风力机机舱内自然对流换热CFD研究
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摘要
我国幅员辽阔,广大的三北地区和东南沿海地区蕴藏着大量优质的风能资源。然而,当地风电场的建设直接面临着高、低温的考验,威胁着风力机的安全稳定运行。因此,机舱内温度场性质和冷热源位置如何布置显得尤为重要。
为了确定分析这一问题合理可信的数值计算方法,论文选择了与机舱内温度场问题相似的、具有实验测量结果的二维方腔和三维空调房间问题进行数值计算结果确认。根据确定的数值计算方法,对简化后的机舱进行了包括环境温度和热源体位置变化对机舱内自然对流换热的影响研究。结果显示：环境温度降低,机舱内平均温度呈线性降低；热原体在机舱内存在自然对流换热最佳位置。在以上研究的基础上,对2.5MW真实机舱进行了温度场数值计算分析。由于其外形及内部件结构复杂,论文进行了简化并保留机舱外形、热源体及体积较大的内部件。通过分析给定热源条件下的机舱内温度场,为加热器位置的布置、机舱内零部件保温提供参考。
China has a vast area, there are plenty of high-quality wind energy resources in three northern regions and south-east coastal region. However, construction of wind farms and operation of wind turbines are influenced by local climate, especially very high or very low environment temperature, which threatens the safety and stable operation of wind turbines. Therefore, study of the temperature field, nature convection process inner a nacelle and how temperature and flow field will be influenced by location of cold and heat sources is very important.
In order to carry out a reasonable analysis of this issue with credible numerical methods, cases similar to the temperature field inside the nacelle is selected, with experimental results to verify numerical methods. The simplified cases include two-dimensional cavity and three-dimensional air-conditioned room. Numerical model of the simplified cabin is built, including ambient temperature and the heat inside the cabin, and change of human body position. Simulation results show that the average temperature inside the nacelle will change linearly with environmental temperature. How uniform the temperature field is will be influenced by position of heating source. Numerical investigation is carried out for inner space of nacelle of a 2.5MW wind turbine. The shape and internal structure of the nacelle are very complex, Geographical simplification is necessary at first step. Temperature and flow field inner the nacelle are calculated and analyzed, the results and conclusion could be used as reference for design of wind turbine nacelle.
为了确定分析这一问题合理可信的数值计算方法,论文选择了与机舱内温度场问题相似的、具有实验测量结果的二维方腔和三维空调房间问题进行数值计算结果确认。根据确定的数值计算方法,对简化后的机舱进行了包括环境温度和热源体位置变化对机舱内自然对流换热的影响研究。结果显示：环境温度降低,机舱内平均温度呈线性降低；热原体在机舱内存在自然对流换热最佳位置。在以上研究的基础上,对2.5MW真实机舱进行了温度场数值计算分析。由于其外形及内部件结构复杂,论文进行了简化并保留机舱外形、热源体及体积较大的内部件。通过分析给定热源条件下的机舱内温度场,为加热器位置的布置、机舱内零部件保温提供参考。
China has a vast area, there are plenty of high-quality wind energy resources in three northern regions and south-east coastal region. However, construction of wind farms and operation of wind turbines are influenced by local climate, especially very high or very low environment temperature, which threatens the safety and stable operation of wind turbines. Therefore, study of the temperature field, nature convection process inner a nacelle and how temperature and flow field will be influenced by location of cold and heat sources is very important.
In order to carry out a reasonable analysis of this issue with credible numerical methods, cases similar to the temperature field inside the nacelle is selected, with experimental results to verify numerical methods. The simplified cases include two-dimensional cavity and three-dimensional air-conditioned room. Numerical model of the simplified cabin is built, including ambient temperature and the heat inside the cabin, and change of human body position. Simulation results show that the average temperature inside the nacelle will change linearly with environmental temperature. How uniform the temperature field is will be influenced by position of heating source. Numerical investigation is carried out for inner space of nacelle of a 2.5MW wind turbine. The shape and internal structure of the nacelle are very complex, Geographical simplification is necessary at first step. Temperature and flow field inner the nacelle are calculated and analyzed, the results and conclusion could be used as reference for design of wind turbine nacelle.
引文
[1]李卫林.可再生能源的开发与应用前景分析.能源与环境,2009,(01)：30-32
[2]赵建柱,毛恩荣,董生,张红,黄韶炯.风能利用与可持续发展.农机化研究,2004,06：40～42
[3]任振伟,孙强,张智勇,孙有伟.风力发电技术及发展前景.山东电力技术,2006,04：14～16
[4]张方军.风力发电技术及其发展方向.电气时代,2005,11：24
[5]周燕莉.风力发电现状与发展趋势.甘肃科技,2008,24(03)：9-11
[6]夏文华.发展环保新能源为地方经济提供能源保障.电力建设,2009,01：32～33
[7]施鹏飞.全球风力发电现况及发展趋势.电网与清洁能源,2008,24(01)：3-5
[8]钟伟强.国内外风力发电的概况.风机技术,2005,05：44-46
[9]赵群,王永泉,李辉.世界风力发电现状与发展趋势.机电工程,2006,23(12)：16-18
[10]关伟,卢岩.国内外风力发电概况及发展方向.吉林电力,2008,36(01)：47～50
[11]李俊峰,高虎,王仲颖,马玲娟,董路.2008年中国风电发展报告.中国环境科学出版社.北京
[12]张绍杰,刘炳国,风力发电技术概述.山东轻工业学院院报2005,19(03)：50～53
[13]徐李纯.关于我国发展风电的现状和预侧.未来与发展,2006,09：17-19
[14]李永东,苑国峰.中国风力发电的发展现状和前景.电气时代,2006,03：16～20
[15]崔建红,许健,刘京爱.我国风力发电的现状与趋势.科技情报开发与经济,2009,10(10)：121～132
[16]白树华,卢继平.西藏高原的气候环境对风力发电的影响分析.电力建设,2006,27(11)：37～40
[17]穆安正.合成润滑剂在风力发电机上的应用.合成润滑材 料,2005,32(03)：21-24
[18]Xin Wang. Convective Heat Transfer and Experimental Icing Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine Blades:[The Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy]. America:University of Manitoba,August,2008
[19]倪天军,大型发电机主要冷却方式及特点,东方电气评论,2006,20(01)：31-37
[20]何山,王维庆,黄嵩,王雪飞,赵祥,李建明.大型永磁风力发电机定子温度场改进的研究.水利发电,2008,34(11)：84-87
[21]赵彬,李先庭,彦启森.用零方程湍流模型模拟通风空调室内的空气流动.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(10)：109-113
[22]时真男,付慧琴,胡正鹏,王建强.混合对流作用下小室流场和温度场的数值模拟.河北建筑科技学院学报,2004,21(03)：01-04
[23]赫伟建,王迎新,段树林,于洪亮,李勇,船舶机舱空间温度场速度场的数值模拟,大连海事大学学报,2005,31(1)：39-41
[24]王忠,历宝录,黄成海,唐颋,杨殿勇.后置发动机客车机舱空间温度场的试验研究.汽车工程,2006,28(3)：263-266
[25]J. Salat, S. Xinb, P. Joubert, A. Sergent, F. Penot. Experimentaland numerical investigation of turbulent natural convection in a large air-filled cavity. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2004, (25):824-832
[26]Johannes Bosbach, Julien Pennecota, Claus Wagnera, Markus Raffela, Thomas Lercheb, Stefan Repp.Experimental and numerical simulations of turbulentventilation in aircraft cabins. Energy,2006, (31):694-705
[27]M. T. Stickland, T. J. Scanlon, J. MacKenzie.An experimental investigation of natural convection withsolidification in a differentially heated cavity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2007,50:36-44
[28]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学.北京：高等教育出版社,1998,130-178
[29]陶文铨.数值传热学.西安：西安交通大学出版社,2001,385～392
[30]赵秉文,刑荣鹏,张世将,陈晓春.矩形方腔湍流自然对流数值模拟研究.浙江理工大学学报.2008,25(04)：457-461
[31]P.L. Betts, I.H. Bokhari. Experiments on turbulent natural convection in an enclosed tall cavity. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.2000, (21):675～683
[32]K.J. Hsieh, F. S. Lien. Numerical modeling of buoyancy-driven turbulent flows in enclosures. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2004(25):659～670
[33]A. K. Abdul Hakeem, S. Saravanan, P. Kandaswamy. Buoyancy convection in a square cavity with mutually or Thogonal heat generating baffles. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.2008(29):1164～1173
[34]Ching-Yang Cheng. Natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal isothermal elliptical cylinder with internal heat generation. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer.2009, (36):346～350
[35]N. NiThyadevi,P. Kandaswamy, J. Lee. Natural convection in a rectangular cavity with partially active side walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2007(50):4688～4697
[36]Ridouane Ezzouhri, Patrice Joubert, Sophie Mergui. Large Eddy simulation of turbulent mixed convection in a 3D ventilated cavity: Comparison with existing data. International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2009:1～8
[37]F. Ampofo, T. G. Karayiannis. Experimental benchmark data for turbulent naturalconvection in an air filled square cavity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2003,46:3551～3572
[38]K.J. Hsieh, F. S. Lien.Numerical modeling of buoyancy-driven turbulent flows in enclosures. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 2004, (25):659～670
[39]J. J. Costa, L. A. Oliveira, D. Blay. Turbulent airflow in a room with a two-jet heating-ventilation system—a numerical parametric study. Energy and Buildings,2000, (32):327～343
[40]M. Paroncini, F. Corvaro. Natural convection in a square enclosure with a hot source. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2009:1～13
[41]Blay, S. Mergui, C. Niculae, Confined turbulent mixed convection in the presence of a horizontal buoyant wall jet, in:Fundamentals of Mixed Convection, Trans. ASME,1992, (213):65～72.
[42]Weiran Xu, Qingyan Chen, A two-lay turbulence model for simulating indoor airflow part Ⅱ:Applications. Energy and Bulidings.2001, (33):627～ 630
[43]E. Natarajan,Tanmay Basak, S. Roy. Natural convection flows in a trapezoidal enclosure withuniform and non-uniform heating of bottom wall. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2008, (51):747～756
[44]Qi-Hong Deng, Guang-Fa Tang, Yuguo LiA. combined temperature scale for analyzingnatural convection in rectangular enclosures with discretewall heat sources.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2002, (45):3437-3446
[45]F. Corvaro, M. Paroncini. A numerical and experimental analysis on the naturalconvective heat transfer of a small heating strip locatedon the floor of a square cavity. Applied Thermal Engineering.2008, (28):25-35
[46]I. Sezai, A.A. Mohamad. Natural convection from a discrete heat source on thebottom of a horizontal enclosure. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2000, (43):2257～2266
[47]M. Bakkas, A. Amahmid, M. Hasnaoui. Numerical study of natural convection heat transfer in a horizontal channelprovided with rectangular blocks releasing uniform heat flux and mounted on its lower wall. Energy Conversion and Management.2008, (49):2757～2766
[48]杨沫,王育清,赵敏,陶文铨.封闭空腔内两个等价自然对流换热问题.中国工程热物理学会传热传质学术会议论文集,1991：43-48
[49]王秋旺,王育涛,陶文铨,杨沫.几何位置对封闭方腔内水平孤立平板自然对流换热的影响.工程热物理学报.1994,15(02)：195-199
[50]王秋旺,宇波,马雅玲,陶文铨.倾斜封闭方腔内多块孤立平板自然对流的实验研究.工程热物理学报.1998,19(02)：204～208
[2]赵建柱,毛恩荣,董生,张红,黄韶炯.风能利用与可持续发展.农机化研究,2004,06：40～42
[3]任振伟,孙强,张智勇,孙有伟.风力发电技术及发展前景.山东电力技术,2006,04：14～16
[4]张方军.风力发电技术及其发展方向.电气时代,2005,11：24
[5]周燕莉.风力发电现状与发展趋势.甘肃科技,2008,24(03)：9-11
[6]夏文华.发展环保新能源为地方经济提供能源保障.电力建设,2009,01：32～33
[7]施鹏飞.全球风力发电现况及发展趋势.电网与清洁能源,2008,24(01)：3-5
[8]钟伟强.国内外风力发电的概况.风机技术,2005,05：44-46
[9]赵群,王永泉,李辉.世界风力发电现状与发展趋势.机电工程,2006,23(12)：16-18
[10]关伟,卢岩.国内外风力发电概况及发展方向.吉林电力,2008,36(01)：47～50
[11]李俊峰,高虎,王仲颖,马玲娟,董路.2008年中国风电发展报告.中国环境科学出版社.北京
[12]张绍杰,刘炳国,风力发电技术概述.山东轻工业学院院报2005,19(03)：50～53
[13]徐李纯.关于我国发展风电的现状和预侧.未来与发展,2006,09：17-19
[14]李永东,苑国峰.中国风力发电的发展现状和前景.电气时代,2006,03：16～20
[15]崔建红,许健,刘京爱.我国风力发电的现状与趋势.科技情报开发与经济,2009,10(10)：121～132
[16]白树华,卢继平.西藏高原的气候环境对风力发电的影响分析.电力建设,2006,27(11)：37～40
[17]穆安正.合成润滑剂在风力发电机上的应用.合成润滑材 料,2005,32(03)：21-24
[18]Xin Wang. Convective Heat Transfer and Experimental Icing Aerodynamics of Wind Turbine Blades:[The Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy]. America:University of Manitoba,August,2008
[19]倪天军,大型发电机主要冷却方式及特点,东方电气评论,2006,20(01)：31-37
[20]何山,王维庆,黄嵩,王雪飞,赵祥,李建明.大型永磁风力发电机定子温度场改进的研究.水利发电,2008,34(11)：84-87
[21]赵彬,李先庭,彦启森.用零方程湍流模型模拟通风空调室内的空气流动.清华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,41(10)：109-113
[22]时真男,付慧琴,胡正鹏,王建强.混合对流作用下小室流场和温度场的数值模拟.河北建筑科技学院学报,2004,21(03)：01-04
[23]赫伟建,王迎新,段树林,于洪亮,李勇,船舶机舱空间温度场速度场的数值模拟,大连海事大学学报,2005,31(1)：39-41
[24]王忠,历宝录,黄成海,唐颋,杨殿勇.后置发动机客车机舱空间温度场的试验研究.汽车工程,2006,28(3)：263-266
[25]J. Salat, S. Xinb, P. Joubert, A. Sergent, F. Penot. Experimentaland numerical investigation of turbulent natural convection in a large air-filled cavity. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2004, (25):824-832
[26]Johannes Bosbach, Julien Pennecota, Claus Wagnera, Markus Raffela, Thomas Lercheb, Stefan Repp.Experimental and numerical simulations of turbulentventilation in aircraft cabins. Energy,2006, (31):694-705
[27]M. T. Stickland, T. J. Scanlon, J. MacKenzie.An experimental investigation of natural convection withsolidification in a differentially heated cavity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2007,50:36-44
[28]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学.北京：高等教育出版社,1998,130-178
[29]陶文铨.数值传热学.西安：西安交通大学出版社,2001,385～392
[30]赵秉文,刑荣鹏,张世将,陈晓春.矩形方腔湍流自然对流数值模拟研究.浙江理工大学学报.2008,25(04)：457-461
[31]P.L. Betts, I.H. Bokhari. Experiments on turbulent natural convection in an enclosed tall cavity. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.2000, (21):675～683
[32]K.J. Hsieh, F. S. Lien. Numerical modeling of buoyancy-driven turbulent flows in enclosures. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2004(25):659～670
[33]A. K. Abdul Hakeem, S. Saravanan, P. Kandaswamy. Buoyancy convection in a square cavity with mutually or Thogonal heat generating baffles. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.2008(29):1164～1173
[34]Ching-Yang Cheng. Natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal isothermal elliptical cylinder with internal heat generation. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer.2009, (36):346～350
[35]N. NiThyadevi,P. Kandaswamy, J. Lee. Natural convection in a rectangular cavity with partially active side walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2007(50):4688～4697
[36]Ridouane Ezzouhri, Patrice Joubert, Sophie Mergui. Large Eddy simulation of turbulent mixed convection in a 3D ventilated cavity: Comparison with existing data. International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2009:1～8
[37]F. Ampofo, T. G. Karayiannis. Experimental benchmark data for turbulent naturalconvection in an air filled square cavity. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2003,46:3551～3572
[38]K.J. Hsieh, F. S. Lien.Numerical modeling of buoyancy-driven turbulent flows in enclosures. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 2004, (25):659～670
[39]J. J. Costa, L. A. Oliveira, D. Blay. Turbulent airflow in a room with a two-jet heating-ventilation system—a numerical parametric study. Energy and Buildings,2000, (32):327～343
[40]M. Paroncini, F. Corvaro. Natural convection in a square enclosure with a hot source. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2009:1～13
[41]Blay, S. Mergui, C. Niculae, Confined turbulent mixed convection in the presence of a horizontal buoyant wall jet, in:Fundamentals of Mixed Convection, Trans. ASME,1992, (213):65～72.
[42]Weiran Xu, Qingyan Chen, A two-lay turbulence model for simulating indoor airflow part Ⅱ:Applications. Energy and Bulidings.2001, (33):627～ 630
[43]E. Natarajan,Tanmay Basak, S. Roy. Natural convection flows in a trapezoidal enclosure withuniform and non-uniform heating of bottom wall. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2008, (51):747～756
[44]Qi-Hong Deng, Guang-Fa Tang, Yuguo LiA. combined temperature scale for analyzingnatural convection in rectangular enclosures with discretewall heat sources.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2002, (45):3437-3446
[45]F. Corvaro, M. Paroncini. A numerical and experimental analysis on the naturalconvective heat transfer of a small heating strip locatedon the floor of a square cavity. Applied Thermal Engineering.2008, (28):25-35
[46]I. Sezai, A.A. Mohamad. Natural convection from a discrete heat source on thebottom of a horizontal enclosure. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.2000, (43):2257～2266
[47]M. Bakkas, A. Amahmid, M. Hasnaoui. Numerical study of natural convection heat transfer in a horizontal channelprovided with rectangular blocks releasing uniform heat flux and mounted on its lower wall. Energy Conversion and Management.2008, (49):2757～2766
[48]杨沫,王育清,赵敏,陶文铨.封闭空腔内两个等价自然对流换热问题.中国工程热物理学会传热传质学术会议论文集,1991：43-48
[49]王秋旺,王育涛,陶文铨,杨沫.几何位置对封闭方腔内水平孤立平板自然对流换热的影响.工程热物理学报.1994,15(02)：195-199
[50]王秋旺,宇波,马雅玲,陶文铨.倾斜封闭方腔内多块孤立平板自然对流的实验研究.工程热物理学报.1998,19(02)：204～208