低温地热发电循环理论优化与有机工质朗肯循环性能实验研究
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摘要
我国地热资源丰富，但以100oC以下的低温热水型资源为主；传统的地热发电技术下，对这些资源作发电利用的经济性不足，大量资源因而未能得以开发利用。近年来，有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle, ORC)技术、有机工质跨临界循环(Organic Trans-critical Cycle, OTC)技术、Kalina循环技术等新型中低温动力循环技术的发展，连同各国政府对可再生能源发电的鼓励政策，使得资源的经济发电温度得以降低，低温地热资源的发电潜力和经济性前景开始受到关注。开展基于ORC、OTC、Kalina循环、着眼于改善系统技术经济性的低温地热发电技术优化研究，具有促进低温地热资源发电利用，从而节约化石能源、减小与化石燃料燃烧相应的温室气体CO2和大气污染物排放的重要意义。
本课题以改善80-100oC热水型地热资源发电利用的技术经济性为研究目标，开展了系统技术经济性优化目标函数研究，系统技术经济性影响因素和影响规律研究，ORC、OTC、Kalina循环技术优化和对比评价研究，系统关键部件性能和系统性能实验优化研究。
以整个地热电站发电成本最低为根本的技术经济性优化目标，通过计算与分析，揭示了系统比净功最大化与整个地热电站发电成本最低之间的一致性，由此确立了以系统比净功最大化为低温地热发电系统的技术经济性目标函数。
以系统比净功最大化为优化目标函数，建立了基于窄点分析的系统性能分析方法和系统仿真优化方法等理论研究手段，开展了理论优化研究。结果表明，指定冷热源条件下，影响ORC、OTC与Kalina循环系统比净功的主要因素为工质、循环参数、系统部件效率等；指定部件效率下，3类循环系统均存在最优工质和最优循环参数分别使得各个循环系统的比净功最大。得到了本文冷热源条件和指定部件效率下3类循环系统各自的最优工质和相应的最优循环参数、最大比净功；其中ORC系统、OTC系统的最优工质分别为非共沸混合工质MA6、MB8和MM、MH，Kalina循环系统工质NH3/H2O的最优浓度为98/2mol%。基于3类循环系统各自的最大比净功，综合考虑实际系统的部件效率范围以及OTC和Kalina循环系统分别存在压力高和系统与过程复杂、工质有毒可燃等不利于技术经济性的因素，得出在本课题冷热源条件下，非共沸混合工质ORC系统的技术经济性为最优的对比评价结论。
对课题组原有的基于涡旋式膨胀机的ORC系统性能实验装置，进行了着眼于膨胀机性能研究和拓展实验工况适用范围、提高测量可靠性的相关改进。基于改进后的实验装置，开展了系统关键部件—膨胀机的性能影响规律实验研究，结果表明，膨胀机转速、工质膨胀比-膨胀机内容积比间的匹配关系、工质在高低压膨胀腔间的泄漏，是影响涡旋式膨胀机定熵效率的主要因素；存在最优的膨胀比与膨胀机转速，使得膨胀机定熵效率最高；对于特定的膨胀机，最优转速、最优膨胀比值基本不随工质、工况而变，其中最优膨胀比与膨胀机的内容积比基本一致。以R245fa为工质，实验确定了本实验台所用膨胀机的定熵效率随工质膨胀比和转速变化的曲线，膨胀机定熵效率最大值约为82%，所对应的膨胀机转速和工质膨胀比分别为800rpm和2左右(该膨胀机的内容积比为1.99)。
注意到以同一实验装置开展不同工质的系统性能对比实验研究时，存在两种不公平因素：(1)工质与实验系统的匹配度因工质而异；(2)系统部件效率对不同工质系统性能的影响存在差异。如果直接以实验结果评价不同工质的系统性能将有失客观性，并影响工质实验优选质量。对此，本文开展了工质实验性能客观对比评价方法的研究，提出了对换热器热流密度和工质泵效率进行校正的改进型对比评价方法。以该方法为指导，对理论ORC系统性能较优的纯工质R245fa、R123、R227ea和R134a，非共沸混合工质MA6、MA3、MD1、MC1和MB8，进行了ORC系统性能实验对比评价研究。结果表明：在ORC系统性能影响规律方面，比净功值受冷、热源条件的影响较大；指定的冷、热源条件下，存在一个最优蒸发温度，使得系统比净功最大；随着冷凝温度的降低，循环的最优蒸发温度值下降，反之亦然。在工质性能对比方面，在热源水进口温度为90oC条件下，当冷凝温度为30oC时，非共沸混合工质MB8、MA3给出的系统比净功最大，分别为10.58kJ/kg、10.79kJ/kg，相应的最优蒸发温度分别为59.2oC、62oC；当冷凝温度为45oC时，非共沸混合工质MC1、MB8给出的系统比净功最大，分别为5.96kJ/kg、5.82kJ/kg，相应的最优蒸发温度分别为71.2oC、71oC。
There are abundant geothermal resources in China, most of which are low-temperature (<100°C) water-dominated heat source. Because of the low-gradecharacteristics and the lack of economic with conventional power generationtechnologies, these sources are mainly used for direct heating. However, the heatdemand near the heat source is usually less than the source can provide. A lot ofresources are not developed. In recent years, the governments put out many renewableenergy encouragement policies, which promote the development of the renewableenergy power generation technology. With the improvement of some novellow-temperature power generation technology, such as Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC),Organic Trans-critical Cycle(OTC) and Kalina Cycle etc., the profitable temperaturefor power generation is gradually reduced. So the potential and economic prospects oflow-temperature geothermal power generation become more and more attracting. Ifthe low-temperature geothermal is developed with ORC, OTC or Kalina cycle, thecost of fossil fuel will be saved and the corresponding pollutant will be decreased.
The investigations on power generation systems were conducted to improve theeconomic performances of low-temperature geothermal (80-100oC) power plant. Theeconomic objective function was determined by parameter analysis. The parameteroptimization and performance comparison of ORC, OTC and Kalina cycle wereperformed and the optimal cycle and parameters were put up. Based on the optimizedresults, the experimental apparatus was retrofitted and the performance of theexpander was tested. The experimental performances were studied for parameteroptimization and fluid screening.
The ultimate goal was to decreasing the cost of geothermal power plant. Bycomparing the parameters optimized by the specific net work and the cost, the specificnet work was established as the objective function.
Numerical simulation models of the ORC, OTC and Kalina Cycle weredeveloped based on methodology of pinch point analysis with the specific net work asthe objective function. The theoretical optimization was conducted by varying themany influencing factors. The results were shown as follows: With the specified cooling and heating resource conditions, the main influencing factors on specific network were fluids, parameters and component efficiencies. There existed the optimalparameters that could maximize the specific net work. The optimized working fluidswere MA6and MB8for ORC, MM and MH for OTC, and NH3/H2O (98/2mol%) forKalina. Due to the disadvantages of OTC and Kalina Cycle, such as the highBPR(back to power ratio) value, high pressure, complicated system, and the problemof toxic flammable working fluids, the technical economic aspect of non-azeotropicmixtures ORC was better than OTC and Kalina Cycle.
The scroll expander was derived by retrofitting an automotive air-conditioningscroll compressor. In order to optimizing the performance of the expander, expandingthe temperature range of the heat source and the pressure range of working fluids,improving the indicator of the ORC system, the ORC experimental apparatus wasimproved by changing several devices. The performance of the expander and the ORCsystem were investigated with R245fa on the improved experimental system. Theresults were shown as follows. The rotation speed of the expander, the match of fluidsexpansion ratio and the build-in expansion ratio of expander, the leakage of the fluidsbetween the expansion chambers were main factors which affected the isentropicefficiency of the expander. The variation of isentropic efficiency with expansion ratioand rotation speed were obtained experimentally and optimal rotation speed was800rpm and optimal expand ratio was about2.
There were two unfair factors when the performances of different working fluidswere compared in the same test device.(1)The optimize match of different workingfluids in the same test device was not identical.(2)The efficiencies of the componentsaffected the performance of different ORC systems. The evaluation methods wereinvestigated to rectify the unfair factors of the comparison results. The unfair factorswere analyzed and a novel experimental fair comparative method was put up. Theheat flux differences of heat exchangers and the low net power output due to the overlow efficiencies of working fluid pump were rectified. The experimental performancecomparative investigations were conducted on ORC system with the pure fluids(R245fa, R123, R227ea, R134a) and the mixtures (MA6, MA3, MD1, MC1, MB8).The results of corrected experimental results showed that the specific net power wasgreatly affected by the cooling and heating conditions. There existed the optimalparameters that could maximize the specific net work. The optimal evaporatingtemperature decreased with the decreasing of condensing temperature. When the inlet temperature of the heat source was90°C and the condensing temperature was30°C,MB8and MA3provided the the highest specific net work, which were10.58kJ/kg and10.79kJ/kg respectively. While the optimum evaporation temperature was59.2°C、62°C, respectively. When the condensation temperature was45°C, MC1and MB8exhibited the highest specific net work of5.96kJ/kg and5.82kJ/kg. The optimumevaporating temperature was71.2°C and71°C,respectively.
本课题以改善80-100oC热水型地热资源发电利用的技术经济性为研究目标，开展了系统技术经济性优化目标函数研究，系统技术经济性影响因素和影响规律研究，ORC、OTC、Kalina循环技术优化和对比评价研究，系统关键部件性能和系统性能实验优化研究。
以整个地热电站发电成本最低为根本的技术经济性优化目标，通过计算与分析，揭示了系统比净功最大化与整个地热电站发电成本最低之间的一致性，由此确立了以系统比净功最大化为低温地热发电系统的技术经济性目标函数。
以系统比净功最大化为优化目标函数，建立了基于窄点分析的系统性能分析方法和系统仿真优化方法等理论研究手段，开展了理论优化研究。结果表明，指定冷热源条件下，影响ORC、OTC与Kalina循环系统比净功的主要因素为工质、循环参数、系统部件效率等；指定部件效率下，3类循环系统均存在最优工质和最优循环参数分别使得各个循环系统的比净功最大。得到了本文冷热源条件和指定部件效率下3类循环系统各自的最优工质和相应的最优循环参数、最大比净功；其中ORC系统、OTC系统的最优工质分别为非共沸混合工质MA6、MB8和MM、MH，Kalina循环系统工质NH3/H2O的最优浓度为98/2mol%。基于3类循环系统各自的最大比净功，综合考虑实际系统的部件效率范围以及OTC和Kalina循环系统分别存在压力高和系统与过程复杂、工质有毒可燃等不利于技术经济性的因素，得出在本课题冷热源条件下，非共沸混合工质ORC系统的技术经济性为最优的对比评价结论。
对课题组原有的基于涡旋式膨胀机的ORC系统性能实验装置，进行了着眼于膨胀机性能研究和拓展实验工况适用范围、提高测量可靠性的相关改进。基于改进后的实验装置，开展了系统关键部件—膨胀机的性能影响规律实验研究，结果表明，膨胀机转速、工质膨胀比-膨胀机内容积比间的匹配关系、工质在高低压膨胀腔间的泄漏，是影响涡旋式膨胀机定熵效率的主要因素；存在最优的膨胀比与膨胀机转速，使得膨胀机定熵效率最高；对于特定的膨胀机，最优转速、最优膨胀比值基本不随工质、工况而变，其中最优膨胀比与膨胀机的内容积比基本一致。以R245fa为工质，实验确定了本实验台所用膨胀机的定熵效率随工质膨胀比和转速变化的曲线，膨胀机定熵效率最大值约为82%，所对应的膨胀机转速和工质膨胀比分别为800rpm和2左右(该膨胀机的内容积比为1.99)。
注意到以同一实验装置开展不同工质的系统性能对比实验研究时，存在两种不公平因素：(1)工质与实验系统的匹配度因工质而异；(2)系统部件效率对不同工质系统性能的影响存在差异。如果直接以实验结果评价不同工质的系统性能将有失客观性，并影响工质实验优选质量。对此，本文开展了工质实验性能客观对比评价方法的研究，提出了对换热器热流密度和工质泵效率进行校正的改进型对比评价方法。以该方法为指导，对理论ORC系统性能较优的纯工质R245fa、R123、R227ea和R134a，非共沸混合工质MA6、MA3、MD1、MC1和MB8，进行了ORC系统性能实验对比评价研究。结果表明：在ORC系统性能影响规律方面，比净功值受冷、热源条件的影响较大；指定的冷、热源条件下，存在一个最优蒸发温度，使得系统比净功最大；随着冷凝温度的降低，循环的最优蒸发温度值下降，反之亦然。在工质性能对比方面，在热源水进口温度为90oC条件下，当冷凝温度为30oC时，非共沸混合工质MB8、MA3给出的系统比净功最大，分别为10.58kJ/kg、10.79kJ/kg，相应的最优蒸发温度分别为59.2oC、62oC；当冷凝温度为45oC时，非共沸混合工质MC1、MB8给出的系统比净功最大，分别为5.96kJ/kg、5.82kJ/kg，相应的最优蒸发温度分别为71.2oC、71oC。
There are abundant geothermal resources in China, most of which are low-temperature (<100°C) water-dominated heat source. Because of the low-gradecharacteristics and the lack of economic with conventional power generationtechnologies, these sources are mainly used for direct heating. However, the heatdemand near the heat source is usually less than the source can provide. A lot ofresources are not developed. In recent years, the governments put out many renewableenergy encouragement policies, which promote the development of the renewableenergy power generation technology. With the improvement of some novellow-temperature power generation technology, such as Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC),Organic Trans-critical Cycle(OTC) and Kalina Cycle etc., the profitable temperaturefor power generation is gradually reduced. So the potential and economic prospects oflow-temperature geothermal power generation become more and more attracting. Ifthe low-temperature geothermal is developed with ORC, OTC or Kalina cycle, thecost of fossil fuel will be saved and the corresponding pollutant will be decreased.
The investigations on power generation systems were conducted to improve theeconomic performances of low-temperature geothermal (80-100oC) power plant. Theeconomic objective function was determined by parameter analysis. The parameteroptimization and performance comparison of ORC, OTC and Kalina cycle wereperformed and the optimal cycle and parameters were put up. Based on the optimizedresults, the experimental apparatus was retrofitted and the performance of theexpander was tested. The experimental performances were studied for parameteroptimization and fluid screening.
The ultimate goal was to decreasing the cost of geothermal power plant. Bycomparing the parameters optimized by the specific net work and the cost, the specificnet work was established as the objective function.
Numerical simulation models of the ORC, OTC and Kalina Cycle weredeveloped based on methodology of pinch point analysis with the specific net work asthe objective function. The theoretical optimization was conducted by varying themany influencing factors. The results were shown as follows: With the specified cooling and heating resource conditions, the main influencing factors on specific network were fluids, parameters and component efficiencies. There existed the optimalparameters that could maximize the specific net work. The optimized working fluidswere MA6and MB8for ORC, MM and MH for OTC, and NH3/H2O (98/2mol%) forKalina. Due to the disadvantages of OTC and Kalina Cycle, such as the highBPR(back to power ratio) value, high pressure, complicated system, and the problemof toxic flammable working fluids, the technical economic aspect of non-azeotropicmixtures ORC was better than OTC and Kalina Cycle.
The scroll expander was derived by retrofitting an automotive air-conditioningscroll compressor. In order to optimizing the performance of the expander, expandingthe temperature range of the heat source and the pressure range of working fluids,improving the indicator of the ORC system, the ORC experimental apparatus wasimproved by changing several devices. The performance of the expander and the ORCsystem were investigated with R245fa on the improved experimental system. Theresults were shown as follows. The rotation speed of the expander, the match of fluidsexpansion ratio and the build-in expansion ratio of expander, the leakage of the fluidsbetween the expansion chambers were main factors which affected the isentropicefficiency of the expander. The variation of isentropic efficiency with expansion ratioand rotation speed were obtained experimentally and optimal rotation speed was800rpm and optimal expand ratio was about2.
There were two unfair factors when the performances of different working fluidswere compared in the same test device.(1)The optimize match of different workingfluids in the same test device was not identical.(2)The efficiencies of the componentsaffected the performance of different ORC systems. The evaluation methods wereinvestigated to rectify the unfair factors of the comparison results. The unfair factorswere analyzed and a novel experimental fair comparative method was put up. Theheat flux differences of heat exchangers and the low net power output due to the overlow efficiencies of working fluid pump were rectified. The experimental performancecomparative investigations were conducted on ORC system with the pure fluids(R245fa, R123, R227ea, R134a) and the mixtures (MA6, MA3, MD1, MC1, MB8).The results of corrected experimental results showed that the specific net power wasgreatly affected by the cooling and heating conditions. There existed the optimalparameters that could maximize the specific net work. The optimal evaporatingtemperature decreased with the decreasing of condensing temperature. When the inlet temperature of the heat source was90°C and the condensing temperature was30°C,MB8and MA3provided the the highest specific net work, which were10.58kJ/kg and10.79kJ/kg respectively. While the optimum evaporation temperature was59.2°C、62°C, respectively. When the condensation temperature was45°C, MC1and MB8exhibited the highest specific net work of5.96kJ/kg and5.82kJ/kg. The optimumevaporating temperature was71.2°C and71°C,respectively.
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