RNA干扰抗矮花叶病转基因玉米培育
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摘要
玉米矮花叶病是由玉米矮花叶病毒感染引起的病害,在全国及世界各玉米产区均有流行,对玉米生产危害严重。目前,玉米矮花叶病的防治主要有调整播期、清除杂草和拔除病株等农艺措施和传播媒介昆虫的化学药剂控制。但是,由于玉米矮花叶病毒主要靠蚜虫以非持续性的方式传播,这些防治措施不仅增加生产成本,而且防治效果欠佳,往往不能有效解除矮花叶病对玉米生产的危害。选育推广抗病品种是防治玉米矮花叶病最为经济的途径。但是,由于抗病种质资源有限,抗病性的遗传性质复杂,在常规抗病育种中很难将抗病性与产量、品质等优良的农艺性状有机结合,培育出满足农业生产需要的抗病品种。
由双链RNA介导的RNA干扰,可特异性地降解细胞内与双链RNA同源的mRNA,限制同源基因的表达。本研究根据RNA干扰的原理,克隆玉米矮花叶病毒外壳蛋白(CP)基因和P1蛋白基因不同长度的片段,构建CP和P1基因反向重复序列植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化玉米自交系“18-599”的胚性愈伤组织,筛选分化再生植株,经特异PCR扩增和Southern杂交鉴定后,对T2代转基因株系进行田间接种抗病性鉴定,并用荧光定量PCR和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附分析检测转基因株系与对照玉米矮花叶病基因表达量和病毒蛋白积累量,以期创造高抗矮花叶病的转基因种质材料,并为转基因抗病品种培育提供参考。
1.玉米矮花叶病毒基因RNA干扰表达载体构建
在GenBank数据库中,对玉米矮花叶病毒的CP基因和P1基因进行序列同源性分析,分别选取CP基因长度为100和404 bp,P1基因长度为150和451 bp的保守序列,体外化学合成,通过PCR扩增引入限制性酶切位点,限制性酶切后定向克隆至中间载体pSK-int,构建反向重复序列结构。再经限制性酶切后,分别插入植物表达载体pCUbi1390和pCUbi1300,构建玉米矮花叶病毒基因RNA干扰表达载体pASC100、pASC404、pASP150和pASP451。
2.玉米胚性愈伤组织的转化与再生植株的分子检测
以玉米自交系“18-599”的未成熟胚为外植体,诱导培养胚性愈伤组织,建立转基因受体系统,用农杆菌介导法转化,潮霉素抗性培养基梯度筛选后分化再生植株。从pASC100、pASC404、pASP150和pASP451四个表达载体的抗性愈伤,分别分化出68、91、46和153个再生植株,特异PCR检测有28、33、18和20个T0代植株表现阳性,Southern杂交检测有21、20、9和17个T1代株系表现阳性,大多数为单拷贝插入。
在实验过程中,对基于N6培养基的玉米愈伤组织分化再生技术作了改进。在再生培养基中添加低浓度(0.25 mg/L)烯效唑(S3307)和适量(0.5 mg/L) ABT生根粉,对再生植株生根壮苗有促进作用,再生成活率显著提高。
3.转基因株系抗病性鉴定
将pASC100、pASC404、pASP150和pASP451四个表达载体转化获得的4、15、9和15个T2代株系按随机区组种植,以非转基因“18-599”、抗病自交系“H9-21”和感病自交系“Mo17”为对照,人工摩擦接种玉米矮花叶病毒,调查发病株率和发病程度,计算病情指数,鉴定各转基因株系的抗病等级。由pASC100转化的4个T2代株系有3个株系表现中度抗性,病情指数显著低于非转基因对照“18-599”,但显著高于抗病对照“H9-21”；在pASC404转化的15个T2代株系中,有6个株系的抗病等级达到抗性水平,其中4个株系的抗性高于抗病对照“H9-21”,但在抗病等级鉴定为感病的4个株系中有2个株系Southern杂交证明外源基因为双拷贝插入；在pASP150转化的9个T2代株系中,有3个株系表现中抗,病情指数显著低于非转基因对照“18-599”,但与抗病对照“H9-21”差异不显著,其余6个株系表现为感病,其中2个株系外源基因为双拷贝插入；由pASP451转化的15个T2代株系抗病性均较“18-599”提高,其中6个株系达到抗性水平,4个株系的抗病等级高于抗病对照“H9-21”,在表现中抗的8个株系中有2个为双拷贝插入,表现感病的1个株系为三拷贝插入。转基因株系的抗病性与插入外源反向重复序列的长度和拷贝数有关。
4.矮花叶病毒基因在转基因株系中的表达量和蛋白积累量
田间接种鉴定后,取pASC100、pASC404和pASP451转化的T2代株系及对照顶部第三片叶,提取总RNA,反转录cDNA,实时荧光定量PCR检测矮花叶病毒基因的表达量。矮花叶病毒CP和P1基因在抗病转基因株系及抗病对照“H9-21”中的表达量,明显低于在感病对照“Mo17”和非转基因对照“18-599”中的表达量,病毒基因表达量检测结果与田间抗病性鉴定基本一致。
田间接种鉴定后,取pASP150转化的T2代株系及对照顶部第三片叶,用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测矮花叶病毒蛋白的积累量。矮花叶病毒蛋白在抗病转基因株系及抗病对照“H9-21”中的积累量,明显低于在感病对照“Mo17”和非转基因对照“18-599”中的积累量,病毒蛋白积累量检测结果与田间抗病性鉴定基本一致。
上述结果表明,用转基因方法导入编码双链干扰RNA的反向重复序列,可提高玉米对矮花叶病的抗性,创造抗病转基因种质材料。
Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is a worldwide pathogenic virus causing serious yield loss in maize. Strategies for the management of the virus diseases normally include control of vector population using insecticides, adjusting seedtime, appropriate cultural practices. However, these methods have their own defects and ineffective because of the non-persistent model of virus transmission by aphids. The deployment of resistant germplasm is an environmentally-sustainable and effective way for controlling virus diseases of maize, but a few germplasms could be used. Furthermore, it is time consuming for the reason that identification and development of resistant inbred lines or hybrids need year-to-year inconsistencies in viral disease pressure.
RNA interference (RNAi) triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) transcribed from transgenic inverted-repeat sequence is a straight forward way for antiviral defense in plants acting as a natural defense mechanism against invasive viruses, and has been proved to be more efficient to defense against viruses than the tranditional breeding for resistant germplasm. In this dissertation, plant expression vectors containing different lengths of inverted-repeat sequences of MDMV CP and P1 genes were constructed and used to transform maize embryonic calli by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Regenerated plants were obtained after selection and differentiation. Transgenic plant lines detected by Specific PCR and Southern blotting were conducted by field inoculated evaluation. The maize dwarf mosaic virus gene expression level and the virus protein were indetified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). The results about RNA interference-based transgenic maize resistant to maize dwarf mosaic virus were described as follows:
1. Hairpin RNA (hpRNA) expression vector containing inverted-repeat sequence was constructed to target to CP and PI gene of MDMV
The MDMV CP and PI gene were confirmed by homologous analysis in GenBank. 100,404 bp conserved CP gene and 150,451 bp P1 gene were selected and synthesized in vitro. Restriction sites were added to the fragments by PCR amplification. The four different length fragments were digested by restriction enzyme then sub-cloned into the vector pSK-int to form the inverted-repeat constructs. The four inverted-repeat constructs were link into plant expression vector pCUbi1390 and pCUbi1300 after appropriate restriction enzyme digestion and the new RNAi vectors were named as pASC100, pASC404, pASP150 and pASP451, respectively.
2. Transformation of maize embryonic calli and detection of transgenic regenerated plants
The immature embryos of maize inbred line 18-599 were used to induce embryonic calli. The embryonic calli as transgenic acceptor system were used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Selection medium with different concentration of hygromycin B were utilized to select the resistant embryonic calli, which were transferred to differentiation and regeneration medium.68,91,46 and 153 regenerated plants were obtained from the resistant calli transformed with pASC100, pASC404, pASP150 and pASP451, respectively.28,33,18 and 20 To plants were certified to be positive by PCR detection, and 21,20,9 and 17 T1 plant lines were confirmed with transgene by Southern blotting, thereafter. Most transgenic plant lines with single transgene copy.
Addition of uniconazole S3307 (0.25 mg/L) and ABT root-promoting powder (0.5 mg/L) in regeneration medium showed a significant improvement of hardening in regenerated plantlets, which were stronger and generated a better fibrous root system than the control. Therefore, regenerated and survival plants have been significantly improved.
3. Evaluation resistance of the transgenic plant lines
4.15,9 and 15 T2 plant lines transformed with pASC100、pASC404、pASP150 and pASP451 together with non-tansformed control "18-599", resistance control "H9-21" and susceptible control line "Mo 17"were grown in a randomized block design.The disease incidence and symptom scale were investigated. The disase index was calculated to identify the resistant grades of the transgenic plant lines. Three out of four lines transformed with pASC100 were identified as intermediate resistance (I), the disease index was significantly lower than non-transformed control "18-599" but significantly higher than the resistant control "H9-21"; Six out of the 15 T2 plant lines transformed with pASC404 were identified as resistance and the resistance scale of four lines were higher than the resistance control "H9-21". However, two lines were susceptible with two copies of transgene in Southern blotting; Resistance scale of all the 15 T2 plant lines transformed with pASP451 were improved compared with non-transformed control "18-599" and six lines were identified as resistance. The resistance scale in four out of the six lines was higher than the resistant control "H9-21". In the eight lines detected as middle resistance, there were two lines with double-copy of transgene. While the only one susceptible T2 line with three copies. The results showed that the resistance of the transgenic lines linked with the length of inverted-repeat sequence and the transgene copies.
4. MDMV gene expression level and its protein in transgenic plant lines
The third upper leaf of mechanical inoculated transgenic T2 plant lines transformed with pASC100、pASC404、pASP150 and pASP451 together with control maize inbred lines were used to extract total RNA for reverse transcript reaction. The cDNA was used to detect MDMV expression level by real time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The CP and P1 gene expression level in the resistant transgenic lines and resistant control "H9-21" was significantly lower than the susceptible control "Mo 17" and non-transformed control "18-599". The result of detecting the viral gene expression level by qRT-PCR was in accordance with the field inoculated evaluation.
The virus titer of the third upper leaf of mechanical inoculated T2 plant lines transformed with pASP150 together with the control lines was quantified by DAS-ELISA. The virus titers in the resistant transgenic lines and the resistant control "H9-21" were significantly lower than the susceptible control "Mo 17" and non-transformed control "18-599". The result of detecting the viral titers by DAS-ELISA was in accordance with the field inoculated evaluation.
由双链RNA介导的RNA干扰,可特异性地降解细胞内与双链RNA同源的mRNA,限制同源基因的表达。本研究根据RNA干扰的原理,克隆玉米矮花叶病毒外壳蛋白(CP)基因和P1蛋白基因不同长度的片段,构建CP和P1基因反向重复序列植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化玉米自交系“18-599”的胚性愈伤组织,筛选分化再生植株,经特异PCR扩增和Southern杂交鉴定后,对T2代转基因株系进行田间接种抗病性鉴定,并用荧光定量PCR和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附分析检测转基因株系与对照玉米矮花叶病基因表达量和病毒蛋白积累量,以期创造高抗矮花叶病的转基因种质材料,并为转基因抗病品种培育提供参考。
1.玉米矮花叶病毒基因RNA干扰表达载体构建
在GenBank数据库中,对玉米矮花叶病毒的CP基因和P1基因进行序列同源性分析,分别选取CP基因长度为100和404 bp,P1基因长度为150和451 bp的保守序列,体外化学合成,通过PCR扩增引入限制性酶切位点,限制性酶切后定向克隆至中间载体pSK-int,构建反向重复序列结构。再经限制性酶切后,分别插入植物表达载体pCUbi1390和pCUbi1300,构建玉米矮花叶病毒基因RNA干扰表达载体pASC100、pASC404、pASP150和pASP451。
2.玉米胚性愈伤组织的转化与再生植株的分子检测
以玉米自交系“18-599”的未成熟胚为外植体,诱导培养胚性愈伤组织,建立转基因受体系统,用农杆菌介导法转化,潮霉素抗性培养基梯度筛选后分化再生植株。从pASC100、pASC404、pASP150和pASP451四个表达载体的抗性愈伤,分别分化出68、91、46和153个再生植株,特异PCR检测有28、33、18和20个T0代植株表现阳性,Southern杂交检测有21、20、9和17个T1代株系表现阳性,大多数为单拷贝插入。
在实验过程中,对基于N6培养基的玉米愈伤组织分化再生技术作了改进。在再生培养基中添加低浓度(0.25 mg/L)烯效唑(S3307)和适量(0.5 mg/L) ABT生根粉,对再生植株生根壮苗有促进作用,再生成活率显著提高。
3.转基因株系抗病性鉴定
将pASC100、pASC404、pASP150和pASP451四个表达载体转化获得的4、15、9和15个T2代株系按随机区组种植,以非转基因“18-599”、抗病自交系“H9-21”和感病自交系“Mo17”为对照,人工摩擦接种玉米矮花叶病毒,调查发病株率和发病程度,计算病情指数,鉴定各转基因株系的抗病等级。由pASC100转化的4个T2代株系有3个株系表现中度抗性,病情指数显著低于非转基因对照“18-599”,但显著高于抗病对照“H9-21”；在pASC404转化的15个T2代株系中,有6个株系的抗病等级达到抗性水平,其中4个株系的抗性高于抗病对照“H9-21”,但在抗病等级鉴定为感病的4个株系中有2个株系Southern杂交证明外源基因为双拷贝插入；在pASP150转化的9个T2代株系中,有3个株系表现中抗,病情指数显著低于非转基因对照“18-599”,但与抗病对照“H9-21”差异不显著,其余6个株系表现为感病,其中2个株系外源基因为双拷贝插入；由pASP451转化的15个T2代株系抗病性均较“18-599”提高,其中6个株系达到抗性水平,4个株系的抗病等级高于抗病对照“H9-21”,在表现中抗的8个株系中有2个为双拷贝插入,表现感病的1个株系为三拷贝插入。转基因株系的抗病性与插入外源反向重复序列的长度和拷贝数有关。
4.矮花叶病毒基因在转基因株系中的表达量和蛋白积累量
田间接种鉴定后,取pASC100、pASC404和pASP451转化的T2代株系及对照顶部第三片叶,提取总RNA,反转录cDNA,实时荧光定量PCR检测矮花叶病毒基因的表达量。矮花叶病毒CP和P1基因在抗病转基因株系及抗病对照“H9-21”中的表达量,明显低于在感病对照“Mo17”和非转基因对照“18-599”中的表达量,病毒基因表达量检测结果与田间抗病性鉴定基本一致。
田间接种鉴定后,取pASP150转化的T2代株系及对照顶部第三片叶,用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测矮花叶病毒蛋白的积累量。矮花叶病毒蛋白在抗病转基因株系及抗病对照“H9-21”中的积累量,明显低于在感病对照“Mo17”和非转基因对照“18-599”中的积累量,病毒蛋白积累量检测结果与田间抗病性鉴定基本一致。
上述结果表明,用转基因方法导入编码双链干扰RNA的反向重复序列,可提高玉米对矮花叶病的抗性,创造抗病转基因种质材料。
Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is a worldwide pathogenic virus causing serious yield loss in maize. Strategies for the management of the virus diseases normally include control of vector population using insecticides, adjusting seedtime, appropriate cultural practices. However, these methods have their own defects and ineffective because of the non-persistent model of virus transmission by aphids. The deployment of resistant germplasm is an environmentally-sustainable and effective way for controlling virus diseases of maize, but a few germplasms could be used. Furthermore, it is time consuming for the reason that identification and development of resistant inbred lines or hybrids need year-to-year inconsistencies in viral disease pressure.
RNA interference (RNAi) triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) transcribed from transgenic inverted-repeat sequence is a straight forward way for antiviral defense in plants acting as a natural defense mechanism against invasive viruses, and has been proved to be more efficient to defense against viruses than the tranditional breeding for resistant germplasm. In this dissertation, plant expression vectors containing different lengths of inverted-repeat sequences of MDMV CP and P1 genes were constructed and used to transform maize embryonic calli by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Regenerated plants were obtained after selection and differentiation. Transgenic plant lines detected by Specific PCR and Southern blotting were conducted by field inoculated evaluation. The maize dwarf mosaic virus gene expression level and the virus protein were indetified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). The results about RNA interference-based transgenic maize resistant to maize dwarf mosaic virus were described as follows:
1. Hairpin RNA (hpRNA) expression vector containing inverted-repeat sequence was constructed to target to CP and PI gene of MDMV
The MDMV CP and PI gene were confirmed by homologous analysis in GenBank. 100,404 bp conserved CP gene and 150,451 bp P1 gene were selected and synthesized in vitro. Restriction sites were added to the fragments by PCR amplification. The four different length fragments were digested by restriction enzyme then sub-cloned into the vector pSK-int to form the inverted-repeat constructs. The four inverted-repeat constructs were link into plant expression vector pCUbi1390 and pCUbi1300 after appropriate restriction enzyme digestion and the new RNAi vectors were named as pASC100, pASC404, pASP150 and pASP451, respectively.
2. Transformation of maize embryonic calli and detection of transgenic regenerated plants
The immature embryos of maize inbred line 18-599 were used to induce embryonic calli. The embryonic calli as transgenic acceptor system were used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Selection medium with different concentration of hygromycin B were utilized to select the resistant embryonic calli, which were transferred to differentiation and regeneration medium.68,91,46 and 153 regenerated plants were obtained from the resistant calli transformed with pASC100, pASC404, pASP150 and pASP451, respectively.28,33,18 and 20 To plants were certified to be positive by PCR detection, and 21,20,9 and 17 T1 plant lines were confirmed with transgene by Southern blotting, thereafter. Most transgenic plant lines with single transgene copy.
Addition of uniconazole S3307 (0.25 mg/L) and ABT root-promoting powder (0.5 mg/L) in regeneration medium showed a significant improvement of hardening in regenerated plantlets, which were stronger and generated a better fibrous root system than the control. Therefore, regenerated and survival plants have been significantly improved.
3. Evaluation resistance of the transgenic plant lines
4.15,9 and 15 T2 plant lines transformed with pASC100、pASC404、pASP150 and pASP451 together with non-tansformed control "18-599", resistance control "H9-21" and susceptible control line "Mo 17"were grown in a randomized block design.The disease incidence and symptom scale were investigated. The disase index was calculated to identify the resistant grades of the transgenic plant lines. Three out of four lines transformed with pASC100 were identified as intermediate resistance (I), the disease index was significantly lower than non-transformed control "18-599" but significantly higher than the resistant control "H9-21"; Six out of the 15 T2 plant lines transformed with pASC404 were identified as resistance and the resistance scale of four lines were higher than the resistance control "H9-21". However, two lines were susceptible with two copies of transgene in Southern blotting; Resistance scale of all the 15 T2 plant lines transformed with pASP451 were improved compared with non-transformed control "18-599" and six lines were identified as resistance. The resistance scale in four out of the six lines was higher than the resistant control "H9-21". In the eight lines detected as middle resistance, there were two lines with double-copy of transgene. While the only one susceptible T2 line with three copies. The results showed that the resistance of the transgenic lines linked with the length of inverted-repeat sequence and the transgene copies.
4. MDMV gene expression level and its protein in transgenic plant lines
The third upper leaf of mechanical inoculated transgenic T2 plant lines transformed with pASC100、pASC404、pASP150 and pASP451 together with control maize inbred lines were used to extract total RNA for reverse transcript reaction. The cDNA was used to detect MDMV expression level by real time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The CP and P1 gene expression level in the resistant transgenic lines and resistant control "H9-21" was significantly lower than the susceptible control "Mo 17" and non-transformed control "18-599". The result of detecting the viral gene expression level by qRT-PCR was in accordance with the field inoculated evaluation.
The virus titer of the third upper leaf of mechanical inoculated T2 plant lines transformed with pASP150 together with the control lines was quantified by DAS-ELISA. The virus titers in the resistant transgenic lines and the resistant control "H9-21" were significantly lower than the susceptible control "Mo 17" and non-transformed control "18-599". The result of detecting the viral titers by DAS-ELISA was in accordance with the field inoculated evaluation.
引文
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