纳米流体强化倾斜微槽道热管换热特性的实验研究
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摘要
本文对使用纳米流体为传热工质的倾斜轴向微槽道热管的传热特性进行了实验研究,考察纳米流体对此类热管的强化效果。分析了纳米流体的浓度、热管工作压力、热管倾斜角度、纳米颗粒种类、冷却条件等因素对热管蒸发、冷凝换热系数、总热阻及最大传热量的影响。此外,还研究了使用纳米流体后热管内壁的表面特性。
实验结果表明:
(1)使用Cu纳米流体为工质的强化微槽道热管比传统的使用去离子水为工质的热管具有更均匀的壁面温度分布,蒸发、冷凝换热系数均大幅增加,总热阻降低,且最大热流密度大幅升高。
(2)纳米流体浓度对微槽道热管的换热性能和最大热流密度均有明显的影响。Cu纳米流体强化微槽道热管存在最佳浓度,本实验中Cu纳米流体的最佳质量浓度为1 wt%。
(3)纳米流体的强化作用在低压工况下更显著。当热管的工作压力为7.45 kPa,纳米流体在最佳浓度1 wt%时,纳米流体强化微槽道热管的蒸发、冷凝换热系数相比去离子水为工质的热管平均增加了60%,热管的总热阻平均减小25%,最大热流密度平均增加了55%。
(4)微槽道热管的倾斜角度对热管性能强化作用明显。在热管倾斜时,不仅蒸发、冷凝换热系数相较于水平热管大幅增加,平均增加了70%,总热阻大幅减小,平均减小了33%,最大热流密度也平均增加了一倍。并且,微槽道热管的换热性能在接近竖直时达到最佳,本实验的最佳倾斜角度是75°。
(5)不同的颗粒种类对倾斜微槽道热管的强化作用是不同的,由于本身的导热系数等原因,Cu纳米流体比CuO纳米流体对微槽道热管的换热性能的强化作用更显著。
(6)定冷却条件下,随着加热功率的增加,热管的稳定温度逐渐升高。冷却水流量一定的情况下,冷却水温度越低,相同加热功率下,热管的稳定工作温度越低。
(7)纳米流体强化微槽道热管的动态启动时间比使用去离子水为工质的微槽道热管启动时间优化,最大启动功率也提高。热管的动态启动最大启动功率小于稳态启动工况的最大启动功率。
(8)实验后实验段内壁表面会形成一层均匀的沉积层。此沉积层能使热管的换热得到强化。
因此,纳米流体为工质的强化倾斜微槽道热管在低压下运行可以显著提高换热特性。纳米流体是一种能强化微槽道热管换热性能的新型工质。
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the heat transfer enhancement of an inclined axial miniature grooved heat pipe using Cu nanofluid as the working fluid. The effects of mass concentration of Cu nanoparticles, operating pressure, inclined angle of heat pipe, nanoparticle sort and cooling condition were discussed. The results showed in terms of axial temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficients of evaporator and condenser sections, critical heat flux and total heat resistance of the heat pipe. Besides, the characteristics of heat pipe inner surface after experiment was analyzed.
The experimental results indicate that:
(1) The temperature distribution along heat pipe appears to be more uniform owing to the reduction of temperature for using nanofluid compared with water. The coefficients of heat transfer and critical heat flux increase obviously while total heat resistant decrease remarkably when substituting Cu nanofluid for water as the working fluid of miniature heat pipe.
(2) The mass concentration of nanoparticles has apparent influences on both heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux. The mass concentration of 1.0 wt% corresponds to the optimum heat transfer.
(3) The minimum operating pressure of 7.45 kPa corresponds to the maximum heat transfer enhancement and the maximum critical heat flux enhancement. At that working pressure, the heat transfer coefficients of evaporator section averagely enhance by 60%, total heat flux decrease by 25% and the critical flux can be enhance by 55% when substituting the 1.0 wt% Cu nanofluids for water.
(4) The influence of gravitation is obvious in the axially direction. Therefore the effect of inclination angle on the performance of miniature grooved heat pipe is obvious. There exist a optimize angle 75°corresponds to the maximum heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux. The heat transfer coefficients of evaporator section averagely enhance by 70%, total heat flux decrease by 33% and the critical flux nearly can be double when the heat pipe was inclined.
(5) The enhancement ratio is different when using different nanoparticles. Cu nanofluid has better enhancement effect than CuO nanofluid because its thermal conductivity is much higher.
(6) With certain cooling condition, heat pipe operating temperature increase with the input power. When heat flux is definite, the lower cooling water temperature is, the lower heat pipe operating temperature. The average temperature of evaporator section decrease and critical heat flux increase when using Cu nanofluid as working fluid of the heat pipe.
(7) The startup time is shorter when deionized water is substituted by 1 wt% Cu nanofluid, and the critical heat flux of startup unsteadily is lower than startup steadily.
(8) An extremely thin porous layer forms on the inner surface of the heat pipe after the experiment. The existence of the porous layer can reduce the solid-liquid contact angle hence increase critical heat flux.
Experimental results show that nanofluid can greatly increase the heat transfer characteristics of the inclined miniature grooved heat pipe at low operating pressure. Nanofluid is a potential new kind of working fluid of heat pipe to enhance the heat transfer efficiency.
实验结果表明:
(1)使用Cu纳米流体为工质的强化微槽道热管比传统的使用去离子水为工质的热管具有更均匀的壁面温度分布,蒸发、冷凝换热系数均大幅增加,总热阻降低,且最大热流密度大幅升高。
(2)纳米流体浓度对微槽道热管的换热性能和最大热流密度均有明显的影响。Cu纳米流体强化微槽道热管存在最佳浓度,本实验中Cu纳米流体的最佳质量浓度为1 wt%。
(3)纳米流体的强化作用在低压工况下更显著。当热管的工作压力为7.45 kPa,纳米流体在最佳浓度1 wt%时,纳米流体强化微槽道热管的蒸发、冷凝换热系数相比去离子水为工质的热管平均增加了60%,热管的总热阻平均减小25%,最大热流密度平均增加了55%。
(4)微槽道热管的倾斜角度对热管性能强化作用明显。在热管倾斜时,不仅蒸发、冷凝换热系数相较于水平热管大幅增加,平均增加了70%,总热阻大幅减小,平均减小了33%,最大热流密度也平均增加了一倍。并且,微槽道热管的换热性能在接近竖直时达到最佳,本实验的最佳倾斜角度是75°。
(5)不同的颗粒种类对倾斜微槽道热管的强化作用是不同的,由于本身的导热系数等原因,Cu纳米流体比CuO纳米流体对微槽道热管的换热性能的强化作用更显著。
(6)定冷却条件下,随着加热功率的增加,热管的稳定温度逐渐升高。冷却水流量一定的情况下,冷却水温度越低,相同加热功率下,热管的稳定工作温度越低。
(7)纳米流体强化微槽道热管的动态启动时间比使用去离子水为工质的微槽道热管启动时间优化,最大启动功率也提高。热管的动态启动最大启动功率小于稳态启动工况的最大启动功率。
(8)实验后实验段内壁表面会形成一层均匀的沉积层。此沉积层能使热管的换热得到强化。
因此,纳米流体为工质的强化倾斜微槽道热管在低压下运行可以显著提高换热特性。纳米流体是一种能强化微槽道热管换热性能的新型工质。
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the heat transfer enhancement of an inclined axial miniature grooved heat pipe using Cu nanofluid as the working fluid. The effects of mass concentration of Cu nanoparticles, operating pressure, inclined angle of heat pipe, nanoparticle sort and cooling condition were discussed. The results showed in terms of axial temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficients of evaporator and condenser sections, critical heat flux and total heat resistance of the heat pipe. Besides, the characteristics of heat pipe inner surface after experiment was analyzed.
The experimental results indicate that:
(1) The temperature distribution along heat pipe appears to be more uniform owing to the reduction of temperature for using nanofluid compared with water. The coefficients of heat transfer and critical heat flux increase obviously while total heat resistant decrease remarkably when substituting Cu nanofluid for water as the working fluid of miniature heat pipe.
(2) The mass concentration of nanoparticles has apparent influences on both heat transfer coefficients and critical heat flux. The mass concentration of 1.0 wt% corresponds to the optimum heat transfer.
(3) The minimum operating pressure of 7.45 kPa corresponds to the maximum heat transfer enhancement and the maximum critical heat flux enhancement. At that working pressure, the heat transfer coefficients of evaporator section averagely enhance by 60%, total heat flux decrease by 25% and the critical flux can be enhance by 55% when substituting the 1.0 wt% Cu nanofluids for water.
(4) The influence of gravitation is obvious in the axially direction. Therefore the effect of inclination angle on the performance of miniature grooved heat pipe is obvious. There exist a optimize angle 75°corresponds to the maximum heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux. The heat transfer coefficients of evaporator section averagely enhance by 70%, total heat flux decrease by 33% and the critical flux nearly can be double when the heat pipe was inclined.
(5) The enhancement ratio is different when using different nanoparticles. Cu nanofluid has better enhancement effect than CuO nanofluid because its thermal conductivity is much higher.
(6) With certain cooling condition, heat pipe operating temperature increase with the input power. When heat flux is definite, the lower cooling water temperature is, the lower heat pipe operating temperature. The average temperature of evaporator section decrease and critical heat flux increase when using Cu nanofluid as working fluid of the heat pipe.
(7) The startup time is shorter when deionized water is substituted by 1 wt% Cu nanofluid, and the critical heat flux of startup unsteadily is lower than startup steadily.
(8) An extremely thin porous layer forms on the inner surface of the heat pipe after the experiment. The existence of the porous layer can reduce the solid-liquid contact angle hence increase critical heat flux.
Experimental results show that nanofluid can greatly increase the heat transfer characteristics of the inclined miniature grooved heat pipe at low operating pressure. Nanofluid is a potential new kind of working fluid of heat pipe to enhance the heat transfer efficiency.
引文
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