过热蒸汽吞吐参数优化及敏感性分析
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摘要
本文介绍了利用过热蒸汽开采稠油的新技术,过热蒸汽吞吐。过热蒸汽是一种过饱和干蒸汽。将干饱和蒸汽继续加热,就可得到过热蒸汽。过热蒸汽具有高干度和高热焓值的特点,可以有效提高油层的加热半径和波及体积。因此,过热蒸汽吞吐对于稠油油藏特别是超稠油油藏的开采具有积极和广泛意义。
本文在调研稠油油藏的分布状况及国内外应用过热蒸汽开采稠油现状的基础上,介绍了过热蒸汽的基本概念,对其物性参数和特征进行了描述。同时,阐明了过热蒸汽的制备方法,过热蒸汽吞吐的増油机理,以及过热蒸汽对地层和原油的作用。总结出过热蒸汽在稠油油藏开采中的适用性及可能存在的问题;通过质量、动量、能量守恒等方程以及过热蒸汽PVT数据体的引入,建立了注过热蒸汽井筒沿程参数模型,并以图表的方式详述了数学模型的求解方式。在一定假设的前提下,推导出了过热蒸汽带面积及加热带半径的数学表达式;在确定经济指标的基础上,研究了油藏流体和地层参数对过热蒸汽吞吐的影响,并对各参数进行了敏感性分析,明确了过热蒸汽吞吐的地层、流体极限数值;根据过热蒸气吞吐井的生产特征,建立了两区复合油藏拟稳态数学模型。因为许多非牛顿流体的流变行为可以由幂律函数表征,因此本文用负幂指数来反映粘度在热油区径向上的变化,从而推导出一个新的过热蒸汽吞吐产能公式。
上述工作的完成为现场施工提供了理论依据,为研究开发效果好、成本低的稠油增产新技术提供了重要的理论依据。
This paper concentrates on the study of new technologies on using superheated steam to exploit heavy oil. The effects of input heat extraction depend largely on the amount of the input heat and the tempreture of the oil improvement.
On the basis of studying the distribution of heavy oil and applicating superheated steam to study the status of the exploitation of heavy oil at home and abroad, this paper intruduces the basic concept of superheated steam and describes its nature and characteristics. It also tells the production methods of superheated steam and the circuit of steam injection for thermal recovery process that generates superheated steam; it sums up the superheated steam used in heavy oil recovery and the possible problems.With the introduction of the PVT data sets, this paper builds a calculation model of on-way parameters in the superheated steam injection wellbore. Based on some basic hypothesis, the mathematic expressions of superheated steam heating area and heating radius are presented. In this paper, the influence of reservoir geological and fluid parameters on the production effect of super-heated steam puff and huff has been studied in detail based on the built economic indicators. And a sensitive analysis on various parameters is also investigated. The limits of geological and fluid parameters of super-heavy oil reservoirs which are suitable to be developed by super-heated steam huff and puff are given. Based on production performance of super-heated huff and puff well, a pseudosteady state mathematical model of two-block composite oil reservoir is built. Rheological behavior of many non-Newtonian fluids can be described by using power-law equation, thus radial change of oil viscosity in hot-zone is t reated in negative power exponential form to establish a new deliverability formula with skin effect being considered.
The completion of the work above provides an important theoretical basis for the development of an effective and low-cost thickened oil recovery new technology.
本文在调研稠油油藏的分布状况及国内外应用过热蒸汽开采稠油现状的基础上,介绍了过热蒸汽的基本概念,对其物性参数和特征进行了描述。同时,阐明了过热蒸汽的制备方法,过热蒸汽吞吐的増油机理,以及过热蒸汽对地层和原油的作用。总结出过热蒸汽在稠油油藏开采中的适用性及可能存在的问题;通过质量、动量、能量守恒等方程以及过热蒸汽PVT数据体的引入,建立了注过热蒸汽井筒沿程参数模型,并以图表的方式详述了数学模型的求解方式。在一定假设的前提下,推导出了过热蒸汽带面积及加热带半径的数学表达式;在确定经济指标的基础上,研究了油藏流体和地层参数对过热蒸汽吞吐的影响,并对各参数进行了敏感性分析,明确了过热蒸汽吞吐的地层、流体极限数值;根据过热蒸气吞吐井的生产特征,建立了两区复合油藏拟稳态数学模型。因为许多非牛顿流体的流变行为可以由幂律函数表征,因此本文用负幂指数来反映粘度在热油区径向上的变化,从而推导出一个新的过热蒸汽吞吐产能公式。
上述工作的完成为现场施工提供了理论依据,为研究开发效果好、成本低的稠油增产新技术提供了重要的理论依据。
This paper concentrates on the study of new technologies on using superheated steam to exploit heavy oil. The effects of input heat extraction depend largely on the amount of the input heat and the tempreture of the oil improvement.
On the basis of studying the distribution of heavy oil and applicating superheated steam to study the status of the exploitation of heavy oil at home and abroad, this paper intruduces the basic concept of superheated steam and describes its nature and characteristics. It also tells the production methods of superheated steam and the circuit of steam injection for thermal recovery process that generates superheated steam; it sums up the superheated steam used in heavy oil recovery and the possible problems.With the introduction of the PVT data sets, this paper builds a calculation model of on-way parameters in the superheated steam injection wellbore. Based on some basic hypothesis, the mathematic expressions of superheated steam heating area and heating radius are presented. In this paper, the influence of reservoir geological and fluid parameters on the production effect of super-heated steam puff and huff has been studied in detail based on the built economic indicators. And a sensitive analysis on various parameters is also investigated. The limits of geological and fluid parameters of super-heavy oil reservoirs which are suitable to be developed by super-heated steam huff and puff are given. Based on production performance of super-heated huff and puff well, a pseudosteady state mathematical model of two-block composite oil reservoir is built. Rheological behavior of many non-Newtonian fluids can be described by using power-law equation, thus radial change of oil viscosity in hot-zone is t reated in negative power exponential form to establish a new deliverability formula with skin effect being considered.
The completion of the work above provides an important theoretical basis for the development of an effective and low-cost thickened oil recovery new technology.
引文
[1]曾玉强,刘蜀知,王琴,等.稠油蒸汽吞吐开采技术研究概述.特种油气藏,2006,13(6):5-9
[2]陈月明.注蒸汽热力采油.第一版.东营:石油大学出版社,1996:10-12
[3]刘文章.热采稠油油藏开发模式[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998:45-46
[4]闵娜.过热蒸汽性质及应用[J].电器工程设计,2005,33(1):28-30
[5]许安著,吴向红,范子菲,等.肯基亚克盐上稠油油藏优选注过热蒸汽开发方式研究.中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京100083
[6]杨立强,林日亿.蒸汽辅助重力泄油中注过热蒸汽技术研究[J] .油气地质与采收率,2007,14(5) :62-65
[7] Deng X, Law D H. Recovery performance and economics of steam propane hybrid peocess [C]. The 2005 International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Sym posium.SPE 97760,2005
[8]刘扬,王志国,刘晓燕等.油藏多孔介质中蒸汽流动与传热机理研究[J] .大庆石油学院学报,2008,32(2):56-58
[9] Ramy H J. Well bore heat transmission[J]. JPT ,1962:427-435
[10]张来喜,张烈辉,冯国庆,等.克拉玛依油田九区蒸汽吞吐后开采方式优化研[J] .石油地质与工程,2008,22(2):60-63
[11] Willhite G P. Overall heat transfer coefficients in steam and hot water injection wells[J]. JPT, 1967:607-617
[12] Chiu K, Thakur S C. Modeling of wellbore heat losses in direction wells under changing injection conditions[C]. SPE22870, 1991
[13] Ching H W, Robert B E. Correlation of Crude Oil Steam Distillation Yields with Basic Crude Oil Properties[J]. SPE J, 1983, 23(6): 937-945
[14] Hong K C. Numerical Simulation of Light Oil Steamflooding in the Buenu Vista Hills Field, California[G]. SPE 140141
[15] Willman B T, Valleroy V V. Laboratory Studies of Oil Reeovery by Steam Injection[J]. Trans AIME, 1961, 222: 681-690
[16]曾丹苓.工程热力学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:155-155
[17]张锐.稠油热采技术[ M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999:1-9
[18] Cla rk P D, Clarke R A and Hyne J B. Studies on the chemical reactions of heavy oilsunder steam stimulation conditions. AOSTRA Journal of Research. 1990a. 6:29-39
[19] Cla rk P D and Hyne J B. Steam-oil chemical reactions: mechanisms for the aquathermolysis of heavy oil. AOSTRA Journal of Research.1984b. 1: 15-20
[20] Gou ld K A. Infl uence of thermal processing on the properties of Cold Lake asphaltenes. 2. Effect of steam treatment during oil recovery. Fuel. 1983. 62(2): 370-372
[21]张义堂.热力采油提高采收率技术[ M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006:1-19
[22]朱新立.过热蒸汽装置-提高稠油开发效果的有效设备.节能技术[J] .2009,7(4):347-349
[23]范洪富,刘永建,赵晓非.稠油在水蒸汽作用下组成变化研究[ J ] .燃料化学学报,2001, 29 (3):269-272
[24]沈德煌,张义堂.稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后转注C 02吞吐开采研究[J].石油学报,2005,26(1):83-86
[25]刘玉章.聚合物驱提高采收率技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2005:137-138
[26]倪学锋,程林松,李春兰,等.注蒸汽井井筒内参数计算新模型[J].计算物理,2005,22(3):251-255
[27]杨德伟,黄善波,马冬岚,等.注蒸汽井井筒两相流流动模型的选择[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1999,23(2):44-46
[28]马新仿,王文雄,张婷,等.特、超稠油井井筒蒸汽参数计算[J].新疆石油地质,2007,28(1):75-77
[29]李伟超,吴晓东,师俊峰,等.动热管伴热改善稠油井井简传热损失的研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2007,29(6):75-79
[30]李春涛,钱根宝,无数红,等.过热蒸汽性质及其在稠油油藏吞吐开发中的应用.新疆石油地质[J].2008,29(4):496-498
[31]张毅,王良,陶文铨,等.超临界蒸汽注射井筒散热损失及压力降的计[J].工业加热,2000(5):l9-23
[32]冯俊凯,沈幼庭.锅炉原理及计算[M].北京:科学出版社,1992:1-17
[33]王弥康.注蒸汽井井筒热传递的定量计算[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(4):77-82
[34]陈月明.注蒸汽热力采油[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1996:3-55
[33]万仁溥,罗英俊.稠油热采工程技术(第八分册)[M].修订本.北京:石油工业出版社,1996:1-25
[35]范洪富,刘永建,赵晓非.稠油在水蒸汽作用下组成变化研究[ J ].燃料化学学报, 2001, 29 (3):269-272
[36]许安著,吴向红,范子菲,等.注过热蒸汽井筒物性参数计算综合数学模型.大庆石油学院学报[J] .2009,33(1):29-34
[37] Hansan A R. Kabir C S. Heat tranfer during two—phase flow in wellbores[C]. SPE 22866, l991
[38] Chiu K. Thakur S c. Modeling of wellbore heat losses in directional wells under changing injection conditions[C]. SPE 22870. 1991
[39]王志国,马一太,李东明.稠油开采注汽过程能量转换分析模型及评价准则[J].大庆石油学院学报,2004,28(5):28-30
[40]沈维道,蒋智敏,童钧耕.工程热力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:1-35
[41]陈民峰,郎兆新,莫小国.超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐参数优选及合理开发界限的确定.石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(1):39-42
[2]陈月明.注蒸汽热力采油.第一版.东营:石油大学出版社,1996:10-12
[3]刘文章.热采稠油油藏开发模式[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998:45-46
[4]闵娜.过热蒸汽性质及应用[J].电器工程设计,2005,33(1):28-30
[5]许安著,吴向红,范子菲,等.肯基亚克盐上稠油油藏优选注过热蒸汽开发方式研究.中国石油勘探开发研究院,北京100083
[6]杨立强,林日亿.蒸汽辅助重力泄油中注过热蒸汽技术研究[J] .油气地质与采收率,2007,14(5) :62-65
[7] Deng X, Law D H. Recovery performance and economics of steam propane hybrid peocess [C]. The 2005 International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Sym posium.SPE 97760,2005
[8]刘扬,王志国,刘晓燕等.油藏多孔介质中蒸汽流动与传热机理研究[J] .大庆石油学院学报,2008,32(2):56-58
[9] Ramy H J. Well bore heat transmission[J]. JPT ,1962:427-435
[10]张来喜,张烈辉,冯国庆,等.克拉玛依油田九区蒸汽吞吐后开采方式优化研[J] .石油地质与工程,2008,22(2):60-63
[11] Willhite G P. Overall heat transfer coefficients in steam and hot water injection wells[J]. JPT, 1967:607-617
[12] Chiu K, Thakur S C. Modeling of wellbore heat losses in direction wells under changing injection conditions[C]. SPE22870, 1991
[13] Ching H W, Robert B E. Correlation of Crude Oil Steam Distillation Yields with Basic Crude Oil Properties[J]. SPE J, 1983, 23(6): 937-945
[14] Hong K C. Numerical Simulation of Light Oil Steamflooding in the Buenu Vista Hills Field, California[G]. SPE 140141
[15] Willman B T, Valleroy V V. Laboratory Studies of Oil Reeovery by Steam Injection[J]. Trans AIME, 1961, 222: 681-690
[16]曾丹苓.工程热力学(第三版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:155-155
[17]张锐.稠油热采技术[ M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999:1-9
[18] Cla rk P D, Clarke R A and Hyne J B. Studies on the chemical reactions of heavy oilsunder steam stimulation conditions. AOSTRA Journal of Research. 1990a. 6:29-39
[19] Cla rk P D and Hyne J B. Steam-oil chemical reactions: mechanisms for the aquathermolysis of heavy oil. AOSTRA Journal of Research.1984b. 1: 15-20
[20] Gou ld K A. Infl uence of thermal processing on the properties of Cold Lake asphaltenes. 2. Effect of steam treatment during oil recovery. Fuel. 1983. 62(2): 370-372
[21]张义堂.热力采油提高采收率技术[ M].北京:石油工业出版社,2006:1-19
[22]朱新立.过热蒸汽装置-提高稠油开发效果的有效设备.节能技术[J] .2009,7(4):347-349
[23]范洪富,刘永建,赵晓非.稠油在水蒸汽作用下组成变化研究[ J ] .燃料化学学报,2001, 29 (3):269-272
[24]沈德煌,张义堂.稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐后转注C 02吞吐开采研究[J].石油学报,2005,26(1):83-86
[25]刘玉章.聚合物驱提高采收率技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2005:137-138
[26]倪学锋,程林松,李春兰,等.注蒸汽井井筒内参数计算新模型[J].计算物理,2005,22(3):251-255
[27]杨德伟,黄善波,马冬岚,等.注蒸汽井井筒两相流流动模型的选择[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1999,23(2):44-46
[28]马新仿,王文雄,张婷,等.特、超稠油井井筒蒸汽参数计算[J].新疆石油地质,2007,28(1):75-77
[29]李伟超,吴晓东,师俊峰,等.动热管伴热改善稠油井井简传热损失的研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2007,29(6):75-79
[30]李春涛,钱根宝,无数红,等.过热蒸汽性质及其在稠油油藏吞吐开发中的应用.新疆石油地质[J].2008,29(4):496-498
[31]张毅,王良,陶文铨,等.超临界蒸汽注射井筒散热损失及压力降的计[J].工业加热,2000(5):l9-23
[32]冯俊凯,沈幼庭.锅炉原理及计算[M].北京:科学出版社,1992:1-17
[33]王弥康.注蒸汽井井筒热传递的定量计算[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(4):77-82
[34]陈月明.注蒸汽热力采油[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1996:3-55
[33]万仁溥,罗英俊.稠油热采工程技术(第八分册)[M].修订本.北京:石油工业出版社,1996:1-25
[35]范洪富,刘永建,赵晓非.稠油在水蒸汽作用下组成变化研究[ J ].燃料化学学报, 2001, 29 (3):269-272
[36]许安著,吴向红,范子菲,等.注过热蒸汽井筒物性参数计算综合数学模型.大庆石油学院学报[J] .2009,33(1):29-34
[37] Hansan A R. Kabir C S. Heat tranfer during two—phase flow in wellbores[C]. SPE 22866, l991
[38] Chiu K. Thakur S c. Modeling of wellbore heat losses in directional wells under changing injection conditions[C]. SPE 22870. 1991
[39]王志国,马一太,李东明.稠油开采注汽过程能量转换分析模型及评价准则[J].大庆石油学院学报,2004,28(5):28-30
[40]沈维道,蒋智敏,童钧耕.工程热力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:1-35
[41]陈民峰,郎兆新,莫小国.超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐参数优选及合理开发界限的确定.石油大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(1):39-42