寒冷地区既有建筑节能改造及能耗评估的研究
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摘要
我国既有建筑数量多、能耗高且围护结构的保温隔热性差。如何根据既有建筑物的特点来研究节能改造的优化方案、建立符合我国国情的建筑节能评估体系无疑将对我国的节能工作、环境保护和可持续性发展具有重大的意义。
本文从寒冷地区的既有建筑节能改造入手,进行了一系列深入细致地现场跟踪调研。在此基础上,采用实地检测与计算机能耗模拟相结合的方法,结合西安地区的气候特征、既有建筑的现状以及冬、夏、过渡季节这三个阶段对围护结构不同的性能要求,研究分析了适合西安地区的既有建筑围护结构节能改造的措施。并以2007年西安市建委主持的“西安市既有建筑节能改造示范项目”为例,采用DeST-c软件动态模拟分析了围护结构的不同改造方案及保温层厚度对建筑节能效果的影响,并对最佳经济保温层厚度进行计算,分析了改造方案的经济性和投资回收期,提出了适宜西安地区既有建筑围护结构的节能改造方案。
本文以西安市第二医院住院楼为实例,对改造前、后的围护结构传热系数进行了实地检测,并针对热流计法在非采暖期现场检测围护结构传热系数误差较大的问题,提出了误差修正的方法,使现场检测误差降低到5.5%。
本文应用红外热像仪对改造前、后示范建筑的围护结构热工缺陷进行了检测分析,并根据节能设计标准计算了改造前、后的建筑耗热量指标及采暖耗煤量指标。不仅应用了性能性指标中的比较法对既有建筑节能改造效果进行了评估,而且应用了计算机模拟法(建立DeST-c的模型模拟建筑的全年负荷),综合评估出改造前、后的能耗和节能效果,验证了改造方案的合理性与经济适用性,为进一步开展寒冷地区既有建筑节能改造工作和能耗评估提供了一定的理论依据和工程应用方法。
A large amount of extant buildings in China wasted high energy and poor insulated performance of building envelope. Thus it's of great significance for buildings energy-conservation working, environmental protection and sustainable development that optimization plan of energy-conservation transformation and energy efficiency rating assessment system is studied according to existing building’s character.
Based on extant buildings energy-conservation transformation in cold area and a series of thorough and careful investigation and study, by the methods of on-site tests and the computer simulation, according to climatic character, building energy consumption and different character on winter, summer and transition season, transformation plan about the building envelope suit for Xi’an were summarized and analyzed in the paper. Then, extant building energy-conservation transformation demonstrative project in Xi’an which managed by Xi'an Municipal Construction Committee in 2007 year is as an example and dynamic simulated by DeST-c simulation software, building energy conservation effect influenced by the different transformation plan of the envelope structure and thickness of insulations system is analyzed, and the best thickness of insulations system is calculated, economic efficiency and investment recoupment period of transformation plan is analyzed, at last the best energy conservation transformation plan for extent building envelope structure in Xi’an is bring forward.
Hospital floor of Xi’an second hospital is as a example, heat transfer coefficient of building envelope is measured on site before and after transformation, aimed at the question that in non-heating period it will take large error by heat flow meter method. the modifying error method is raised, and measure error is reduced to 5.5%.
The thermal defects of demonstration building envelope is measured and analyzed before and after transformation, and quantity index of building cost heat and heating cost coal is calculated according to energy-conservation design standards. Not performance index comparing method is used for evaluating extent building energy-conservation transformation effect, but computer simulation is used by setting up DeST-c model and simulating whole year loads of building for synthesis evaluating energy-conservation effect before and after transformation, and rationality and economy-applicability of transformation scheme is proved. The theoretic according and project application method is afforded for developing extant building energy-conservation transformation in cold area and assessment of energy consumption.
本文从寒冷地区的既有建筑节能改造入手,进行了一系列深入细致地现场跟踪调研。在此基础上,采用实地检测与计算机能耗模拟相结合的方法,结合西安地区的气候特征、既有建筑的现状以及冬、夏、过渡季节这三个阶段对围护结构不同的性能要求,研究分析了适合西安地区的既有建筑围护结构节能改造的措施。并以2007年西安市建委主持的“西安市既有建筑节能改造示范项目”为例,采用DeST-c软件动态模拟分析了围护结构的不同改造方案及保温层厚度对建筑节能效果的影响,并对最佳经济保温层厚度进行计算,分析了改造方案的经济性和投资回收期,提出了适宜西安地区既有建筑围护结构的节能改造方案。
本文以西安市第二医院住院楼为实例,对改造前、后的围护结构传热系数进行了实地检测,并针对热流计法在非采暖期现场检测围护结构传热系数误差较大的问题,提出了误差修正的方法,使现场检测误差降低到5.5%。
本文应用红外热像仪对改造前、后示范建筑的围护结构热工缺陷进行了检测分析,并根据节能设计标准计算了改造前、后的建筑耗热量指标及采暖耗煤量指标。不仅应用了性能性指标中的比较法对既有建筑节能改造效果进行了评估,而且应用了计算机模拟法(建立DeST-c的模型模拟建筑的全年负荷),综合评估出改造前、后的能耗和节能效果,验证了改造方案的合理性与经济适用性,为进一步开展寒冷地区既有建筑节能改造工作和能耗评估提供了一定的理论依据和工程应用方法。
A large amount of extant buildings in China wasted high energy and poor insulated performance of building envelope. Thus it's of great significance for buildings energy-conservation working, environmental protection and sustainable development that optimization plan of energy-conservation transformation and energy efficiency rating assessment system is studied according to existing building’s character.
Based on extant buildings energy-conservation transformation in cold area and a series of thorough and careful investigation and study, by the methods of on-site tests and the computer simulation, according to climatic character, building energy consumption and different character on winter, summer and transition season, transformation plan about the building envelope suit for Xi’an were summarized and analyzed in the paper. Then, extant building energy-conservation transformation demonstrative project in Xi’an which managed by Xi'an Municipal Construction Committee in 2007 year is as an example and dynamic simulated by DeST-c simulation software, building energy conservation effect influenced by the different transformation plan of the envelope structure and thickness of insulations system is analyzed, and the best thickness of insulations system is calculated, economic efficiency and investment recoupment period of transformation plan is analyzed, at last the best energy conservation transformation plan for extent building envelope structure in Xi’an is bring forward.
Hospital floor of Xi’an second hospital is as a example, heat transfer coefficient of building envelope is measured on site before and after transformation, aimed at the question that in non-heating period it will take large error by heat flow meter method. the modifying error method is raised, and measure error is reduced to 5.5%.
The thermal defects of demonstration building envelope is measured and analyzed before and after transformation, and quantity index of building cost heat and heating cost coal is calculated according to energy-conservation design standards. Not performance index comparing method is used for evaluating extent building energy-conservation transformation effect, but computer simulation is used by setting up DeST-c model and simulating whole year loads of building for synthesis evaluating energy-conservation effect before and after transformation, and rationality and economy-applicability of transformation scheme is proved. The theoretic according and project application method is afforded for developing extant building energy-conservation transformation in cold area and assessment of energy consumption.
引文
[1] 北京土木建筑学会.建筑节能工程设计手册.北京:经济科学出版社,2005
[2] 涂逢祥.建筑节能 42.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[3] 唐山市建筑节能办公室.中德技术合作“中国既有建筑节能改造”项目成果汇编.中国建筑科学研究院物理研究所,2007
[4] 李德英.建筑节能技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2006
[5] 顾国曾.欧洲三国建筑节能近况.建筑创作,2002(06):64～69
[6] 涂逢祥.英国建筑节能概述.新型建筑材料,1997(12):18～21
[7] 清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展研究报告.2007.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007
[8] 建筑/建设部工程质量安全监督与行业发展司,中国建筑标准设计研究院主编.全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施:节能专篇.北京:中国计划出版社,2007.3
[9] 西安市地图集编纂委员会,西安市地图集.西安地图出版社,1989.10
[10] 徐春霞.建筑节能和环保应用技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2006
[11] 刘念雄、秦佑国.建筑热环境.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[12] 江亿等.住宅节能.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[13] 朱玉梅.西安市新型节能构造体系研究:[学位论文].西安建筑科技大学,2005.3
[14] 清华大学 DeST 开发组.建筑环境系统模拟分析方法——DeST.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[15] 中国建筑科学研究院.采暖居住建筑节能检验标准(JGJ 132-2001).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[16] 方修睦,王杨样,王中华.建筑外围护结构表面热工缺陷红外检测方法研究.施工技术,2006(4):54～56
[17] 中华人民共和国建设部.公共建筑节能设计标准(GB50189-2005).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[18] 张镛,田斌守.用冷箱控温检测墙体传热系数方法的探索.墙体革新与建筑节能,2006(7):43～45
[19] 田斌守.建筑围护结构传热系数现场检测方法研究:[学位论文].西安建筑科技大学,2006.12
[20] 田斌守等.应用热流计法现场检测传热系数.新型建筑材料,2004(8):59～61
[21] 赵亮,刘春平.浅谈建筑节能工程现场热工性能检测.建筑应用,2007(4):51～53
[22] 孙凤明,周书敬.红外检测技术在建筑节能测试中的应用.建筑技术,1997,28(11):783
[23] 杨红,和建宏,喻娅君.红外热像仪及其在建筑节能检测中的应用.保温材料与建筑节能,2003(4):50～51
[24] John Snell , Nondestructive testing building envelopes systems using infrared thermography.INFRAMATION.2002(3):35～36
[25] 北京中建建筑设计院.既有采暖居住建筑节能改造技术规程(JGJ129-2000).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[26] 徐云伟,贾珣,陈滨等.墙体材料选择与最佳经济厚度的优化研究.节能环保,2006.(6):20～23
[27] 无暇.循环经济不是“赔钱经济”.中国经济导报,2007.8.30,B02
[28] 中华人民共和国建设部.建筑外窗保温性能分级及其检测办法(GB/T8484-2002).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[29] Janda, K.B. and Busch, J.F.,Worldwide status of energy standards for buildings,Energy,19(1):27～44, 1994
[30] Program Byggerne ANS, BIEN-A softeware tool for improving training on energy efficiency in buildings,Trondheim,1996
[31] Janda, K.B. and Busch,J.F.,Worldwide status of energy standards for buildings,Energy,19(1):27～44, 1994
[32] Lam,J.C. and Hui, S.C.M., A review of buildings energy standards and implications for Hong Kong, Building Research and Information,24 (3):131～140, 1996
[33] Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone, JGJ 134-2001,Industrial Standard of PRC, China Architecture&Building Press,Beijing
[34] Hong Tianzhen,Zhang Jinqian,Jiang Yi.11SABRE: anintegrated building simulation environment.Building and Environment,1997,32 (3):219～224
[35] M.Taheri, S.Shafie. A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings.Renewable Energy. 1995.6(7):673～678
[36] Ann McNicholl,J.Owen Lewis. Energy efficiency and solar energy in European office buildings: a mid-career education initiative,Energy and Buildings 33(2001):213～217
[2] 涂逢祥.建筑节能 42.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004
[3] 唐山市建筑节能办公室.中德技术合作“中国既有建筑节能改造”项目成果汇编.中国建筑科学研究院物理研究所,2007
[4] 李德英.建筑节能技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2006
[5] 顾国曾.欧洲三国建筑节能近况.建筑创作,2002(06):64～69
[6] 涂逢祥.英国建筑节能概述.新型建筑材料,1997(12):18～21
[7] 清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展研究报告.2007.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2007
[8] 建筑/建设部工程质量安全监督与行业发展司,中国建筑标准设计研究院主编.全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施:节能专篇.北京:中国计划出版社,2007.3
[9] 西安市地图集编纂委员会,西安市地图集.西安地图出版社,1989.10
[10] 徐春霞.建筑节能和环保应用技术.北京:中国电力出版社,2006
[11] 刘念雄、秦佑国.建筑热环境.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[12] 江亿等.住宅节能.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006
[13] 朱玉梅.西安市新型节能构造体系研究:[学位论文].西安建筑科技大学,2005.3
[14] 清华大学 DeST 开发组.建筑环境系统模拟分析方法——DeST.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[15] 中国建筑科学研究院.采暖居住建筑节能检验标准(JGJ 132-2001).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[16] 方修睦,王杨样,王中华.建筑外围护结构表面热工缺陷红外检测方法研究.施工技术,2006(4):54～56
[17] 中华人民共和国建设部.公共建筑节能设计标准(GB50189-2005).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[18] 张镛,田斌守.用冷箱控温检测墙体传热系数方法的探索.墙体革新与建筑节能,2006(7):43～45
[19] 田斌守.建筑围护结构传热系数现场检测方法研究:[学位论文].西安建筑科技大学,2006.12
[20] 田斌守等.应用热流计法现场检测传热系数.新型建筑材料,2004(8):59～61
[21] 赵亮,刘春平.浅谈建筑节能工程现场热工性能检测.建筑应用,2007(4):51～53
[22] 孙凤明,周书敬.红外检测技术在建筑节能测试中的应用.建筑技术,1997,28(11):783
[23] 杨红,和建宏,喻娅君.红外热像仪及其在建筑节能检测中的应用.保温材料与建筑节能,2003(4):50～51
[24] John Snell , Nondestructive testing building envelopes systems using infrared thermography.INFRAMATION.2002(3):35～36
[25] 北京中建建筑设计院.既有采暖居住建筑节能改造技术规程(JGJ129-2000).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[26] 徐云伟,贾珣,陈滨等.墙体材料选择与最佳经济厚度的优化研究.节能环保,2006.(6):20～23
[27] 无暇.循环经济不是“赔钱经济”.中国经济导报,2007.8.30,B02
[28] 中华人民共和国建设部.建筑外窗保温性能分级及其检测办法(GB/T8484-2002).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[29] Janda, K.B. and Busch, J.F.,Worldwide status of energy standards for buildings,Energy,19(1):27～44, 1994
[30] Program Byggerne ANS, BIEN-A softeware tool for improving training on energy efficiency in buildings,Trondheim,1996
[31] Janda, K.B. and Busch,J.F.,Worldwide status of energy standards for buildings,Energy,19(1):27～44, 1994
[32] Lam,J.C. and Hui, S.C.M., A review of buildings energy standards and implications for Hong Kong, Building Research and Information,24 (3):131～140, 1996
[33] Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone, JGJ 134-2001,Industrial Standard of PRC, China Architecture&Building Press,Beijing
[34] Hong Tianzhen,Zhang Jinqian,Jiang Yi.11SABRE: anintegrated building simulation environment.Building and Environment,1997,32 (3):219～224
[35] M.Taheri, S.Shafie. A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings.Renewable Energy. 1995.6(7):673～678
[36] Ann McNicholl,J.Owen Lewis. Energy efficiency and solar energy in European office buildings: a mid-career education initiative,Energy and Buildings 33(2001):213～217