建筑室内典型化学污染物的散发规律及评价研究
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摘要
室内空气品质问题是现代社会面临的新的环境问题。它的产生与发展,与社会经济和社会生活水平发展有关。人们在获得物质文化资料的同时,更加关注与健康息息相关室内环境的状况;大量化学制品、材料在建筑中的应用,室外环境的影响,使室内空气品质发生质的转变。其中有室内环境品质长期上升变坏的趋势,也有突发的室内环境问题。如影响我国甚至全球的SARS、禽流感等室内生物环境问题等。
     在对室内空气品质、室内环境的舒适性以及室内污染的认识加深的基础上,利用各种办法提高室内空气品质是当前本专业领域和相关专业领域共同关心和力图解决的课题。我国建筑业的发展也带来了层出不穷的室内空气品质问题,有关室内空气品质与人体健康的话题更大的吸引了人们的关注。本文针对与人们日常生活和健康密切相关,对各种建筑范畴的室内空气中普遍存在的挥发性有机化学污染问题进行深入研究。本文作者所在的课题组与相关合作单位联合开展研究,作为在国家“863”项目(2007AA061403)主要研究内容,本文完成了以下工作:
     对比同类研究方法的优点和弱势,参考国外的标准,本文建立新型高效的室内空气典型挥发性有机化学污染物的采集、分析实验方法。实践证明,本文所采样的方法具有操作简便、便于现场采样,精度高,满足相关标准等要求。可以作为今后同类研究和室内环境质量评价方法。
     对我国建筑内部常用的湿性涂料(油漆)在标准条件下的化学污染物散发规律进行理论分析和实验研究。定量分析了环境因素对湿性涂料化学污染物散发的影响,初步探讨室内化学污染物的源控制方法和效果。
     对不同气候区,不同建筑结构形态和人的生活习性,进行城市间不同室内空气品质的测量与比较,寻找室内空气品中典型挥发性有机化学污染物的特征,包括污染源解析和污染物浓度特征,并分析计算潜在的人体健康风险。
     在对天津住宅建筑室内空气中污染物的检测方面,分析了实验结果与建筑完成时间、装修完成时间、吸烟状况、家庭人口数以及建筑面积等影响因素之间的关系,寻找各因素水平与室内空气中典型挥发性有机化学污染物浓度变化的关系,利用主成分分析确定主要影响因素,借鉴运筹学的决策支持原理,确定了判断室内空气品品质优劣的决策步骤。
     本文还结合当前国内外在本领域的研究状况,提出未来研究内容和展望。
Indoor air pollution is a new indoor environmental problem which the globesociety has to face. This problem occurred with the development of social economyand social living level. While people get the improving of civilization, they also startto concern the indoor air quality, which close related to human health. More and morechemical material and chemical products have been used in building, the indoor airquality changes a lot and it absolutely forwards to the worse. Some break eventsoccurred make people never forget, like SARS and bird flu.
     Under the knowledge people get about the indoor air quality and the it affects onhuman health and comfortable, it should be done that trying to control the problemwith different kinks of means. And it had become one of the main work in the field of,and the related fields of buildings. Like other developed countries, China also facesthe challenges of indoor air problem. It is because of the quick development ofbuildings, China faces even more serious indoor air problem. This paper, focused onthe chemical indoor pollution, the cooperated with other research group, and under thesupport of Chinese national project:863project (2007AA061403), presents theresearch work described below.
     Comparing different kinks of chemical pollution collection in indoor air andrefer to the related standards of different countries, this paper proposed a kind ofchemical pollution collection. After a seriously examination, its effect is approved andin the further collection work, this collect method is employed. And it can also beconcluded that this method can be used in other similar research work.
     The chemical pollution emission regulation of different kinds of wet buildingmaterials (the oil painting) were calculated and measured in a standard environment.The quantificational analyzing were made. These works and their conclusion can beof effects on indoor air evaluation and controlling.
     Indoor air chemical pollutions were tested in two Chinese cities, these twocities are in different climates zone, are of different building construction anddifferent kinds of living customs. This work is trying to find the typical in doorchemical pollution emission regulation. And according the results, the risk evaluationwas also made in this paper.
     According the measurement made in Tianjn, the indoor chemical pollution levelwas analyzed specially and the relationship among buildings’ ages, indoor decoration,living customs, family population, etc. In the work described above, some special theory, like “operational research”, was used.
     This paper also presents the further research work in the fields of indoorchemical pollution issues.
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