高功率端面泵浦基模固体激光器及光纤相位共轭镜改善光束质量研究
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摘要
本论文的主要内容分为两个部分：高功率端面泵浦基模固体激光器和大口径锥度光纤相位共轭镜及其在高重频大能量MOPA激光系统中的应用。
端面泵浦结构中,泵浦光采用会聚方式进入晶体,因此在晶体中形成了严重的热透镜效应。本文第二章采用解析方法对晶体内部的温度场进行求解,并通过计算光程差分布得到晶体热透镜焦距。分析了热透镜效应对基模输出功率的限制以及键合晶体在缓解晶体热效应方面所具有的优势。并通过实测热透镜焦距引出了晶体热透镜光焦度的非线性变化效应。
泵浦耦合系统是端面泵浦方式中不可或缺的一部分,对泵浦光最后在晶体内的束腰位置以及光斑半径大小具有重要影响,我们通过数值方法计算了泵浦耦合系统中各个参量对其最终的成像位置以及光斑半径的影响,对我们的实验工作具有重要指导意义。
能量传递上转换(ETU)效应作为一种光谱损耗机制,对强泵浦条件下的激光晶体具有重要影响。本文第三章对不考虑ETU效应和考虑ETU效应的端面泵浦固体激光器的速率方程理论进行了对比分析,指出ETU效应能够导致晶体上能级寿命的缩短、上能级反转粒子数的减少、激光器阈值的提升以及热转换系数的增大。将ETU效应与激光晶体内基模光斑半径随泵浦功率的变化关系综合考虑,解释了由ETU效应导致的激光晶体热透镜光焦度的非线性变化效应。最后指出通过选用大泵浦光斑和低掺杂的晶体可以有效地缓解ETU效应,获得更好的激光器输出性能。
谐振腔作为将泵浦源和激光增益介质联系在一起的纽带,对基模输出功率和效率具有重要的影响。因此,本文第四章的第一部分在对热透镜腔和动态稳定腔的基本理论进行阐述后,结合实验工作,着重对平平非对称腔两臂长的作用、腔镜曲率的作用以及腔内补偿透镜的作用进行了分析。在第二部分中,重点阐述了球差效应的形成过程、度量方法及其对谐振腔输出激光光束质量的影响、对谐振腔本征模的影响、对最大泵浦功率的限制、对频率简并的影响等,并对球差效应的补偿和规避方法进行了归纳。第三部分中,我们在分析球差效应对谐振腔稳定区影响后,发现虽然它对对称平平腔仅影响稳定区的后沿,但是对非对称平平腔,则主要影响其稳定区Ⅰ的前沿,这样就会造成不同阶次横模稳定区的分离,所以我们提出了一种基于“热透镜球差效应+非对称平平谐振腔”致使不同横模稳定区分离的横模选择机制,这也是我们在实验中使用端面泵浦固体激光器获得高功率基模激光输出的理论前提。
基于以上的理论分析,在实验上制备了：①、基于双端泵浦Nd:GdVO4晶体的36 W基模固体激光器；②、基于双端泵浦尺寸为3×3×(2+11+2)mm3的Nd:YVO4复合晶体的30W量级基模固体激光器,另外结合声光调Q技术可以使其稳定工作在200 kHz重复频率下；③、基于双端泵浦尺寸为3×3×(2+16+2)mm3的Nd：YV04复合晶体的50W量级基模固体激光器,结合声光调Q技术可以使其稳定工作在600 kHz重复频率下。
优质基频光源的获得,为我们开展非线性光学频率变换方面的工作提供了坚实的基础。作为应用,我们对基于周期性畴极化反转掺镁铌酸锂(PPMgOLN)晶体的中红外光学参量振荡器进行了初步实验,在2.7μm和3.8μm波段均获得了大于3W的激光输出,在4.3μm波段也获得了小功率输出。
基于受激布里渊散射(SBS)的相位共轭镜具有实时补偿激光放大器热畸变的功效。我们研制了一种可在高重复频率(1000 Hz)、大脉冲能量(40 mJ)条件下稳定工作的大口径锥度光纤相位共轭镜,并能达到最高70%的SBS反射率。实验研究了光纤端面质量以及泵浦脉冲宽度对相位共轭镜反射率的影响。对熔石英棒布里渊放大器从功率、时间、空间三个方面进行了系统实验研究,观察到了布里渊放大器中的增益导引和脉冲展宽两种新现象,并对其进行了解释。完成了一套带有大口径锥度光纤相位共轭镜的高重频、大能量MOPA激光系统。为了进一步扩展相位共轭镜的动态范围和可承受负载能力,设计了一种基于分离双池结构的全固态相位共轭镜系统,解决了以往没有解决的多束激光实现有效光学隔离的问题,并完成验证性实验。
This dissertation is composed of two parts:high power end-pumped TEMoo mode solid state lasers and large aperture tapered fiber conjugator and its application in high repetition rate, large energy MOPA laser system.
In end-pumping configuration, serious thermal lens effect will be formed because of the pump light's convergent incidence. In Chapter 2, we solve the crystal's temperature field distribution using analytical method and obtain the crystal thermal lens focal length by calculating the OPD. The restriction of thermal lens on TEMoo mode output power and the advantage of composite crystal on alleviating the thermal effect are analyzed. The nonlinear change effect of thermal lens optric power is introduced.
Pumping coupling system, which has important influence on the pump radius and waist position in crystal, is an indispensable part in end-pumping configuration. Therefore, we calculate the influence of the pumping coupling system's every parameter on the pump radius and waist position. It is meaningful for experiments.
Energy transfer up-conversion (ETU) effect is a kind of spectral loss mechanism, which has important influence for strong pumped crystal. In Chapter 3, we make a comparative analysis on rate equation theory with and without considering the ETU effect and point out that ETU effect will result in upper state life's shortening, population number's reduction, laser threshold's advance and thermal conversion coefficient's increase. With both on ETU effect and the fact that TEM00 mode radius in crystal will change with the pump power's change considered, the nonlinear thermal lens effect is explained. For better laser performance and relaxing the ETU effect, laege pump radius and low doped crystal are preferred.
As the link of pump source and gain medium, resonator has important influence on the TEM00 mode output power and efficiency. The first part of Chapter 4 describes the basic principle of thermal-lens resonator and dynamically stale resonator. Considering the experiment, we mainly analyze the functions of plane plane asymmetrical resonator's two arms, cavity-mirror's curvature and in-cavity compensation lens. The second part is focused on the forming and measuring of spherical aberration (SA) and its influence on the beam quality, eigenmode, maximum pump power and frequency degeneracy effect. Methods of SA's compensation and avoidance are summarized. By analyzing the influence of SA on resonator, we find that it will broaden the stable zone's back-edge of the plane-plane symmetrical resonator but separate different transverse mode's stable zone I for plane-plane asymmetrical resonator. Therefore, a new transverse mode differential mechanism based on "SA+ plane-plane asymmetrical resonator" is brought forward, which is also the theoretical precondition for our experiments.
In experiments, we realized:①a 36 W double-end-pumped Nd:GdVO4 TEM00 mode laser;②a 30 W-class double-end-pumped composite Nd:YVO4 TEM00 mode laser, which could be modulated up to 200 kHz with AO Q-switch③a 50 W-class double-end-pumped composite Nd:YVO4 TEMoo mode laser oscillator, which could be modulated up to 600 kHz with AO Q-switch.
As an application, we make a PPMgOLN based OPO pumped by abovementioned high quality pump source and obtained more than 3 W output power both at 2.7μm and 3.8μm band, and small power output at 4.3μm band.
SBS based phase conjugator has the ability of compensating the aberration of laser amplifiers in real-time. We achieved a maximum 70% SBS reflectivity with a large aperture tapered fiber with high repetition rate (1000 Hz) and large energy (40 mJ). The influences of fiber end surface quality and pump pulse width on the SBS reflectivity are experimentally investigated. Fused silica rod Brillouin amplifier is also experimentally investigated and two new phenomena, gain guiding and pulse width broadening, are observed and explained. A high repetition rate, large energy MOPA laser system is prepared with the large aperture tapered fiber conjugator included in. Separated two cell structure based phase conjugator system is designed for further expanding its dynamic range and load-endured ability and verification experiment has been also completed.
端面泵浦结构中,泵浦光采用会聚方式进入晶体,因此在晶体中形成了严重的热透镜效应。本文第二章采用解析方法对晶体内部的温度场进行求解,并通过计算光程差分布得到晶体热透镜焦距。分析了热透镜效应对基模输出功率的限制以及键合晶体在缓解晶体热效应方面所具有的优势。并通过实测热透镜焦距引出了晶体热透镜光焦度的非线性变化效应。
泵浦耦合系统是端面泵浦方式中不可或缺的一部分,对泵浦光最后在晶体内的束腰位置以及光斑半径大小具有重要影响,我们通过数值方法计算了泵浦耦合系统中各个参量对其最终的成像位置以及光斑半径的影响,对我们的实验工作具有重要指导意义。
能量传递上转换(ETU)效应作为一种光谱损耗机制,对强泵浦条件下的激光晶体具有重要影响。本文第三章对不考虑ETU效应和考虑ETU效应的端面泵浦固体激光器的速率方程理论进行了对比分析,指出ETU效应能够导致晶体上能级寿命的缩短、上能级反转粒子数的减少、激光器阈值的提升以及热转换系数的增大。将ETU效应与激光晶体内基模光斑半径随泵浦功率的变化关系综合考虑,解释了由ETU效应导致的激光晶体热透镜光焦度的非线性变化效应。最后指出通过选用大泵浦光斑和低掺杂的晶体可以有效地缓解ETU效应,获得更好的激光器输出性能。
谐振腔作为将泵浦源和激光增益介质联系在一起的纽带,对基模输出功率和效率具有重要的影响。因此,本文第四章的第一部分在对热透镜腔和动态稳定腔的基本理论进行阐述后,结合实验工作,着重对平平非对称腔两臂长的作用、腔镜曲率的作用以及腔内补偿透镜的作用进行了分析。在第二部分中,重点阐述了球差效应的形成过程、度量方法及其对谐振腔输出激光光束质量的影响、对谐振腔本征模的影响、对最大泵浦功率的限制、对频率简并的影响等,并对球差效应的补偿和规避方法进行了归纳。第三部分中,我们在分析球差效应对谐振腔稳定区影响后,发现虽然它对对称平平腔仅影响稳定区的后沿,但是对非对称平平腔,则主要影响其稳定区Ⅰ的前沿,这样就会造成不同阶次横模稳定区的分离,所以我们提出了一种基于“热透镜球差效应+非对称平平谐振腔”致使不同横模稳定区分离的横模选择机制,这也是我们在实验中使用端面泵浦固体激光器获得高功率基模激光输出的理论前提。
基于以上的理论分析,在实验上制备了：①、基于双端泵浦Nd:GdVO4晶体的36 W基模固体激光器；②、基于双端泵浦尺寸为3×3×(2+11+2)mm3的Nd:YVO4复合晶体的30W量级基模固体激光器,另外结合声光调Q技术可以使其稳定工作在200 kHz重复频率下；③、基于双端泵浦尺寸为3×3×(2+16+2)mm3的Nd：YV04复合晶体的50W量级基模固体激光器,结合声光调Q技术可以使其稳定工作在600 kHz重复频率下。
优质基频光源的获得,为我们开展非线性光学频率变换方面的工作提供了坚实的基础。作为应用,我们对基于周期性畴极化反转掺镁铌酸锂(PPMgOLN)晶体的中红外光学参量振荡器进行了初步实验,在2.7μm和3.8μm波段均获得了大于3W的激光输出,在4.3μm波段也获得了小功率输出。
基于受激布里渊散射(SBS)的相位共轭镜具有实时补偿激光放大器热畸变的功效。我们研制了一种可在高重复频率(1000 Hz)、大脉冲能量(40 mJ)条件下稳定工作的大口径锥度光纤相位共轭镜,并能达到最高70%的SBS反射率。实验研究了光纤端面质量以及泵浦脉冲宽度对相位共轭镜反射率的影响。对熔石英棒布里渊放大器从功率、时间、空间三个方面进行了系统实验研究,观察到了布里渊放大器中的增益导引和脉冲展宽两种新现象,并对其进行了解释。完成了一套带有大口径锥度光纤相位共轭镜的高重频、大能量MOPA激光系统。为了进一步扩展相位共轭镜的动态范围和可承受负载能力,设计了一种基于分离双池结构的全固态相位共轭镜系统,解决了以往没有解决的多束激光实现有效光学隔离的问题,并完成验证性实验。
This dissertation is composed of two parts:high power end-pumped TEMoo mode solid state lasers and large aperture tapered fiber conjugator and its application in high repetition rate, large energy MOPA laser system.
In end-pumping configuration, serious thermal lens effect will be formed because of the pump light's convergent incidence. In Chapter 2, we solve the crystal's temperature field distribution using analytical method and obtain the crystal thermal lens focal length by calculating the OPD. The restriction of thermal lens on TEMoo mode output power and the advantage of composite crystal on alleviating the thermal effect are analyzed. The nonlinear change effect of thermal lens optric power is introduced.
Pumping coupling system, which has important influence on the pump radius and waist position in crystal, is an indispensable part in end-pumping configuration. Therefore, we calculate the influence of the pumping coupling system's every parameter on the pump radius and waist position. It is meaningful for experiments.
Energy transfer up-conversion (ETU) effect is a kind of spectral loss mechanism, which has important influence for strong pumped crystal. In Chapter 3, we make a comparative analysis on rate equation theory with and without considering the ETU effect and point out that ETU effect will result in upper state life's shortening, population number's reduction, laser threshold's advance and thermal conversion coefficient's increase. With both on ETU effect and the fact that TEM00 mode radius in crystal will change with the pump power's change considered, the nonlinear thermal lens effect is explained. For better laser performance and relaxing the ETU effect, laege pump radius and low doped crystal are preferred.
As the link of pump source and gain medium, resonator has important influence on the TEM00 mode output power and efficiency. The first part of Chapter 4 describes the basic principle of thermal-lens resonator and dynamically stale resonator. Considering the experiment, we mainly analyze the functions of plane plane asymmetrical resonator's two arms, cavity-mirror's curvature and in-cavity compensation lens. The second part is focused on the forming and measuring of spherical aberration (SA) and its influence on the beam quality, eigenmode, maximum pump power and frequency degeneracy effect. Methods of SA's compensation and avoidance are summarized. By analyzing the influence of SA on resonator, we find that it will broaden the stable zone's back-edge of the plane-plane symmetrical resonator but separate different transverse mode's stable zone I for plane-plane asymmetrical resonator. Therefore, a new transverse mode differential mechanism based on "SA+ plane-plane asymmetrical resonator" is brought forward, which is also the theoretical precondition for our experiments.
In experiments, we realized:①a 36 W double-end-pumped Nd:GdVO4 TEM00 mode laser;②a 30 W-class double-end-pumped composite Nd:YVO4 TEM00 mode laser, which could be modulated up to 200 kHz with AO Q-switch③a 50 W-class double-end-pumped composite Nd:YVO4 TEMoo mode laser oscillator, which could be modulated up to 600 kHz with AO Q-switch.
As an application, we make a PPMgOLN based OPO pumped by abovementioned high quality pump source and obtained more than 3 W output power both at 2.7μm and 3.8μm band, and small power output at 4.3μm band.
SBS based phase conjugator has the ability of compensating the aberration of laser amplifiers in real-time. We achieved a maximum 70% SBS reflectivity with a large aperture tapered fiber with high repetition rate (1000 Hz) and large energy (40 mJ). The influences of fiber end surface quality and pump pulse width on the SBS reflectivity are experimentally investigated. Fused silica rod Brillouin amplifier is also experimentally investigated and two new phenomena, gain guiding and pulse width broadening, are observed and explained. A high repetition rate, large energy MOPA laser system is prepared with the large aperture tapered fiber conjugator included in. Separated two cell structure based phase conjugator system is designed for further expanding its dynamic range and load-endured ability and verification experiment has been also completed.
引文
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