光子材料固体激光技术研究
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摘要
光子材料的种类丰富，它包括了非线性光学材料、激光材料和光学半导体材料等等。这些光子材料都具有优良的光学特性，在非线性光学、固体激光、集成光学和半导体光学领域发挥着重要的作用。碳化硅晶体和铌酸锂晶体是常见的光子材料，碳化硅晶体具有高热导率的性质，同时在中红外波段碳化硅晶体有良好的光学性质，这些特性让碳化硅晶体在固体激光中既可以充当热沉积材料，也可以作为通光窗口，为未来激光器的发展提供新的方向。掺杂稀土元素的铌酸锂晶体可以产生激光振荡和放大，并在同一块晶体中展现出激光特性、非线性光学特性和电光效应，让其在激光领域、集成光学和非线性光学中有重要的应用前景。因此，研究碳化硅晶体和铌酸锂晶体在固体激光中的应用，可以实现集成化、紧凑化的激光器。
第一章，介绍了碳化硅晶体、铌酸锂晶体和金刚石这三种常用光子学材料的物理性质、热学性质和光学性质；在本章的第二部分，我们介绍了这三种材料在固体激光领域的研究状况和应用现状。着重介绍了凭借碳化硅晶体实现的优良热管理，以及掺杂稀土元素铌酸锂晶体的重要用途等；
第二章，研究了风冷冷却条件下，以碳化硅晶体为包层的掺钕钒酸钇平板波导激光器的热效应和激光特性。首先通过理论模拟的方法，分析了碳化硅晶体作为热沉积装置时激光激活介质内部的温度分布情况和热致应力分布情况。模拟结果显示，采用碳化硅晶体作为热沉可以实现优良的热管理，为激光的产生提供了基础条件；在实验中得到了百瓦级激光输出，通过实验验证了碳化硅包层材料对激光系统热管理起到的重要作用，实现了碳化硅晶体在固体激光中的应用。
第三章，设计了碳化硅晶片和掺钕钒酸钇复合结构劈裂片状激光器的模型，研究了不采用任何主动冷却设备时的激光特性。采用液体毛细键合的方式将碳化硅晶片和掺钕钒酸钇激活介质片键合，通过数值模拟的方法研究了复合结构的稳定性，并分析了复合结构的温度分布和热应力分布。得到的结果显示，液体毛细键合层在激光最高功率运行时十分稳定。同时，通过实验证明了数值模拟的正确性，并得到了稳定的激光输出,实现了高效、轻便的自冷却激光器。
第四章，研究了高掺杂浓度铥镁共掺铌酸锂晶体的生长，以及其吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱特性，发现铥镁共掺铌酸锂晶体有较宽的荧光发射谱线。相比于其他掺铥激光介质，铥镁共掺铌酸锂晶体具有较大的受激发射截面。在激光实验中，我们获得了短2-μm连续激光输出，获得了多波长的激光输出。实现了首次在铥镁铌酸锂晶体中激光的瓦级输出，比之前同类报道的输出功率高四个数量级。输出激光也具有良好的光束质量。同时，定量分析了铥镁铌酸锂晶体的光折变效应，没有在实验中发现光折变效应。
Photonic material is characterized by rich variety, such as nonlinear optics material, lasermaterial, semiconductor optical material and so on. All of these photonic materials haveexcellent optical properties, and have extensive applications in nonlinear optics, solid-statelaser, integrated optics and semiconductor optics. Silicon carbide (SiC) and lithiumniobate (LiNbO3) are typical photonic materials. SiC has high thermal conductivity, aswell as processes excellent optical properties in mid-infrared band. Due to these properties,SiC can be adopted as heat sink material in solid-state laser, and as laser transmissionwindow. It can also give a new direction for the future development of laser. LiNbO3crystal doped with rare-earth ions can generate laser oscillation and amplification, inwhich laser property, nonlinear optics property and electro-optics effect can be integratedwithin just one crystal. It can be well used in solid-state laser, integrated optics andnonlinear optics. Therefore, the study on SiC and LiNbO3in the application of solid-statelaser can realize integrated and compact laser.
In the first section, we introduce the SiC crystal, LiNbO3crystal and diamond, whichare typical high refractive optical materials, including physical, thermal and opticalproperties. In the second part of this section, we introduce the research status andapplication situation in solid-state laser in detail. Furthermore, we focus on the excellentmanagement which is achieved depending on the SiC, as well as the important function ofLiNbO3crystal doped with rare-earth ions in solid-state laser.
In the second section, we study the thermal effect and laser performance of Nd:YVO4slab laser cooled by air, which is clamped by two SiC claddings. By numerical simulation, we analyze the temperature distributions and thermal induced stress distributions in laseractive slab and SiC claddings. The numerical simulation results show that the excellentthermal management can be gotten by utilizing the SiC slabs as heat sink claddings, itplays fundamental roles in laser operation. In experiment, we get100W class laser outputpower. It demonstrates that silicon carbide plays important role in thermal management,and can be used in solid-state laser engineering.
In the third section, we design a compact split disk laser with SiC wafer and Nd:YVO4disks, and research the laser performance without any active cooling. The composite ofSiC wafer and Nd:YVO4disks are bonded via liquid capillarity. By numerical simulation,we analyze the firmness of the composite under different conditions, and the temperatureand thermal induced stress distributions in different region of the composite. Thenumerical simulation results show that the bonding layer of composite is very firm duringlaser operation. Experimentally, the results show that the numerical simulations areaccurate and in a good agreement with the numerical thermal analysis. Stable laser outputpower is obtained in experiment, and an efficient and compact self-cooling laser can berealized by this novel design.
In the fourth section, we research the growth of Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal with highTm3+ions doping concentration, as well as the absorption spectrum and fluorescenceemission spectrum of the crystal. It is found that the Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal has broaderfluorescence emission spectrum. Comparing with other Tm3+-doped laser active crystal,Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal has bigger stimulated emission cross section. Experimentally, weobtain short2micron output laser, and realize multi-wavelength laser operation by tuningexperiment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to achieve watt-level laseroperation in Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal and the output power is four orders of magnitudehigher than that previously reported in Tm-doped LiNbO3crystal. The output laser hasexcellent beam quality. In addition, quantitative analysis about the long-termphotorefractive effect is also provided, no photorefractive effect appear in laser experiment.
第一章，介绍了碳化硅晶体、铌酸锂晶体和金刚石这三种常用光子学材料的物理性质、热学性质和光学性质；在本章的第二部分，我们介绍了这三种材料在固体激光领域的研究状况和应用现状。着重介绍了凭借碳化硅晶体实现的优良热管理，以及掺杂稀土元素铌酸锂晶体的重要用途等；
第二章，研究了风冷冷却条件下，以碳化硅晶体为包层的掺钕钒酸钇平板波导激光器的热效应和激光特性。首先通过理论模拟的方法，分析了碳化硅晶体作为热沉积装置时激光激活介质内部的温度分布情况和热致应力分布情况。模拟结果显示，采用碳化硅晶体作为热沉可以实现优良的热管理，为激光的产生提供了基础条件；在实验中得到了百瓦级激光输出，通过实验验证了碳化硅包层材料对激光系统热管理起到的重要作用，实现了碳化硅晶体在固体激光中的应用。
第三章，设计了碳化硅晶片和掺钕钒酸钇复合结构劈裂片状激光器的模型，研究了不采用任何主动冷却设备时的激光特性。采用液体毛细键合的方式将碳化硅晶片和掺钕钒酸钇激活介质片键合，通过数值模拟的方法研究了复合结构的稳定性，并分析了复合结构的温度分布和热应力分布。得到的结果显示，液体毛细键合层在激光最高功率运行时十分稳定。同时，通过实验证明了数值模拟的正确性，并得到了稳定的激光输出,实现了高效、轻便的自冷却激光器。
第四章，研究了高掺杂浓度铥镁共掺铌酸锂晶体的生长，以及其吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱特性，发现铥镁共掺铌酸锂晶体有较宽的荧光发射谱线。相比于其他掺铥激光介质，铥镁共掺铌酸锂晶体具有较大的受激发射截面。在激光实验中，我们获得了短2-μm连续激光输出，获得了多波长的激光输出。实现了首次在铥镁铌酸锂晶体中激光的瓦级输出，比之前同类报道的输出功率高四个数量级。输出激光也具有良好的光束质量。同时，定量分析了铥镁铌酸锂晶体的光折变效应，没有在实验中发现光折变效应。
Photonic material is characterized by rich variety, such as nonlinear optics material, lasermaterial, semiconductor optical material and so on. All of these photonic materials haveexcellent optical properties, and have extensive applications in nonlinear optics, solid-statelaser, integrated optics and semiconductor optics. Silicon carbide (SiC) and lithiumniobate (LiNbO3) are typical photonic materials. SiC has high thermal conductivity, aswell as processes excellent optical properties in mid-infrared band. Due to these properties,SiC can be adopted as heat sink material in solid-state laser, and as laser transmissionwindow. It can also give a new direction for the future development of laser. LiNbO3crystal doped with rare-earth ions can generate laser oscillation and amplification, inwhich laser property, nonlinear optics property and electro-optics effect can be integratedwithin just one crystal. It can be well used in solid-state laser, integrated optics andnonlinear optics. Therefore, the study on SiC and LiNbO3in the application of solid-statelaser can realize integrated and compact laser.
In the first section, we introduce the SiC crystal, LiNbO3crystal and diamond, whichare typical high refractive optical materials, including physical, thermal and opticalproperties. In the second part of this section, we introduce the research status andapplication situation in solid-state laser in detail. Furthermore, we focus on the excellentmanagement which is achieved depending on the SiC, as well as the important function ofLiNbO3crystal doped with rare-earth ions in solid-state laser.
In the second section, we study the thermal effect and laser performance of Nd:YVO4slab laser cooled by air, which is clamped by two SiC claddings. By numerical simulation, we analyze the temperature distributions and thermal induced stress distributions in laseractive slab and SiC claddings. The numerical simulation results show that the excellentthermal management can be gotten by utilizing the SiC slabs as heat sink claddings, itplays fundamental roles in laser operation. In experiment, we get100W class laser outputpower. It demonstrates that silicon carbide plays important role in thermal management,and can be used in solid-state laser engineering.
In the third section, we design a compact split disk laser with SiC wafer and Nd:YVO4disks, and research the laser performance without any active cooling. The composite ofSiC wafer and Nd:YVO4disks are bonded via liquid capillarity. By numerical simulation,we analyze the firmness of the composite under different conditions, and the temperatureand thermal induced stress distributions in different region of the composite. Thenumerical simulation results show that the bonding layer of composite is very firm duringlaser operation. Experimentally, the results show that the numerical simulations areaccurate and in a good agreement with the numerical thermal analysis. Stable laser outputpower is obtained in experiment, and an efficient and compact self-cooling laser can berealized by this novel design.
In the fourth section, we research the growth of Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal with highTm3+ions doping concentration, as well as the absorption spectrum and fluorescenceemission spectrum of the crystal. It is found that the Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal has broaderfluorescence emission spectrum. Comparing with other Tm3+-doped laser active crystal,Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal has bigger stimulated emission cross section. Experimentally, weobtain short2micron output laser, and realize multi-wavelength laser operation by tuningexperiment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to achieve watt-level laseroperation in Tm,Mg:LiNbO3crystal and the output power is four orders of magnitudehigher than that previously reported in Tm-doped LiNbO3crystal. The output laser hasexcellent beam quality. In addition, quantitative analysis about the long-termphotorefractive effect is also provided, no photorefractive effect appear in laser experiment.
引文
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