稀土纳米氟化物的制备及其发光性质的研究
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摘要
本文采用了不同的化学方法合成了不同体系的荧光材料,并对其性质进行了表征。主要研究内容如下:
(1)我们利用微乳液法合成了直径大约为2 nm的YF_3:Ln~(3+)(Ln =Yb/Tm和Eu)纳米须,对纳米须的生长机制进行了探索。研究了样品的形貌和尺寸对发光性质的影响。(2)用水热法合成了NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+)微米晶。在980 nm激发下,首次观察到了~3P_2→~3H_6和~3P_2→~~3F_4上转换发射。与~1I_6和~1D_2能级的发射相比,~1G_4→~3H_6和~3H_4→~3H_6发射几乎消失了。Tm~(3+)浓度对上转换发射强度影响的研究表明~1G_4→~3H_6和~3H_4→~3H_6发射的消失是由高Tm~(3+)浓度下有效的交叉驰豫~1G_4 + ~3H_4→~3F_4 + ~1D_2(Tm~(3+))造成的。此外,上转换过程所吸收的激光光子数(n)在不同激发功率范围内复杂地变化。理论分析表明这种现象是由不同的上转换机制和高激发功率下的热效应造成的。(3)用溶剂热法合成了不同相的NaYF_4:Ln~(3+)(Ln =Yb/Tm和Eu)微米晶,并研究了其荧光性质。在NaYF_4:Eu~(3+)微米晶的激发光谱中,立方样品的最强激发峰在409 nm,而六角样品的最强激发峰在393 nm。对于NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+)微米晶,六角样品的紫外发射远远大于立方样品的紫外发射。(4)首次在立方NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+)微米晶中发现了四光子过程。(5)用微波辅助微乳液法合成了YF_3:Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+)纳米晶。在980 nm激发下,首次观察到了318 nm发射。与具有相同化学成分的体材料相比,纳米材料的紫色/紫外上转换荧光明显增强。我们用Tm~(3+)做结构探针,发现纳米材料中紫色/紫外上转换增强现象与J-O参数Ω_2有关。(6)首次合成了BaSiF6:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+)纳米棒,并研究了其上转换荧光性质。(7)我们成功的合成了水溶性的YVO_4:Ln~(3+)(Ln = Ce, Dy, Eu, and Sm)和YVO_4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+)纳米晶。与YVO_4:Ln~(3+)纳米晶的发射相比,YVO_4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+)纳米晶的发射大大增强了。
Rare-earth doped luminescent materials have wide applications, including phosphors, display minitor, X-ray imaging, scintillators, lasers, biology, and amplifies for fiber-optic communications. Recently, low-dimensional nanostructured materials have sparked a worldwide interest due to their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties and their potential applications in nanodevices and functional materials. It is well known that strcture, dimentsion, shape, and size have great effect on the properties of low-dmensional nanomaterials. Therefore, the main aim in my thesis’job is to synthesize some rare-earth ions doped nanostructures with speccail morphologies and to investigate their physical properties. In this paper, we synthesized different luminescence nanomaterials by different methods, and characterized their properties. The main contents in this thesis are as follows.
1. YF_3:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) nanobundles and nanoellipses were synthesized by a microemulsion method. Results of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal that each nanobundle consists of numerous nanowhiskers with a mean length of ~700 nm and a mean diameter of ~2 nm. The growth mechanism of YF_3 nanocrystals forming in water/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/cyclohexane/1-pentanol was discussed in detail. In the proposed mechanism, primary particles are formed by constant collision, fusion, and fission of micelles. These primary particles can further self-organize to one dimensional nanostructure at room temperature or aggregate disorderly to form nanoellipses at high temperature. Under 980-nm excitation, blue (~1G_4→~3H_6 and ~1D_2→~3F_4) and ultraviolet (~1D_2→~3H_6 and ~1I_6→~3F_4/~3H_6) upconversion fluorescence emitted from the YF_3:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) nanobundles. The relative intensity of the ultraviolet to the blue emissions increases with decreasing the size of nanowhiskers. Three mechanisms might cause the enhancement of UV emissions. (1) The excitation light is trapped inside nanowhiskers due to their small sizes and large surface/volume ratio, so the actual excitation power density inside increases with decreasing the size of nanowhiskers. (2) We attributed the UV enhancement to the decrease of Judd-Ofelt (J-O) parameter ?2, which reflects the asymmetry of the crystal field.
2. YF_3:Yb~(3+)(20%)/Tm~(3+)(2%) octahedral nanocrystals were synthesized by a microemulsion method. After annealing in an argon atmosphere, the nanocrystals emitted weak blue and intense ultraviolet light under 980-nm excitation. Especially, unusual ~3P_2→~3H_6 (~265 nm) and ~3P_2→~3F_4 (~309 nm) emissions were observed for the first time. The emissions from ~1D_2 and ~1I_6 were much stronger than those from ~1G_4 and ~3H_4. In our previous observations, the ~3P_2 level usually relaxed to ~1I_6 level and emitted 291- and 347-nm UV UC fluorescence. Radiative transitions from the ~3P_2 level are difficult to occur due to the nearby ~3P_(0,1) and ~1I_6 levels offer the routes for rapidly nonradiative relaxation. For a relative high doping concentration, the microcrystals therefore emitted intense 347- and 291-nm fluorescence under the 980-nm excitation. The upconversion mechanism was discussed in detail.
3. YF_3:Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+) nanocrystals were synthesized by a microwave-assisted microemulsion method. Pumped with a 980-nm diode laser, violet/ultraviolet upconversion fluorescence was presented in YF_3:Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+) nanocrystals. 318-nm emission, coming from a four-photon excitation process, was observed for the first time. In comparison with a bulk sample having the same chemical compositions, the nanocrystals had a markedly enhanced ability of emitting violet/ultraviolet upconversion fluorescence. Presumably, three mechanisms might cause the enhancement of violet/UV UC in the nanocrystals. (1) The excitation light was trapped inside nanoparticles due to their small sizes and relative large surface/volume ratio, so the actual excitation power density inside was much higher than that in a bulk sample. (2) The actual concentrations of dopants in nanocrystals were different from that in bulk sample. (3) The surrounding of Er~(3+) ions in the nanocrystals was more benefit for violet/UV UC emission. By employing Tm~(3+) ions as structural probes in the samples, we found that the enhancement could be attributed to the decrease of Judd-Ofelt parameterΩ_2. A model for revealing the four-photon excitation process was proposed based on spectral analysis.
4. Hexagonal NaYF_4: Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) microcrystals were synthesized by a microemulsion method. Under 980-nm excitation, novel UC luminescent properties were presented in hexagonal NaYF_4:Tm~(3+)(1.5%)/Yb~(3+)(20%) microcrystals. The ~3P_2→~3H_6 (~264 nm) and ~3P_2→~3F_4 (~309 nm) emissions were observed. In comparison with the strong ~1D_2 and ~1I_6 emissions, the ~1G_4 and ~3H_4 emissions were almost vanished. The dependence of the Tm~(3+) concentration on the UC luminescence indicates that the unusual phenomenon was caused by the efficient cross-relaxation of ~1G_4 + ~3H_4→~3F_4 + ~1D_2 (Tm~(3+)) under high Tm~(3+) concentration. In addition, the number of laser photons absorbed in one UC excitation process, n, marvelously changed in different excitation power range, which was theoretically explained considering different UC excitation mechanism together with thermal effect under higher excitation power.
5. Cubic and hexagonal NaYF_4:Ln~(3+) (Ln = Eu and Yb/Tm) microcrystals were separately synthesized by an EDTA-assisted solvothermal method. Under 393-nm excitation, the emission spectra of NaYF_4:Eu~(3+) microcrystals show the characteristic Eu~(3+) emissions. In the excitation spectra of the 610-nm emission, the ~7F_0→~5D_3 is dominant for the cubic microcrystals, while the ~7F_0→~5L_6 is dominant for the hexagonal sample. Presumably, two mechanisms might cause the spectral difference between hexagonal and cubic samples. (1) The 393- and 409-nm absorption transitions in the two samples may be different because the crystal structure is changed from cubic to hexagonal. (2) The nonradiative relaxation of ~5L_6→~5D_3 for the hexagonal is more efficient than that for the cubic. Since the nonradiative relaxation is closely related to the phonon energies of the hosts, the Raman spectra of the samples were studied. For the hexagonal microcrystals, two Raman bands centered at 230 and 520 cm~(-1) are observed. However, for the cubic sample, only one broad Raman band centered at 260 cm~(-1) can be observed. The energy separation between ~5L_6 and ~5D_3 is about 1000 cm~(-1). Two phonons (900 - 1200 cm~(-1)) in the hexagonal sample exactly match the energy separation between ~5L_6 and ~5D_3, resulting in the effective nonradiative relaxation of ~5L_6→~5D_3. Consequently, the excitation band of ~7F_0→~5L_6 is dominant for the hexagonal, while the ~7F_0→~5D_3 is dominant for the cubic. In addition, unusually strong ultraviolet emissions (~1I_6→~3H_6, ~1I_6→~3F_4, and ~1D_2→~3H_6) were observed in the hexagonal NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) microcrystals under 980-nm excitation. In comparison with a cubic sample having the same chemical compositions, the hexagonal microcrystals had a markedly enhanced ability of emitting ultraviolet upconversion luminescence.
6. Cubic NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+) microspheres were synthesized by EDTA-assisted hydrothermal method. Under 980-nm excitation, blue (~4G_(11/2)→~4I_(15/2)), violet (~2H_(9/2)→~4I_(15/2)), green (~4F_(7/2)→~4I_(15/2), ~2H_(11/2)→~4I_(15/2) and ~4S_(3/2)→~4I_(15/2)), and red (~4F_(9/2)→~4I_(15/2)) upconversion fluorescence were observed. The number of laser photons absorbed in one upconversion excitation process, n, was determined to be 3.89, 1.61, 2.55, and 1.09 for the blue, violet, green, and red emissions, respectively. Obviously, n = 3.89 indicates that a four-photon process has been involved in populating the ~4G_(11/2) state, and n = 2.55 indicates that a three-photon process has been involved in populating the ~4F_(7/2)/~2H_(11/2)/~4S_(3/2) levels. For the violet and red emissions, the population of the states ~2H_(9/2) and ~4F_(9/2) separately come from three-photon and two-photon processes. The decrease of n was well explained by the mechanism of competition between linear decay and upconversion processes for the depletion of the intermediate excited states.
7. One-dimensional BaSiF_6:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) nanorods were synthesized by a facile microemulsion method for the first time. Results of X-ray diffraction reveal that the nanorods have a pure rhombohedral structure. Under 980-nm excitation, the ~1D_2→~3H_6, ~1D_2→~3F_4, ~1G_4→~3H_6, ~1G_4→~3F_4, ~3F_2→~3H_6, ~3F_3→~3H_6, and ~3H_4→~3H_6 emissions was observed, indicating that BaSiF6 is a new host material for producing desirable upconversion luminescence.
8. Water soluble YVO_4:Ln~(3+) and YVO_4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+) (Ln = Ce, Dy, Eu, and Sm) nanocrystals were synthesized by a polyvinylpyrrolidone-assisted hydrothermal method. Under the excitation of the host absorption, phosphors can emit blue light for YVO4:Ce~(3+)/Ba~(2+), yellow light for YVO4:Dy~(3+)/Ba~(2+), red light for YVO4:Eu~(3+)/Ba~(2+), and reddish orange light for YVO4:Sm~(3+)/Ba~(2+). In comparison with those of YVO4:Ln~(3+) nanocrystals, the emissions of YVO4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+) are greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the excitation spectra of YVO4:Eu~(3+)/Ba~(2+) and YVO4:Dy~(3+)/Ba~(2+) show the similar features, which are different from those of YVO4:Sm~(3+)/Ba~(2+) and YVO4:Ce~(3+)/Ba~(2+).
(1)我们利用微乳液法合成了直径大约为2 nm的YF_3:Ln~(3+)(Ln =Yb/Tm和Eu)纳米须,对纳米须的生长机制进行了探索。研究了样品的形貌和尺寸对发光性质的影响。(2)用水热法合成了NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+)微米晶。在980 nm激发下,首次观察到了~3P_2→~3H_6和~3P_2→~~3F_4上转换发射。与~1I_6和~1D_2能级的发射相比,~1G_4→~3H_6和~3H_4→~3H_6发射几乎消失了。Tm~(3+)浓度对上转换发射强度影响的研究表明~1G_4→~3H_6和~3H_4→~3H_6发射的消失是由高Tm~(3+)浓度下有效的交叉驰豫~1G_4 + ~3H_4→~3F_4 + ~1D_2(Tm~(3+))造成的。此外,上转换过程所吸收的激光光子数(n)在不同激发功率范围内复杂地变化。理论分析表明这种现象是由不同的上转换机制和高激发功率下的热效应造成的。(3)用溶剂热法合成了不同相的NaYF_4:Ln~(3+)(Ln =Yb/Tm和Eu)微米晶,并研究了其荧光性质。在NaYF_4:Eu~(3+)微米晶的激发光谱中,立方样品的最强激发峰在409 nm,而六角样品的最强激发峰在393 nm。对于NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+)微米晶,六角样品的紫外发射远远大于立方样品的紫外发射。(4)首次在立方NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+)微米晶中发现了四光子过程。(5)用微波辅助微乳液法合成了YF_3:Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+)纳米晶。在980 nm激发下,首次观察到了318 nm发射。与具有相同化学成分的体材料相比,纳米材料的紫色/紫外上转换荧光明显增强。我们用Tm~(3+)做结构探针,发现纳米材料中紫色/紫外上转换增强现象与J-O参数Ω_2有关。(6)首次合成了BaSiF6:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+)纳米棒,并研究了其上转换荧光性质。(7)我们成功的合成了水溶性的YVO_4:Ln~(3+)(Ln = Ce, Dy, Eu, and Sm)和YVO_4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+)纳米晶。与YVO_4:Ln~(3+)纳米晶的发射相比,YVO_4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+)纳米晶的发射大大增强了。
Rare-earth doped luminescent materials have wide applications, including phosphors, display minitor, X-ray imaging, scintillators, lasers, biology, and amplifies for fiber-optic communications. Recently, low-dimensional nanostructured materials have sparked a worldwide interest due to their unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties and their potential applications in nanodevices and functional materials. It is well known that strcture, dimentsion, shape, and size have great effect on the properties of low-dmensional nanomaterials. Therefore, the main aim in my thesis’job is to synthesize some rare-earth ions doped nanostructures with speccail morphologies and to investigate their physical properties. In this paper, we synthesized different luminescence nanomaterials by different methods, and characterized their properties. The main contents in this thesis are as follows.
1. YF_3:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) nanobundles and nanoellipses were synthesized by a microemulsion method. Results of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal that each nanobundle consists of numerous nanowhiskers with a mean length of ~700 nm and a mean diameter of ~2 nm. The growth mechanism of YF_3 nanocrystals forming in water/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/cyclohexane/1-pentanol was discussed in detail. In the proposed mechanism, primary particles are formed by constant collision, fusion, and fission of micelles. These primary particles can further self-organize to one dimensional nanostructure at room temperature or aggregate disorderly to form nanoellipses at high temperature. Under 980-nm excitation, blue (~1G_4→~3H_6 and ~1D_2→~3F_4) and ultraviolet (~1D_2→~3H_6 and ~1I_6→~3F_4/~3H_6) upconversion fluorescence emitted from the YF_3:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) nanobundles. The relative intensity of the ultraviolet to the blue emissions increases with decreasing the size of nanowhiskers. Three mechanisms might cause the enhancement of UV emissions. (1) The excitation light is trapped inside nanowhiskers due to their small sizes and large surface/volume ratio, so the actual excitation power density inside increases with decreasing the size of nanowhiskers. (2) We attributed the UV enhancement to the decrease of Judd-Ofelt (J-O) parameter ?2, which reflects the asymmetry of the crystal field.
2. YF_3:Yb~(3+)(20%)/Tm~(3+)(2%) octahedral nanocrystals were synthesized by a microemulsion method. After annealing in an argon atmosphere, the nanocrystals emitted weak blue and intense ultraviolet light under 980-nm excitation. Especially, unusual ~3P_2→~3H_6 (~265 nm) and ~3P_2→~3F_4 (~309 nm) emissions were observed for the first time. The emissions from ~1D_2 and ~1I_6 were much stronger than those from ~1G_4 and ~3H_4. In our previous observations, the ~3P_2 level usually relaxed to ~1I_6 level and emitted 291- and 347-nm UV UC fluorescence. Radiative transitions from the ~3P_2 level are difficult to occur due to the nearby ~3P_(0,1) and ~1I_6 levels offer the routes for rapidly nonradiative relaxation. For a relative high doping concentration, the microcrystals therefore emitted intense 347- and 291-nm fluorescence under the 980-nm excitation. The upconversion mechanism was discussed in detail.
3. YF_3:Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+) nanocrystals were synthesized by a microwave-assisted microemulsion method. Pumped with a 980-nm diode laser, violet/ultraviolet upconversion fluorescence was presented in YF_3:Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+) nanocrystals. 318-nm emission, coming from a four-photon excitation process, was observed for the first time. In comparison with a bulk sample having the same chemical compositions, the nanocrystals had a markedly enhanced ability of emitting violet/ultraviolet upconversion fluorescence. Presumably, three mechanisms might cause the enhancement of violet/UV UC in the nanocrystals. (1) The excitation light was trapped inside nanoparticles due to their small sizes and relative large surface/volume ratio, so the actual excitation power density inside was much higher than that in a bulk sample. (2) The actual concentrations of dopants in nanocrystals were different from that in bulk sample. (3) The surrounding of Er~(3+) ions in the nanocrystals was more benefit for violet/UV UC emission. By employing Tm~(3+) ions as structural probes in the samples, we found that the enhancement could be attributed to the decrease of Judd-Ofelt parameterΩ_2. A model for revealing the four-photon excitation process was proposed based on spectral analysis.
4. Hexagonal NaYF_4: Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) microcrystals were synthesized by a microemulsion method. Under 980-nm excitation, novel UC luminescent properties were presented in hexagonal NaYF_4:Tm~(3+)(1.5%)/Yb~(3+)(20%) microcrystals. The ~3P_2→~3H_6 (~264 nm) and ~3P_2→~3F_4 (~309 nm) emissions were observed. In comparison with the strong ~1D_2 and ~1I_6 emissions, the ~1G_4 and ~3H_4 emissions were almost vanished. The dependence of the Tm~(3+) concentration on the UC luminescence indicates that the unusual phenomenon was caused by the efficient cross-relaxation of ~1G_4 + ~3H_4→~3F_4 + ~1D_2 (Tm~(3+)) under high Tm~(3+) concentration. In addition, the number of laser photons absorbed in one UC excitation process, n, marvelously changed in different excitation power range, which was theoretically explained considering different UC excitation mechanism together with thermal effect under higher excitation power.
5. Cubic and hexagonal NaYF_4:Ln~(3+) (Ln = Eu and Yb/Tm) microcrystals were separately synthesized by an EDTA-assisted solvothermal method. Under 393-nm excitation, the emission spectra of NaYF_4:Eu~(3+) microcrystals show the characteristic Eu~(3+) emissions. In the excitation spectra of the 610-nm emission, the ~7F_0→~5D_3 is dominant for the cubic microcrystals, while the ~7F_0→~5L_6 is dominant for the hexagonal sample. Presumably, two mechanisms might cause the spectral difference between hexagonal and cubic samples. (1) The 393- and 409-nm absorption transitions in the two samples may be different because the crystal structure is changed from cubic to hexagonal. (2) The nonradiative relaxation of ~5L_6→~5D_3 for the hexagonal is more efficient than that for the cubic. Since the nonradiative relaxation is closely related to the phonon energies of the hosts, the Raman spectra of the samples were studied. For the hexagonal microcrystals, two Raman bands centered at 230 and 520 cm~(-1) are observed. However, for the cubic sample, only one broad Raman band centered at 260 cm~(-1) can be observed. The energy separation between ~5L_6 and ~5D_3 is about 1000 cm~(-1). Two phonons (900 - 1200 cm~(-1)) in the hexagonal sample exactly match the energy separation between ~5L_6 and ~5D_3, resulting in the effective nonradiative relaxation of ~5L_6→~5D_3. Consequently, the excitation band of ~7F_0→~5L_6 is dominant for the hexagonal, while the ~7F_0→~5D_3 is dominant for the cubic. In addition, unusually strong ultraviolet emissions (~1I_6→~3H_6, ~1I_6→~3F_4, and ~1D_2→~3H_6) were observed in the hexagonal NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) microcrystals under 980-nm excitation. In comparison with a cubic sample having the same chemical compositions, the hexagonal microcrystals had a markedly enhanced ability of emitting ultraviolet upconversion luminescence.
6. Cubic NaYF_4:Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+) microspheres were synthesized by EDTA-assisted hydrothermal method. Under 980-nm excitation, blue (~4G_(11/2)→~4I_(15/2)), violet (~2H_(9/2)→~4I_(15/2)), green (~4F_(7/2)→~4I_(15/2), ~2H_(11/2)→~4I_(15/2) and ~4S_(3/2)→~4I_(15/2)), and red (~4F_(9/2)→~4I_(15/2)) upconversion fluorescence were observed. The number of laser photons absorbed in one upconversion excitation process, n, was determined to be 3.89, 1.61, 2.55, and 1.09 for the blue, violet, green, and red emissions, respectively. Obviously, n = 3.89 indicates that a four-photon process has been involved in populating the ~4G_(11/2) state, and n = 2.55 indicates that a three-photon process has been involved in populating the ~4F_(7/2)/~2H_(11/2)/~4S_(3/2) levels. For the violet and red emissions, the population of the states ~2H_(9/2) and ~4F_(9/2) separately come from three-photon and two-photon processes. The decrease of n was well explained by the mechanism of competition between linear decay and upconversion processes for the depletion of the intermediate excited states.
7. One-dimensional BaSiF_6:Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+) nanorods were synthesized by a facile microemulsion method for the first time. Results of X-ray diffraction reveal that the nanorods have a pure rhombohedral structure. Under 980-nm excitation, the ~1D_2→~3H_6, ~1D_2→~3F_4, ~1G_4→~3H_6, ~1G_4→~3F_4, ~3F_2→~3H_6, ~3F_3→~3H_6, and ~3H_4→~3H_6 emissions was observed, indicating that BaSiF6 is a new host material for producing desirable upconversion luminescence.
8. Water soluble YVO_4:Ln~(3+) and YVO_4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+) (Ln = Ce, Dy, Eu, and Sm) nanocrystals were synthesized by a polyvinylpyrrolidone-assisted hydrothermal method. Under the excitation of the host absorption, phosphors can emit blue light for YVO4:Ce~(3+)/Ba~(2+), yellow light for YVO4:Dy~(3+)/Ba~(2+), red light for YVO4:Eu~(3+)/Ba~(2+), and reddish orange light for YVO4:Sm~(3+)/Ba~(2+). In comparison with those of YVO4:Ln~(3+) nanocrystals, the emissions of YVO4:Ln~(3+)/Ba~(2+) are greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the excitation spectra of YVO4:Eu~(3+)/Ba~(2+) and YVO4:Dy~(3+)/Ba~(2+) show the similar features, which are different from those of YVO4:Sm~(3+)/Ba~(2+) and YVO4:Ce~(3+)/Ba~(2+).
引文
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