相变服装热湿传递机理及对人体热响应影响的模型研究
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摘要
为了探讨相变服装内热湿传递机理,指导相变服装的设计,本文从织物内热湿传递机理出发,首先建立和发展了含单一类型相变微胶囊的服装内热湿传递机理模型。模型中考虑了相变微胶囊内相变材料的相变过程,相变微胶囊与织物的热传递、辐射、纤维的吸湿性/放湿性以及热湿耦合作用。模型方程采用控制体积法进行了求解。数值解与实验结果进行了对比,表明了模型具有满意精度。同时利用该模型研究了环境湿度对含相变微胶囊织物的热湿特性的影响。然后,发展了含多种类型相变材料微胶囊的服装内热湿传递耦合模型,研究了附加多种类型的相变微胶囊织物的热特性。最后,联合含相变微胶囊的织物热湿耦合模型和改进的25节点人体热调节模型,建立了人体-含相变微胶囊服装-环境动态热湿传递模型。应用该联合模型研究了相变微胶囊含量、分布和服装的接触状态对人体热响应的影响。结论表明:(1)环境的相对湿度对相变微胶囊的作用效果有重要影响;当服装温差比较小的情况下,服装内部的辐射热交换可以忽略不计。(2)相变材料的加入可以延迟服装温度、湿度的变化,延迟效果随相变材料的增加而更佳。加入多种材料相变微胶囊可以实现多步延迟,增大调节范围。(3)含相变微胶囊的服装能够延迟人体的皮肤温度升高;服装层之间非接触在延迟皮肤温度升高和减少汗水积聚量方面较接触状态具有更好的效果。这些模拟结论可以为相变服装的设计提供定性的指导。本文发展的模型可以为智能相变服装的相变材料设计提供定量化指导,具有工程应用价值。
To investigate the thermal properties of garment with phase change materials (PCM) microcapsules, a new mathematical model to describe heat and moisture transfer in fabric with single-type PCM is developed based on the mass and energy balances. The heat exchange among the PCM microcapsules and textile, the radiation, the moisture sorption/desorption by the fibers and interaction between the heat and the moisture are considered in the model. And the governing equations are solved by using the control volume method. Meanwhile, the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data. The result indicates that the model is satisfactory. The new model is used to simulate the humidity of the environment's influence on the textile's heating and humidity transferring. Then, the model of heat and moisture transfer in clothing with multi-type PCM microcapsules is developed. And the influences of multi-type PCM microcapsules on thermal properties of the garment are studied. Finally, the heat and moisture transfer in human body-clothing-environment system is developed by combining the improved 25-node human thermal regulatory model and PCM clothing model. Also, the influences of PCM content, distribution in clothing and contact state on human thermal responses is studied by using the above mentioned model.
The conclusion shows that: (1) The relative humidity can effect the role of PCM microcapsules significantly; When the temperature difference is smaller, the radiation of the model can be ignored. (2) The PCMs have the function to delay the clothing temperature and humidity variation. The more PCM content, the better delaying is. Adding multi-type PCM microcapsules can complete multi-step delay and extend the regulation range. (3) The human skin temperature rising can be delayed by clothing with PCM, and the PCM microcapsules distributed in the outer layer of clothing are better than that in the inner layer. The effect of contact clothing layers is better than that no contact clothing layers in delaying skin temperature rising and decreasing sweat accumulation.
To investigate the thermal properties of garment with phase change materials (PCM) microcapsules, a new mathematical model to describe heat and moisture transfer in fabric with single-type PCM is developed based on the mass and energy balances. The heat exchange among the PCM microcapsules and textile, the radiation, the moisture sorption/desorption by the fibers and interaction between the heat and the moisture are considered in the model. And the governing equations are solved by using the control volume method. Meanwhile, the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data. The result indicates that the model is satisfactory. The new model is used to simulate the humidity of the environment's influence on the textile's heating and humidity transferring. Then, the model of heat and moisture transfer in clothing with multi-type PCM microcapsules is developed. And the influences of multi-type PCM microcapsules on thermal properties of the garment are studied. Finally, the heat and moisture transfer in human body-clothing-environment system is developed by combining the improved 25-node human thermal regulatory model and PCM clothing model. Also, the influences of PCM content, distribution in clothing and contact state on human thermal responses is studied by using the above mentioned model.
The conclusion shows that: (1) The relative humidity can effect the role of PCM microcapsules significantly; When the temperature difference is smaller, the radiation of the model can be ignored. (2) The PCMs have the function to delay the clothing temperature and humidity variation. The more PCM content, the better delaying is. Adding multi-type PCM microcapsules can complete multi-step delay and extend the regulation range. (3) The human skin temperature rising can be delayed by clothing with PCM, and the PCM microcapsules distributed in the outer layer of clothing are better than that in the inner layer. The effect of contact clothing layers is better than that no contact clothing layers in delaying skin temperature rising and decreasing sweat accumulation.
引文
[1]Pause.B. New textile composites with thermo-regulating properties for automotive interior applications[C]. 6th Annual SPE Automotive Composites Conference 2006, v 2, 6th Annual SPE Automotive Composites Conference 2006, p 825-829
[2]Nuckols M. L. Analytical modeling of a diver dry suit enhanced with microencapsulated phase change materials[J]. Ocean Engineering,1999,26:547-564.
[3]Barbour.JP,Hittle D.C. Modeling phase change materials with conduction transfer functions for passive solar applications[J]. Transactions of the ASME. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2006,128(1):58-68.
[4]LI Yi. Clothing Comfort and Production Development[M]. Beijing. China Textile Press, 2002. (in Chinese))
[5]FARNWORTH B. A numerical model of the combined diffusion of heat and water vapor through clothing[J]. Text Res J,1986,56:653-664.
[6]LOTENS W A, Havenith G. Effects of moisture absorption in clothing on the human heat balance[J].Ergonomics, 1995,38(6):1092-1113.
[7]HENRY P S H. Diffusion in absorbing media[J].Pro R Soc , 1939,171:215-241.
[8]LI Yi, LUO Zhong-xuan. Physical mechanisms of moisture transfer in hygroscopic fabrics under humidtransients[J]. J Text Inst,2000,91:306-323.
[9]Li Y. and Zhu Q. Y.. A model of heat and moisture transfer in porous textiles with phase change materials (PCM)[J]. Textile Research Journal, 2004, 74:447-457.
[10]Hittle. A new test instrument and procedure for evaluation of fabrics containing phase-change material[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 2002,108(1):175-182.
[11]王其,冯勋伟。纱线和针织物导湿结构模型[J].东华大学学报(自然科学版).2002,(1):15-17
[12]BAKIER A Y.Thermal radiation effect on mixed convection from certical surfaces in saturated porousMedia[J].Int Comm. Heat Mass Tranfser,2001,28(1):119-126
[13]WARREN M Ronsenow ,JAMES P Hartness,YOUng I Cho.Handbook of heat transfer[M].Third Edition.New Yord:McCraw Hill,1998.4.68-7.69.
[14]BAKIER A Y.Thermal radiation effect on mixed convection from certical surfaces in saturated porousMedia[J].Int Comm. Heat Mass Tranfser,2001,28(1):119-126
[15] Y.Li, Z.X. Luo. Physical mechanisms of moisture difusion into hygroscopic fabrics during humidity transients.Journal of the textile Institute, in press.
[16] Li Fengzhi, Li Yi A computational analysis for effects of fiber hygroscopicity on heat and moisture transfer in textiles with PCM microcapsules Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering [J], 2007, 15(3):223-235.
[17]Li Y,Luo Z X.Physical Mechanisms of moisture transfer in hypgroscopic fabrics[J].J.Text.Inst,2009,91(2):301-316
[18]李凤志,吴成云,李毅。相变微胶囊半径及含量对织物热湿性能影响数值研究[J]应用工程学报。2008,(5)671-678
[19]Schaerer A A,Busso C J,Smith A E,et al.Properties of pure normal alkanes in the C17 to C36 range[J].J.Amer.Chem.Soc,1955,77(7):2017-2019
[20]李凤志,朱云飞,王鹏飞,曹业玲。织物—多种相变微胶囊复合材料特性数值模拟[J]南京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版).2009(4)455-460
[21] Li Y and Zhu Q Y. A model of heat and moisture transfer in porous textiles with phase change materials (PCM) [J]. Textile Research Journal, 2004, 74:447-457
[22] Li F Z, Li Y, Liu Y X et al, Numerical Simulation of Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Hygroscopic Porous Materials Considering the Influence of Atmospheric Pressure [J]. Numerical heat transfer Part B: 2004, 45:249-262.
[23] Guo Chaxiu, Wei Xinli, Heat storage technology and application [M], Beijing: Chemical industry press, 2005 (in chinese).
[24].Stolwijk, J. A. J., and Hardy, J. D., Control of Body Temperature, Handbook of Physiology-Reaction to Environmental Agents, 1977:45-67.
[25].Yigit, A., The computer-based human thermal model. Int. Comm. Heat and MasTransfer, 1998, 25: 969-977.
[26].Gagge, A. P., Yasunobu Nishi, Heat exchange between human skin surface and thermal environment, Handbook of Physiology-Reaction to Environmental Agents, 1977: 69-92.
[27].Jones, B.W.and Y.Ogawa, Transient interaction between the Human and the Thermal environment. ASHRAE Trans, 1992. 98:189-195.
[28]李凤志,刘迎曦,罗钟铉,李毅。一种着装人体动态热湿传递模拟方法[J]计算力学学报.2006(8)429-433
[29].Henry, P.S.H., Diffusion in absorbing media. Proc. R. Soc. 1939,171: 215-241.
[30]Yigit A.The Computer-based Human Thermal Model.Int.Comm.Heat MassTranfer,1988(17):969~977
[31]李凤志,刘迎曦,罗钟铉,李毅。一种着装人体动态热湿传递模拟方法[J]计算力学学报.2006(8)429-433
[32]李凤志,朱云飞,王鹏飞相变服装对人体热响应影响的模型研究中国工程热物理学会传热、传质学术会议论文集2009,11月13-16日,青岛
[2]Nuckols M. L. Analytical modeling of a diver dry suit enhanced with microencapsulated phase change materials[J]. Ocean Engineering,1999,26:547-564.
[3]Barbour.JP,Hittle D.C. Modeling phase change materials with conduction transfer functions for passive solar applications[J]. Transactions of the ASME. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 2006,128(1):58-68.
[4]LI Yi. Clothing Comfort and Production Development[M]. Beijing. China Textile Press, 2002. (in Chinese))
[5]FARNWORTH B. A numerical model of the combined diffusion of heat and water vapor through clothing[J]. Text Res J,1986,56:653-664.
[6]LOTENS W A, Havenith G. Effects of moisture absorption in clothing on the human heat balance[J].Ergonomics, 1995,38(6):1092-1113.
[7]HENRY P S H. Diffusion in absorbing media[J].Pro R Soc , 1939,171:215-241.
[8]LI Yi, LUO Zhong-xuan. Physical mechanisms of moisture transfer in hygroscopic fabrics under humidtransients[J]. J Text Inst,2000,91:306-323.
[9]Li Y. and Zhu Q. Y.. A model of heat and moisture transfer in porous textiles with phase change materials (PCM)[J]. Textile Research Journal, 2004, 74:447-457.
[10]Hittle. A new test instrument and procedure for evaluation of fabrics containing phase-change material[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 2002,108(1):175-182.
[11]王其,冯勋伟。纱线和针织物导湿结构模型[J].东华大学学报(自然科学版).2002,(1):15-17
[12]BAKIER A Y.Thermal radiation effect on mixed convection from certical surfaces in saturated porousMedia[J].Int Comm. Heat Mass Tranfser,2001,28(1):119-126
[13]WARREN M Ronsenow ,JAMES P Hartness,YOUng I Cho.Handbook of heat transfer[M].Third Edition.New Yord:McCraw Hill,1998.4.68-7.69.
[14]BAKIER A Y.Thermal radiation effect on mixed convection from certical surfaces in saturated porousMedia[J].Int Comm. Heat Mass Tranfser,2001,28(1):119-126
[15] Y.Li, Z.X. Luo. Physical mechanisms of moisture difusion into hygroscopic fabrics during humidity transients.Journal of the textile Institute, in press.
[16] Li Fengzhi, Li Yi A computational analysis for effects of fiber hygroscopicity on heat and moisture transfer in textiles with PCM microcapsules Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering [J], 2007, 15(3):223-235.
[17]Li Y,Luo Z X.Physical Mechanisms of moisture transfer in hypgroscopic fabrics[J].J.Text.Inst,2009,91(2):301-316
[18]李凤志,吴成云,李毅。相变微胶囊半径及含量对织物热湿性能影响数值研究[J]应用工程学报。2008,(5)671-678
[19]Schaerer A A,Busso C J,Smith A E,et al.Properties of pure normal alkanes in the C17 to C36 range[J].J.Amer.Chem.Soc,1955,77(7):2017-2019
[20]李凤志,朱云飞,王鹏飞,曹业玲。织物—多种相变微胶囊复合材料特性数值模拟[J]南京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版).2009(4)455-460
[21] Li Y and Zhu Q Y. A model of heat and moisture transfer in porous textiles with phase change materials (PCM) [J]. Textile Research Journal, 2004, 74:447-457
[22] Li F Z, Li Y, Liu Y X et al, Numerical Simulation of Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Hygroscopic Porous Materials Considering the Influence of Atmospheric Pressure [J]. Numerical heat transfer Part B: 2004, 45:249-262.
[23] Guo Chaxiu, Wei Xinli, Heat storage technology and application [M], Beijing: Chemical industry press, 2005 (in chinese).
[24].Stolwijk, J. A. J., and Hardy, J. D., Control of Body Temperature, Handbook of Physiology-Reaction to Environmental Agents, 1977:45-67.
[25].Yigit, A., The computer-based human thermal model. Int. Comm. Heat and MasTransfer, 1998, 25: 969-977.
[26].Gagge, A. P., Yasunobu Nishi, Heat exchange between human skin surface and thermal environment, Handbook of Physiology-Reaction to Environmental Agents, 1977: 69-92.
[27].Jones, B.W.and Y.Ogawa, Transient interaction between the Human and the Thermal environment. ASHRAE Trans, 1992. 98:189-195.
[28]李凤志,刘迎曦,罗钟铉,李毅。一种着装人体动态热湿传递模拟方法[J]计算力学学报.2006(8)429-433
[29].Henry, P.S.H., Diffusion in absorbing media. Proc. R. Soc. 1939,171: 215-241.
[30]Yigit A.The Computer-based Human Thermal Model.Int.Comm.Heat MassTranfer,1988(17):969~977
[31]李凤志,刘迎曦,罗钟铉,李毅。一种着装人体动态热湿传递模拟方法[J]计算力学学报.2006(8)429-433
[32]李凤志,朱云飞,王鹏飞相变服装对人体热响应影响的模型研究中国工程热物理学会传热、传质学术会议论文集2009,11月13-16日,青岛