化工过程综合中的环境影响量化评价研究
|
摘要
本文在综述目前各种环境影响量化评价方法研究成果的基础上，对姚克俭等提出的绿色指数法做了改进。
该法从过程系统设计的基本原理出发，将过程系统对环境的影响分成两部分考虑，一部分是工艺流程系统，另一部分是能量产生系统。对于工艺流程系统，将其对环境的影响分为温室效应、臭氧层破坏、酸雨效应、富营养化、光化学氧化、水生生态毒性、陆生生态毒性和人体毒性这八种环境影响类型考虑，对每一种环境影响类型进行了当量评分。对于能量产生系统，以煤燃烧为例，对燃烧后的主要污染物进行了详细地分析和计算，并利用工艺流程系统中的当量评分来计算环境的影响。最后，用关联表达式将这两个部分进行关联，得出一个总的评分。
以安徽丰原生化有限公司的燃料酒精精馏系统作为工程实例，通过AspenPlus软件对两塔流程进行了模拟，用绿色指数法和EPS方法进行环境影响分析后，发现两塔流程的能耗较大，对环境的影响也较大。改用双效精馏流程后，能够明显地减少对环境的影响。实例结果表明，绿色指数法能够很好地指导化工分离系统的优化。
In this paper, current research achievements of quantitative environmental impact
assessment are overviewed. On the basis of the research, a quantitative method-
Chemical Green Index which was proposed by Prof. Yao Ke-jian is improved.
Starting from the basic principle of process system design, the system can be divided into two parts: one is chemical process system; the other is energy generation system. The environmental impact of the chemical process system is classified eight categories: global warming potential, ozone layer depletion potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation or smog formation potential, eutrophication, aquatic ecotoxiciry, terrestrial ecotoxiciry and human toxiciry, every of which is evaluated equivalently. As to the energy generation system, taking coal combustion as an example, after combustion the main pollutants are analyzed in details, and then the environment impact is evaluated with the equivalent evaluation in the chemical process system. Finally, a total estimation is obtained after using the correlation related the two parts.
Taking an ethanol refinery system of Anhui Fengyuan Biochemistry Co., Ltd. as an engineering instance, the Two Towers flow is simulated with the software -Aspen Plus of Aspen Technology. After analyzing the environmental impact with Chemical Green Index and EPS method, the result indicates that the energy consumed in the two towers is large fairly and the effects to the environment are large too. However after replacing by the double-effect refinery process, the environment impact is decreased evidently. The above instance indicates that Chemical Green Index is a good guidance
to optimize the chemical separation system.
该法从过程系统设计的基本原理出发，将过程系统对环境的影响分成两部分考虑，一部分是工艺流程系统，另一部分是能量产生系统。对于工艺流程系统，将其对环境的影响分为温室效应、臭氧层破坏、酸雨效应、富营养化、光化学氧化、水生生态毒性、陆生生态毒性和人体毒性这八种环境影响类型考虑，对每一种环境影响类型进行了当量评分。对于能量产生系统，以煤燃烧为例，对燃烧后的主要污染物进行了详细地分析和计算，并利用工艺流程系统中的当量评分来计算环境的影响。最后，用关联表达式将这两个部分进行关联，得出一个总的评分。
以安徽丰原生化有限公司的燃料酒精精馏系统作为工程实例，通过AspenPlus软件对两塔流程进行了模拟，用绿色指数法和EPS方法进行环境影响分析后，发现两塔流程的能耗较大，对环境的影响也较大。改用双效精馏流程后，能够明显地减少对环境的影响。实例结果表明，绿色指数法能够很好地指导化工分离系统的优化。
In this paper, current research achievements of quantitative environmental impact
assessment are overviewed. On the basis of the research, a quantitative method-
Chemical Green Index which was proposed by Prof. Yao Ke-jian is improved.
Starting from the basic principle of process system design, the system can be divided into two parts: one is chemical process system; the other is energy generation system. The environmental impact of the chemical process system is classified eight categories: global warming potential, ozone layer depletion potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation or smog formation potential, eutrophication, aquatic ecotoxiciry, terrestrial ecotoxiciry and human toxiciry, every of which is evaluated equivalently. As to the energy generation system, taking coal combustion as an example, after combustion the main pollutants are analyzed in details, and then the environment impact is evaluated with the equivalent evaluation in the chemical process system. Finally, a total estimation is obtained after using the correlation related the two parts.
Taking an ethanol refinery system of Anhui Fengyuan Biochemistry Co., Ltd. as an engineering instance, the Two Towers flow is simulated with the software -Aspen Plus of Aspen Technology. After analyzing the environmental impact with Chemical Green Index and EPS method, the result indicates that the energy consumed in the two towers is large fairly and the effects to the environment are large too. However after replacing by the double-effect refinery process, the environment impact is decreased evidently. The above instance indicates that Chemical Green Index is a good guidance
to optimize the chemical separation system.
引文
[1] 金涌，汪展文，王金福，向兰，王垚．化学工程迈入21世纪．化工进展，2000(1)：5-10．
[2] Rant Z. Forschung Ing. ,Wenses., 1956,22(1):36-37.
[3] Rivero R, The exergoecologic improvement potential of industrial processes. In:proceeding of TAIES'97, Beijing, 1997, 299-304.
[4] 王彦峰，冯霄．综合考虑资源利用与环境影响的(火用)分析法应用．中国科学(B辑)，2001，31(1)：89—96．
[5] 王加璇，王清照．热力学与生态系统的研究——解生态系统(火用)值的一个新思路．现代电力，1996，13(2)：35—38．
[6] 王清照，程伟良，王加璇．(火用)在生态建模中的应用．现代电力，1997，14(1)：20—25．
[7] 王加璇，王清照，程伟良．网络模式热经济学引论．．热力学分析与节能论文集．科学出版社，1997，2—8．
[8] R.Heijungs et al, Environmental life cycle assessment of product guide, October 1992, Leiden, The Netherlands, NOH report 9266.
[9] World Institute, World Resources 1990-1991. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford.
[10] Houghton, Callender & Varney, Climate Change 1992, The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992.
[11] Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 1991, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No.25, 1991.
[12] Protocol to the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution concerning the control of emissions of volatile organic compounds or their transboundary fluxes,United Nations-Economic Conuuission for Europe (UNECE), Geneva, Switzerland,1991.
[13] Vermeire, T.G et al, Proposal for the human-toxicological basis of test values,RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1991.
[14] Slooff, W., Maximum tolerable concentrations, ecotoxological effect assessment, RIVM No. 719102018, BilthoVen, The Netherlands.
[15] Davis GA, Kincaid L, Swanson M, et al. Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, University of Tennessee, 1994a, EPA Document: EPA/600/R-94/177．
[16] Davis GA, Kincaid L, Swanson M, et al. Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, University of Tennessee, 1994b, EPA Document: EPA/600/R-94/178．
[17] http://www.pre.nl/.
[18] Hilaly A. K., Sikdar S. K. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1994,44:1303-1308．
[19] Heriberto Cabezas, Jane C. Bare, Subir K. Mallick. Designing sustainable process with simulation: the waste reduction (WAR)algorithm. Comp. Chem. Eng, 1999,23:623-634．
[20] Heriberto Cabezas, Jane C. Bare, Subir K. Mallick. Pollution prevention with chemical process simulators: the generalized waste reduction(WAR) algorithm. Comp. Chem. Eng, 1997, 21(Suppl.), s305-s310．
[21] Mallick S. K.; Cabezas H.; Bare J. C.; Sikdar S. K.; A Pollution Reduction Methodology for Chemical Process Simulators. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; 1996:35,4128．
[22] Heijungs R., Guinee J. B., Huppes G., et al. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Product Guide. Leiden: Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden, 1992．
[23] 沈绍传，姚克俭．绿色化学与绿色分离工程，林产化学与工业，2001， 21(3) ：83． 86．
[24] 沈绍传．绿色分离工程的研究及应用．杭州：浙江工业大学，2002．
[25] Lethwaite D., And Nico T. de Gude, European perspective. See: Curran M.A., 1996, Environmental life cycle assessment, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Chapter 9．
[26] BUWAL, 1991, Okobilanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990, Schrifentreihe Umwelt Nr.132． Swiss Federal Agency for Environment, Forest and Landscape, Bern, Switerland.
[27] Giegrich J. and Schmitz S., 1996. Valuation as a step in impact assessment:Methods and Case Study. See: Curran M. A., Environmental Life Cycle assessment.McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., Chapter9.
[28] Steen B., and Ryding S. O., 1992. The EPS Enviro-Accounting Method, Report of the IVL-Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gotehory, Sweden.
[29] Elliott, A. D., Sowerby, B., Crittenden, B. D.[J].Comp. Chem. Eng, 1996, 20:s1377～s1382.
[30] Rudd D F., AICHE J, 1968, 4(2):343.
[31] Douglas J M, Industry Engineering Chemical Reasearch, 1992, 31 (1):238-243.
[32] Flower J R, Bikos S C, Johnson S W, Trans of ICHE Part B 1993, 71:194-201.
[33] Fonyo D E, Rippin W T, Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, 18 (Suppll):5591-5595.
[34] Wang Y P, Smith R, Wastewater Minimization, Chem. Eng. Sci, 1994, 49(7):981-1006.
[35] El-Halwagi M M, V.Manousiouthakis, Synthesis of Mass Exchange Networks,AIChE Jour, 1989, 35(8):1223-1250.
[36] Rossiter A P, Spriggs H D, Apply Process Integration to Waste Minimization,Chem. Eng. Prog, 1993, 89(1):30-36.
[37] 姚克俭，张颂红等．夹点技术在精馏系统优化中的应用，石油化工，2000，29(4)：275-278．
[38] 张颂红．夹点技术在精馏系统优化中的研究和应用，杭州：浙江工业大学，2000．
[39] M.A.Duran, I.E.Grossmann, Chem. Eng, 1986, Vol.32, No.1.
[40] Rossiter A P, Spriggs H D, Klee H. Chem. Eng. Progress, 1993, 89(1):30-36.
[41] Sigh H, Smith R, zhu X X, Comp. Chem. Eng, 1998, 22:s917-920.
[42] Dantus M M, High K A, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1996, 35:4566-4578.
[43] 彭文平，沈绍传，张颂红，姚克俭．绿色指数法——一种环境影响量化评价新方法．化工进展，2003，22(3)：250-254．
[44] 陈文敏，张自劭，陈怀珍，动力配煤，北京：煤炭工业出版社，1999．
[45] 周克元，蒋益民等主编．实用环境保护数据手册，武汉：湖北人民出版社，1999．
[46] 国家环保局科学技术标准司，工业污染物产生和排放系数手册，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1996．
[47] 杨金田，王金南．中国排污收费制度改革与设计，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1998．
[48] Lindfors L G, Christiansen K, Hoffmann L, et al. Nordic Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment. [M]. Copenhagen; Nordic Council of Ministers, 1995.[48] Lindfors L G, Christiansen K, Hoffmann L, et al. Nordic Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment. [M]. Copenhagen; Nordic Council of Ministers, 1995.
[49] 王寿兵，王如松，吴千红．生命周期评价中资源耗竭潜力及当量系数的一种算法．复旦学报(自然科学版)，2001，40(5)：553-557．
[50] Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg & K.Maskell (eds), 1995: Climate change 1995. The science of climate change contribution of WGI to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[51] Jenkin, M.E. & G.D. Hayman: Photochemical ozone creation potentials for oxygenated volatile organic compounds: sensitivity to variations in kinetic and mechanistic parameters. Atmospheric Environment 33:1775-1293.
[52] Andersson-Sk(?)ld, Y., P. Grennfelt & K. Pleijel, 1992: Photochemical ozone creation potentials: a study of different concepts. J. air Waste Manage. Assoc. 42(9), p1152-1158.
[53] Lindfors L. G., Christiansen K. and Hoffmann L, et al., Nordic Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment. 1995, Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
[54] Huijbregts, M., 1999b: Life cycle impact assessment of acidifying and eutrophying air pollutants. Calculation of equivalency factors with RAINS-LCA.Interfaculty Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Science,University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Forthcoming.
[55] Hauschild M. Z. and Wenzel H., 1998. Environmental Assessment of Products:Volume 2: Scientific Background. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
[56] Solomon S. and Albritton D. L., Time Dependent Ozone Depletion Potentials for Short and Long-term Forecasts. Nature, 1992, vo1357:33～37.
[57] Solomon S. and Wuebbles D., Scientific Assessment Ozone Depletion, World Meteorological Organization, 1994, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No.37． Geneva:WMO.
[58] Priority assessment of toxic substances in LCA. Development and application of the multi-media fate, exposure and effect model USES-LCA. IVAM environmental research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
[59] 胡名操编．环境保护实用数据手册，机械工业出版社，1990．
[2] Rant Z. Forschung Ing. ,Wenses., 1956,22(1):36-37.
[3] Rivero R, The exergoecologic improvement potential of industrial processes. In:proceeding of TAIES'97, Beijing, 1997, 299-304.
[4] 王彦峰，冯霄．综合考虑资源利用与环境影响的(火用)分析法应用．中国科学(B辑)，2001，31(1)：89—96．
[5] 王加璇，王清照．热力学与生态系统的研究——解生态系统(火用)值的一个新思路．现代电力，1996，13(2)：35—38．
[6] 王清照，程伟良，王加璇．(火用)在生态建模中的应用．现代电力，1997，14(1)：20—25．
[7] 王加璇，王清照，程伟良．网络模式热经济学引论．．热力学分析与节能论文集．科学出版社，1997，2—8．
[8] R.Heijungs et al, Environmental life cycle assessment of product guide, October 1992, Leiden, The Netherlands, NOH report 9266.
[9] World Institute, World Resources 1990-1991. Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford.
[10] Houghton, Callender & Varney, Climate Change 1992, The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992.
[11] Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 1991, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No.25, 1991.
[12] Protocol to the convention on long-range transboundary air pollution concerning the control of emissions of volatile organic compounds or their transboundary fluxes,United Nations-Economic Conuuission for Europe (UNECE), Geneva, Switzerland,1991.
[13] Vermeire, T.G et al, Proposal for the human-toxicological basis of test values,RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1991.
[14] Slooff, W., Maximum tolerable concentrations, ecotoxological effect assessment, RIVM No. 719102018, BilthoVen, The Netherlands.
[15] Davis GA, Kincaid L, Swanson M, et al. Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, University of Tennessee, 1994a, EPA Document: EPA/600/R-94/177．
[16] Davis GA, Kincaid L, Swanson M, et al. Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, University of Tennessee, 1994b, EPA Document: EPA/600/R-94/178．
[17] http://www.pre.nl/.
[18] Hilaly A. K., Sikdar S. K. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1994,44:1303-1308．
[19] Heriberto Cabezas, Jane C. Bare, Subir K. Mallick. Designing sustainable process with simulation: the waste reduction (WAR)algorithm. Comp. Chem. Eng, 1999,23:623-634．
[20] Heriberto Cabezas, Jane C. Bare, Subir K. Mallick. Pollution prevention with chemical process simulators: the generalized waste reduction(WAR) algorithm. Comp. Chem. Eng, 1997, 21(Suppl.), s305-s310．
[21] Mallick S. K.; Cabezas H.; Bare J. C.; Sikdar S. K.; A Pollution Reduction Methodology for Chemical Process Simulators. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.; 1996:35,4128．
[22] Heijungs R., Guinee J. B., Huppes G., et al. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Product Guide. Leiden: Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden, 1992．
[23] 沈绍传，姚克俭．绿色化学与绿色分离工程，林产化学与工业，2001， 21(3) ：83． 86．
[24] 沈绍传．绿色分离工程的研究及应用．杭州：浙江工业大学，2002．
[25] Lethwaite D., And Nico T. de Gude, European perspective. See: Curran M.A., 1996, Environmental life cycle assessment, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Chapter 9．
[26] BUWAL, 1991, Okobilanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990, Schrifentreihe Umwelt Nr.132． Swiss Federal Agency for Environment, Forest and Landscape, Bern, Switerland.
[27] Giegrich J. and Schmitz S., 1996. Valuation as a step in impact assessment:Methods and Case Study. See: Curran M. A., Environmental Life Cycle assessment.McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., Chapter9.
[28] Steen B., and Ryding S. O., 1992. The EPS Enviro-Accounting Method, Report of the IVL-Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gotehory, Sweden.
[29] Elliott, A. D., Sowerby, B., Crittenden, B. D.[J].Comp. Chem. Eng, 1996, 20:s1377～s1382.
[30] Rudd D F., AICHE J, 1968, 4(2):343.
[31] Douglas J M, Industry Engineering Chemical Reasearch, 1992, 31 (1):238-243.
[32] Flower J R, Bikos S C, Johnson S W, Trans of ICHE Part B 1993, 71:194-201.
[33] Fonyo D E, Rippin W T, Chemical Engineering Science, 1994, 18 (Suppll):5591-5595.
[34] Wang Y P, Smith R, Wastewater Minimization, Chem. Eng. Sci, 1994, 49(7):981-1006.
[35] El-Halwagi M M, V.Manousiouthakis, Synthesis of Mass Exchange Networks,AIChE Jour, 1989, 35(8):1223-1250.
[36] Rossiter A P, Spriggs H D, Apply Process Integration to Waste Minimization,Chem. Eng. Prog, 1993, 89(1):30-36.
[37] 姚克俭，张颂红等．夹点技术在精馏系统优化中的应用，石油化工，2000，29(4)：275-278．
[38] 张颂红．夹点技术在精馏系统优化中的研究和应用，杭州：浙江工业大学，2000．
[39] M.A.Duran, I.E.Grossmann, Chem. Eng, 1986, Vol.32, No.1.
[40] Rossiter A P, Spriggs H D, Klee H. Chem. Eng. Progress, 1993, 89(1):30-36.
[41] Sigh H, Smith R, zhu X X, Comp. Chem. Eng, 1998, 22:s917-920.
[42] Dantus M M, High K A, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 1996, 35:4566-4578.
[43] 彭文平，沈绍传，张颂红，姚克俭．绿色指数法——一种环境影响量化评价新方法．化工进展，2003，22(3)：250-254．
[44] 陈文敏，张自劭，陈怀珍，动力配煤，北京：煤炭工业出版社，1999．
[45] 周克元，蒋益民等主编．实用环境保护数据手册，武汉：湖北人民出版社，1999．
[46] 国家环保局科学技术标准司，工业污染物产生和排放系数手册，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1996．
[47] 杨金田，王金南．中国排污收费制度改革与设计，北京：中国环境科学出版社，1998．
[48] Lindfors L G, Christiansen K, Hoffmann L, et al. Nordic Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment. [M]. Copenhagen; Nordic Council of Ministers, 1995.[48] Lindfors L G, Christiansen K, Hoffmann L, et al. Nordic Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment. [M]. Copenhagen; Nordic Council of Ministers, 1995.
[49] 王寿兵，王如松，吴千红．生命周期评价中资源耗竭潜力及当量系数的一种算法．复旦学报(自然科学版)，2001，40(5)：553-557．
[50] Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg & K.Maskell (eds), 1995: Climate change 1995. The science of climate change contribution of WGI to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[51] Jenkin, M.E. & G.D. Hayman: Photochemical ozone creation potentials for oxygenated volatile organic compounds: sensitivity to variations in kinetic and mechanistic parameters. Atmospheric Environment 33:1775-1293.
[52] Andersson-Sk(?)ld, Y., P. Grennfelt & K. Pleijel, 1992: Photochemical ozone creation potentials: a study of different concepts. J. air Waste Manage. Assoc. 42(9), p1152-1158.
[53] Lindfors L. G., Christiansen K. and Hoffmann L, et al., Nordic Guidelines on Life Cycle Assessment. 1995, Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
[54] Huijbregts, M., 1999b: Life cycle impact assessment of acidifying and eutrophying air pollutants. Calculation of equivalency factors with RAINS-LCA.Interfaculty Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Science,University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Forthcoming.
[55] Hauschild M. Z. and Wenzel H., 1998. Environmental Assessment of Products:Volume 2: Scientific Background. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
[56] Solomon S. and Albritton D. L., Time Dependent Ozone Depletion Potentials for Short and Long-term Forecasts. Nature, 1992, vo1357:33～37.
[57] Solomon S. and Wuebbles D., Scientific Assessment Ozone Depletion, World Meteorological Organization, 1994, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No.37． Geneva:WMO.
[58] Priority assessment of toxic substances in LCA. Development and application of the multi-media fate, exposure and effect model USES-LCA. IVAM environmental research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
[59] 胡名操编．环境保护实用数据手册，机械工业出版社，1990．