小型热电制冷器及温差发电初步研究
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摘要
热电效应的发现已有150年的历史,然而,在其后近100年的过程中由于效率低下,一直没能得到实际性的应用。直到本世纪50年代随着性能较好的半导体材料的发现,温差热电技术得到了突飞猛进的发展,在较多领域得到了广泛应用。温差热电技术根据所利用的热电效应不同,又可分为温差发电和温差热电制冷(热)两大分支。由于温差热电制冷具有许多独特的优越性,如系统简单、无机械传动、无工质运行、调控简单精确等等,随着科学技术的发展,温差热电制冷(热)日益受到重视,应用领域不断拓展;温差发电技术相对来说发展较慢,主要集中在军事、航天等领域,而且其核心技术主要被美、日、欧等发达国家所掌握,国内处于刚起步阶段。本文在分析温差热电技术的现实应用瓶颈的基础上,就温差发电和温差热电制冷两个方面进行了研究。
首先,通过理论推导给出了温差发电器件的性能参数及其计算公式,并建立热电转换火用效率的分析方法,进一步完善了对温差发电器件的性能评价。在此基础上,结合今后的实际应用情况,设计了温差发电模块的性能测试平台,通过实验对一种新型的微型温差发电模块进行测试,并对实验结果进行了分析,得出了冷热面温度、循环水流量、循环水温以及温差发电模块的性能(电动势特性、输出功率特性、内阻特性、伏安特性、串并联特性)的变化规律。
其次,通过理论分析得出了温差热电制冷产冷量、制冷效率等的计算公式,并对热电制冷的最佳特性进行了分析。在此基础上,通过自行设计实验对一种热电芯片的制冷性能进行了研究,得出了制冷量随芯片工作电压、热端散热方式的变化规律,并通过改变模拟热源的功率研究了制冷芯片对不同发热功率的热源的适应性,对今后的实际应用具有一定的指导意义。
最后,在温差热电材料、温差热电器件以及温差热电制冷和温差发电联合应用方面对温差热电技术进行了展望。
The thermoelectric effect, discovered more than 150 years ago, had been less applied in practical fields during more than 100 years because of its inefficiency. Until 1950’s with the discovery of high performance materials, thermoelectric technology was developed rapidly and began to be applied in engineering fields. According to different thermoelectric effects, thermoelectric technology had two branches which were thermoelectric generation and thermoelectric cooling or heating. Because of many unique advantages, such as compact structure, no moving parts, no pollution, precise control, thermoelectric cooling or heating systems had been paid more and more attations with the developments of technology and the application fields had been persistently developed, while the thermoelectric generation technology developed more slowly and was just applied in spaceflight and military affairs. And the key technology of thermoelectric generation was grasped by developed countries, such as American, Japan and some European countries, while it was still at an initial stage in domestic. Based on analyzing the bottlenecks of thermoelectric technology in application, studies was made about two aspects, the thermoelectric generation and thermoelectric cooling or heating.
Firstly, the performance parameters and their calculation formulas were given based on the theoretical derivation,and the exergy of thermoelectric was put forward for evaluating the performance of thermoelectric device furtherly. And then an experiment platform, based on the application in future was built for testing thermoelectric chip performance. Tests for a novel kind of micro thermoelectric generation module were carried out. The variation regularity for temperature of hot side and cool side of the module, recirculating water flow rate and temperature and performance of the module (electromotive force, output power, intermal resistence and Volt-ampere Characteristic) were deduced by analyzing results of tests.
Secondly, the calculation formulas of thermoelectric regfregerating capacity and efficiency were given based on the theoretical derivation. At the same time, the optimum characteristics were analyzed. Experiments were carried out for measuring the regfregerating capacity. The variation regularity of cooling capacity, which could guide the application and design, was detrived based on experimental results when changing the voltage of the chip and heat emission intensity on hot side.
Finally, prospects, which were based on study about thermoelectric material, the device and the coupling application of thermoelectric generation and cooling, were performed.
首先,通过理论推导给出了温差发电器件的性能参数及其计算公式,并建立热电转换火用效率的分析方法,进一步完善了对温差发电器件的性能评价。在此基础上,结合今后的实际应用情况,设计了温差发电模块的性能测试平台,通过实验对一种新型的微型温差发电模块进行测试,并对实验结果进行了分析,得出了冷热面温度、循环水流量、循环水温以及温差发电模块的性能(电动势特性、输出功率特性、内阻特性、伏安特性、串并联特性)的变化规律。
其次,通过理论分析得出了温差热电制冷产冷量、制冷效率等的计算公式,并对热电制冷的最佳特性进行了分析。在此基础上,通过自行设计实验对一种热电芯片的制冷性能进行了研究,得出了制冷量随芯片工作电压、热端散热方式的变化规律,并通过改变模拟热源的功率研究了制冷芯片对不同发热功率的热源的适应性,对今后的实际应用具有一定的指导意义。
最后,在温差热电材料、温差热电器件以及温差热电制冷和温差发电联合应用方面对温差热电技术进行了展望。
The thermoelectric effect, discovered more than 150 years ago, had been less applied in practical fields during more than 100 years because of its inefficiency. Until 1950’s with the discovery of high performance materials, thermoelectric technology was developed rapidly and began to be applied in engineering fields. According to different thermoelectric effects, thermoelectric technology had two branches which were thermoelectric generation and thermoelectric cooling or heating. Because of many unique advantages, such as compact structure, no moving parts, no pollution, precise control, thermoelectric cooling or heating systems had been paid more and more attations with the developments of technology and the application fields had been persistently developed, while the thermoelectric generation technology developed more slowly and was just applied in spaceflight and military affairs. And the key technology of thermoelectric generation was grasped by developed countries, such as American, Japan and some European countries, while it was still at an initial stage in domestic. Based on analyzing the bottlenecks of thermoelectric technology in application, studies was made about two aspects, the thermoelectric generation and thermoelectric cooling or heating.
Firstly, the performance parameters and their calculation formulas were given based on the theoretical derivation,and the exergy of thermoelectric was put forward for evaluating the performance of thermoelectric device furtherly. And then an experiment platform, based on the application in future was built for testing thermoelectric chip performance. Tests for a novel kind of micro thermoelectric generation module were carried out. The variation regularity for temperature of hot side and cool side of the module, recirculating water flow rate and temperature and performance of the module (electromotive force, output power, intermal resistence and Volt-ampere Characteristic) were deduced by analyzing results of tests.
Secondly, the calculation formulas of thermoelectric regfregerating capacity and efficiency were given based on the theoretical derivation. At the same time, the optimum characteristics were analyzed. Experiments were carried out for measuring the regfregerating capacity. The variation regularity of cooling capacity, which could guide the application and design, was detrived based on experimental results when changing the voltage of the chip and heat emission intensity on hot side.
Finally, prospects, which were based on study about thermoelectric material, the device and the coupling application of thermoelectric generation and cooling, were performed.
引文
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[3]谢杰.浅谈再生能源利用与环境保护.社会科学家,2005,10:42-43
[4]张宇辉.发展可再生能源是应对能源危机之道.北方经济,2005,11:5-6
[5]徐德胜.半导体制冷与应用技术.上海:上海交通大学出版社,1992,2-46,75-99
[6]赵玉文.21世纪我国太阳能利用发展趋势.中国电力.2000,33(9):73-77
[7]张征,曾美琴,司广树,温差发电技术及其在汽车发动机排气余热利用中的应用.能源技术. 2004,25(3):120-123
[8]章韶敬.温差电转换及其应用.北京:兵器工业出版社,1996,32-46
[9] The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors: Overall Roadmap Technology Characteristics - 2000 Updated. Semiconductor Industry Association 2000,324-358
[10] L.P.Bulat, E.V.Buzin, U.S.Whang. Physical Processes in Thermoelectric Coolers. In: Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Thermoelectric. 2001, London, 405-408
[11] John G. Stockholm. Future Prospects in Thermoelectric Cooling Systems. In: Proceedings of XII International Conference on Thermoelectric. Tokyo, 1994, 389-394
[12] D.M. Rowe, CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics, CRC Press, London, 1995,595-687
[13] N.L. Gregory, T.D.W. Clarideg, M. Leonard. Thermoelectric Cooling for NMR Sample Temperature Control. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 1997, 124(56): 228-231
[14] Thomachan A. Kattakayam, K. Srinivasan. Thermal Performance Characterization of A Photovoltaic Driven Domestic Refrigerator. International Journal of Refrigeraton, 2000, 23(5): 190-196
[15] Y.J. Dai, R.Z. Wang, L. Ni. Experimental Investigation and Analysis on A Thermoelectric Refrigerator Driven by Solar Cells. Solar Enengy Materials & Solar Cells, 2003, 77(10): 377-391
[16] S.B. Riffat, Xiaoli Ma. Thermoelectric: A Review of Present and PotentialApplicatons. Applied Thermal Energy, 2003, 23(5): 913-935
[17]龚定农,关鹏来,邓昭锦等.半导体致冷冷敷仪的研制及应用.制冷,1998,64(3):73-75
[18]马乔矢.半导体制冷技术的应用和发展.沈阳建筑工程学院院报,1999,15(5):82-86.
[19] Paul H,Egli. Thermoelectricity. London Press, 1956, 12(2):34-41
[20] HEIKES-URE. Thermoelectricity: Science and Engineering. London Press, 1960,16(3):22-31
[21] Goldsmid HJ. Electronic Refrigeration. Pion, London, 1988,43-55,77-79
[22] Borissova L,Plackkova S,Vulchev V. Thermoelectric Properties of Material Based on PbTe and GeTe. European Conference on thermoelectrics, London: Peter Peregrines Ltd,1987:95-106
[23] Yam WM, Amith A. Bi-Te Alloys for Magneto-Thermoelectric and Thermomagnetic Cooling. Solid-state Electronics. 1972, 18(10):1141-1165
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