properties after5times of repeated fire exposure experiment.
Based on the previous theories, a heat transfer model of the fire protective testing apparatus has been established. The heat transfer model, comprehensively considering the factor of fire scene, fabric, air layer and human skin, is a coupled multilayer heat transfer model of heat conduction, convection and radiation. Matlab software was used to simulate and solve the heat transfer model on account of the boundary conditions of the fire exposure experiment. The temperature distribution of the composite fabric and the single functional layers were numerically calculated. By comparing the numerical results with the experimental results of the composite fabrics and the single functional layers, it is revealed that the heat transfer model coincide with the experimental to great extent. What is delighted is the coincidence degree is close to100%during the steady heat transfer stage. So the proposed numerical heat transfer model is precise and reliable.
Great progress and breakthrough has been made in developing the fire protective and thermal insulating composite fabrics and the heat transfer mechanism, by numerical analysis of heat transfer model and the evaluation of the fire protective performance of the composite fabrics. But thermal protective clothing with more efficient and longer thermal protection, better PCMs and the mechanism of PCMs still need further investigated and developed.
引文
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