铝合金5083/镁合金AZ31异种金属搅拌摩擦搭接焊及连接机理研究
|
摘要
镁合金和铝合金都具有密度低、比强度高的特点，为工程中常用的轻合金材料，广泛应用于航空、航天和汽车制造等领域。为扩展镁合金和铝合金的使用空间，实现两材料的连接正在成为研究热点。由于镁合金和铝合金焊接过程中极易形成金属间化合物，以及常出现裂纹、气孔等缺陷，使用传统的熔焊方法难以获得性能良好的接头，而固相连接方法可避免上述缺陷的产生。
本文采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对镁合金AZ31和铝合金5083异种金属进行了搭接焊试验研究。在此基础上，研究了AZ31/5083异种金属搭接接头力学性能、界面过渡区的微观组织及元素分布，利用扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对接头断口进行了分析，并通过对界面过渡区的温度场模拟与实测，确定了不同旋转速度下的温度场分布，探讨了AZ31与5083之间搅拌摩擦搭接焊的连接机理。
采用合适的工艺参数实现了5083/AZ31异种金属良好的搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头，得到的接头不含有飞边、沟槽、弱连接、孔洞和隧道等缺陷。当使用搅拌针长度为2.8mm的搅拌头，旋转速度1350r/min，焊接速度50mm/min时，搭接接头的最大剪切强度可达81.6MPa，接近镁合金母材强度的40%。对搭接接头进行硬度测量，发现横向显微硬度近似呈“W”型分布，而纵向硬度分布在界面过渡区出现了最高值。不论热输入的大小，接头断裂形式大多呈脆性断裂。
在旋转速度1350r/min,焊接速度50mm/min时，接头界面区域结合紧密，没有出现微裂纹等缺陷，在镁合金和铝合金界面处形成了一个不同于两侧母材的过渡层，两板之间通过该过渡层形成了连接。过渡层主要由固溶体和金属间化合物组成，但金属间化合物分布相对分散，没有呈连续层状分布，而且厚度较薄，对接头的力学性能没有较大影响。
采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了铝合金5083和AZ31镁合金异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的温度场，建立了复合热源模型。利用红外测温仪及热电偶对铝合金表面及铝合金/镁合金的界面温度进行了实际测量，并将测量的温度与数值模拟结果进行了比较，两者基本吻合。
从热输入的角度出发，分析了在不同热输入条件下界面的连接机理，且进一步探讨了界面过渡区金属间化合物的形成。当旋转速度850~950r/min时，连接界面温度低于共晶温度，仅仅有Mg、Al原子发生互扩散形成固溶体，未发现金属间化合物。当旋转速度为1050~1350r/min时，连接界面的局部温度达到了共晶温度437℃，冷却后连接界面局部区域，形成了断续分布的金属间化合物Al_(12)Mg17以及少量的Al_3Mg2。当旋转速度达到1450r/min及以上时，镁合金、铝合金的整个连接界面都发生了熔融现象，冷却后在界面上形成连续分布的金属间化合物层，并在连接界面末端发现了不利的Al_(12)Mg_(17)小熔珠凝固体。
As the engineering light alloys, magnesium and aluminum alloy have low density, highspecial strength. They are widely applied in aviation, aerospace and automotivemanufacturing. To extend the application, the connection of both materials became a hotresearch topic. Because the intermetallic compound and other defects, including cracks,porosity, were formed in fusion welding.The traditional fusion welding can be difficult toobtain the joint with a good performance，but the defects were avoided by the solid-stateconnection.
In this thesis, both AZ31and5083were dissimilarly welded by friction stir lap welding.The mechanical properties, interface transition region microstructure, element distribution oflap joints and temperature field distribution in the interface were researched. The fracture wasanalyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). By thetemperature field simulation and thermocouple and thermography measurement, thetemperature field distribution of different rotation speed were confirmed.And the joiningmechanism between5083and AZ31was researched.
The good lap-joints of5083/AZ31were achieved by using appropriate processparameters.The defects of flash, groove, weak links, holes, tunnels and others were notfound.By choosing a2.8mm-long pin, a rotation speed of1350r/min, a welding speed of50mm/min, the maximum shear strength of lap joints was up to81.6MPa, which was close to40%of the strength of base metal-magnesium alloys. The latitudinal micro hardnessdistribution near the interface in the joint was an approximate "W" type.The maximumlongitudinal microhardness emerged in the transition zone. The results show that the fracturetype was brittle.
The microstructures of lap joint (manufactured by the rotation speed of1350r/min andwelding speed of50mm/min) were analysed, especially in the interface area. Defects such asmicro-cracks were not found in the interface.A transitional layer was formed between AZ31and5083, which was different from the base metals, subsequently; two sheets were connectedby the transition layer. The transitional layer was mainly consisted of solid solution andintermetallic componds.Because of relatively scattered thin intermetallic componds and, theperformance of the joint was limitedly affected.
The temperature field of5083/AZ31dissimilar metals friction stir welding was simulatedby using ABAQUS finite element software. The mixed heat source model was constructed,with the consideration of the variations of their physical properties with temperature. Theactual temperature was measured by using thermocouple and thermography. Temperature of top surface and interface was acquired.The results showed that the calculated temperature wasin agreement with the result of measurement.
From the point of heat input, the mechanism of joining was observed at the different heatinput. And the forming of intermetallic compound was discussed.The temperature of theinterface was under the eutectic reaction at the rotation speed850-950r/min, and intermetallicwas not found. Because the temperature of the interface exceeded in the eutectic temperature,namely,437℃,the eutectic reaction and partial melting appeared in the interface. Theintermetallic of Al_(12)Mg_(17)and a few brittle Al_3Mg_2were formed. The liquation could bediscovered at the rotation speed1450r/min. A droplet contained Mg17Al12squeezed from thecombination of two sheets.
本文采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对镁合金AZ31和铝合金5083异种金属进行了搭接焊试验研究。在此基础上，研究了AZ31/5083异种金属搭接接头力学性能、界面过渡区的微观组织及元素分布，利用扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对接头断口进行了分析，并通过对界面过渡区的温度场模拟与实测，确定了不同旋转速度下的温度场分布，探讨了AZ31与5083之间搅拌摩擦搭接焊的连接机理。
采用合适的工艺参数实现了5083/AZ31异种金属良好的搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头，得到的接头不含有飞边、沟槽、弱连接、孔洞和隧道等缺陷。当使用搅拌针长度为2.8mm的搅拌头，旋转速度1350r/min，焊接速度50mm/min时，搭接接头的最大剪切强度可达81.6MPa，接近镁合金母材强度的40%。对搭接接头进行硬度测量，发现横向显微硬度近似呈“W”型分布，而纵向硬度分布在界面过渡区出现了最高值。不论热输入的大小，接头断裂形式大多呈脆性断裂。
在旋转速度1350r/min,焊接速度50mm/min时，接头界面区域结合紧密，没有出现微裂纹等缺陷，在镁合金和铝合金界面处形成了一个不同于两侧母材的过渡层，两板之间通过该过渡层形成了连接。过渡层主要由固溶体和金属间化合物组成，但金属间化合物分布相对分散，没有呈连续层状分布，而且厚度较薄，对接头的力学性能没有较大影响。
采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了铝合金5083和AZ31镁合金异种金属搅拌摩擦焊的温度场，建立了复合热源模型。利用红外测温仪及热电偶对铝合金表面及铝合金/镁合金的界面温度进行了实际测量，并将测量的温度与数值模拟结果进行了比较，两者基本吻合。
从热输入的角度出发，分析了在不同热输入条件下界面的连接机理，且进一步探讨了界面过渡区金属间化合物的形成。当旋转速度850~950r/min时，连接界面温度低于共晶温度，仅仅有Mg、Al原子发生互扩散形成固溶体，未发现金属间化合物。当旋转速度为1050~1350r/min时，连接界面的局部温度达到了共晶温度437℃，冷却后连接界面局部区域，形成了断续分布的金属间化合物Al_(12)Mg17以及少量的Al_3Mg2。当旋转速度达到1450r/min及以上时，镁合金、铝合金的整个连接界面都发生了熔融现象，冷却后在界面上形成连续分布的金属间化合物层，并在连接界面末端发现了不利的Al_(12)Mg_(17)小熔珠凝固体。
As the engineering light alloys, magnesium and aluminum alloy have low density, highspecial strength. They are widely applied in aviation, aerospace and automotivemanufacturing. To extend the application, the connection of both materials became a hotresearch topic. Because the intermetallic compound and other defects, including cracks,porosity, were formed in fusion welding.The traditional fusion welding can be difficult toobtain the joint with a good performance，but the defects were avoided by the solid-stateconnection.
In this thesis, both AZ31and5083were dissimilarly welded by friction stir lap welding.The mechanical properties, interface transition region microstructure, element distribution oflap joints and temperature field distribution in the interface were researched. The fracture wasanalyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). By thetemperature field simulation and thermocouple and thermography measurement, thetemperature field distribution of different rotation speed were confirmed.And the joiningmechanism between5083and AZ31was researched.
The good lap-joints of5083/AZ31were achieved by using appropriate processparameters.The defects of flash, groove, weak links, holes, tunnels and others were notfound.By choosing a2.8mm-long pin, a rotation speed of1350r/min, a welding speed of50mm/min, the maximum shear strength of lap joints was up to81.6MPa, which was close to40%of the strength of base metal-magnesium alloys. The latitudinal micro hardnessdistribution near the interface in the joint was an approximate "W" type.The maximumlongitudinal microhardness emerged in the transition zone. The results show that the fracturetype was brittle.
The microstructures of lap joint (manufactured by the rotation speed of1350r/min andwelding speed of50mm/min) were analysed, especially in the interface area. Defects such asmicro-cracks were not found in the interface.A transitional layer was formed between AZ31and5083, which was different from the base metals, subsequently; two sheets were connectedby the transition layer. The transitional layer was mainly consisted of solid solution andintermetallic componds.Because of relatively scattered thin intermetallic componds and, theperformance of the joint was limitedly affected.
The temperature field of5083/AZ31dissimilar metals friction stir welding was simulatedby using ABAQUS finite element software. The mixed heat source model was constructed,with the consideration of the variations of their physical properties with temperature. Theactual temperature was measured by using thermocouple and thermography. Temperature of top surface and interface was acquired.The results showed that the calculated temperature wasin agreement with the result of measurement.
From the point of heat input, the mechanism of joining was observed at the different heatinput. And the forming of intermetallic compound was discussed.The temperature of theinterface was under the eutectic reaction at the rotation speed850-950r/min, and intermetallicwas not found. Because the temperature of the interface exceeded in the eutectic temperature,namely,437℃,the eutectic reaction and partial melting appeared in the interface. Theintermetallic of Al_(12)Mg_(17)and a few brittle Al_3Mg_2were formed. The liquation could bediscovered at the rotation speed1450r/min. A droplet contained Mg17Al12squeezed from thecombination of two sheets.
引文
[1]曾荣昌，柯伟，徐永波，韩恩厚，朱自勇.Mg合金的最新发展及应用前景[J].金属学报，2001，37(7):673-655.
[2] B．L．Modike and T.Ebert.Mggnesium: properties-applactions-potential [J]. Materials Science andEngineering A，2001，302(l):375.
[3]冯吉才，王亚荣，张忠典.镁合金焊接技术的研究现状及应用[J].中国有色金属学报，2005,15（2）：165-178.
[4]翟春泉，曾小勤，丁文江，王渠东，吕宜振，徐小平.镁合金的开发与应用[J].机械工程材料，2001,25(1):（1）：6-10.
[5]刘正，王中光，王越等.压铸镁合金在汽车工业种的应用和发展趋势[J].特种铸造及有色合金，1999，(5):55-58.
[6]陈力禾，刘正，林立，梁立超.镁-汽车工业通向新世纪的轻量化之路[J].铸造，2004,53(1):5-11.
[7] R M Leal, A Loureiro. Effect of overlapping friction stir welding passes in the quality of welds ofaluminum alloys [J]. Materials and Design2008,29(1):982-991.
[8]刘鹏，李亚江，耿浩然等.Mg/Al异种金属的焊接研究现状[J].焊接技术，2006,35(2):1-3
[9]利亚将，王娟，刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.北京：化学工业出版社，2004.
[10]刘中青，刘凯.异种金属焊接技术指南.北京：机械工业出版社，1997.
[11]王恒,刘黎明,柳绪静.镁铝异种材料TIG焊接接头扩散行为分析[J].焊接学报，2005,26(7):6-8.
[12] Peng Liu，Yajiang Li，Haoran Geng，Juan Wang.Microstructure characteristics in TIG welded joint ofMg/Al dissimilar materials.Materials Letters.2007，61(3):1288-1291.
[13] A.Ben-Artyz,A.Munzti,G.KOhn,B.Bronfin and A.Shtechman.Joining of light hybrid constructionsmade of magnesium and aluminum alloys.TMS Annual Meeting，Seattle，WA，United States，MagnesiumTechnology2002:295-302.
[14] LIMING LIU and HONGYANG WANG.Microstructure and Properties Analysis of Laser Weldingand Laser Weld Bonding Mg to Al Joints[J].Metallurgical and materials transctions A.2011,4(42):1044-1050
[15]李慧,钱鸣,李达.金属间化合物对AZ31B镁/6061铝异种金属激光焊接性的影响[J].激光杂志.2007,(10)61-63.
[16] Yukio Miyashita, Rattana Borrisutthekul, Jian Chen and Yoshiharu Mutoh.Application of Twin LaserBeam on AZ31/A5052dissimilar metals welding [J].Key Engineering Materials.2007,353-358(9):1956-1959.
[17] Takehiko W,Yoshitaka S.Resistance spot welding of a magnesium alloy AZ31B plate to a1050aluminum plate using Ag insert metal[J].Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals，2004,54(7):293-297.
[18] Liu L M.Microstrueture of laser-TIG hybrid welds of dissimilar Mg alloy and Al alloy with Ce asinterlayer [J].Scripta Materialia.2006,55(4):383-386.
[19] G. Mahendran, S. Babu, V. Balasubramanian.Analyzing the effect of diffusion bonding processparameters on bond characteristics of Mg-Al dissimilar joints [J]. JMEPEG,2010(19):657-665.
[20] Peng Liu,Yajiang Li,Haoran Geng.Astudy of phase constitution near the interface of Mg/Al vacuumdiffusion bonding [J].Materials Letters，2005,59(7):2001-2005.
[21]赵丽敏,刘黎明,徐荣正,张兆栋.镁合金与铝合金的夹层扩散焊连接[J].焊接学报，2007.28(10):9-12.
[22]谷建军,刘小文.AZ31B/LY12的搅拌摩擦焊研究[J].金属铸锻焊技术，2008,37(1):52-53.
[23]王东，刘杰，肖伯律，马宗义.铝合金、镁合金搅拌摩擦焊界面处Mg/Al反应及接头力学性能[J].金属学报，2010(46):589-594.
[24] Yutaka S S,Seung H C P,Michiuchi M,et al.Constitutional liquation during dissimilar friction stirwelding of Al and Mg alloys[J].Scripta Materialia.2004,50(9):1233-1236.
[25] A.A.McLean,G.L.F.Powell,I.H.Brown,V.M.Linton.Friction stir welding of magnesium alloy AZ31Bto aluminium alloy5083[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining.2003,8(6):462-464.
[26]王希靖，阿荣，郭瑞杰．铝合金搭接接头搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究[J]．热加工工艺，2004(4)：12-16．
[27]徐效东，杨新岐，吴铁，张家龙.铝合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头工艺及组织性能研究[J].热加工工艺，2010,39(15):125-129.
[28]郭晓娟，李光，李丛卿，栾国红.搅拌摩擦搭接焊界面成形机制及影响因素[J].航空制造技术，2009,(12):62-65.
[29] R M Leal, A Loureiro.Effect of overlapping friction stir welding passes in the quality of welds ofaluminum alloys [J].Materials and Design2008,29(1):982-991.
[30] Chang-Yong Lee.Won-Bae Lee.Lap joint properties of FSW dissimilar formed5052Al and6061Alalloys with different thickness [J].Mater Science.2008,43(9):3296-3304.
[31] A. Abdollah-Zadeh, T saeid, B Sazgari.Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stirwelded aluminum/copper lap joints [J].Alloys and compounds.2008,460(1-2):535-538.
[32] Y C Chen，K.Nakata.Friction stir lap joining aluminum and magnesium alloys[J].ScriptaMaterialia.2008,58(6):433-436.
[33] VAHID FIROUZDOR, SINDO KOU. Formation of liquid and intermetallics in Al-to-Mg friction stirwelding [J].METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A.2010.7(41)：3238-3251.
[34] BY V. FIROUZDOR，S. KOU.Al-to-Mg Friction Stir Welding: Effect of Positions of Al and Mgwith Respect to the Welding Tool [J].2009.88(11)：213-224.
[35]王大勇，冯吉才，王攀峰.搅拌摩擦焊热输入数值模型[J].焊接学报2005，26(3)：25-28.
[36]Hurtier.J.A.Khan.Thermal Modeling of Friction Stir Welding for Al-Alloys[J].Journal of MaterialProcessing and Manufacturing Science.2005,8(1)：81-92.
[37] McClure J C.A thermal Model of Friction Stir Welding [J].Trends in Welding Research,1999,78(7):229-237.
[38] M.H.Khandkar,J.A.Khan.Thermal Modeling of Overlap Friction Stir Welding for Al-Alloys[J].Journalof Material Processing and Manufacturing Science.2001,10(2)：91-105.
[39] Tang,W.,Guo,X.,McClure,J.C.,et,al.Heat input and temperature distribution in friction stirwelding.[J]Journal Processing and Manufacturing Science,1988,7(2):163-172.
[40]张彦富，柯黎明，孙德超，邢丽等.搅拌摩擦焊焊缝区温度分布及对材料流动的影响[J].南昌航空工业学院学报,2003,17(3):12-16.
[41]陈剑辉，刘小文. T2纯铜与AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊技术[J].焊接技术，2008，137(2):29-31.
[42]徐韦锋，刘金合，栾国红等.厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场的检测与分析[J].机械科学与技术，2008,27(9):1159-1162.
[43]周细应，柯黎明等.搅拌摩擦焊的温度分析[J].新技术新工艺，2003,10:32-33
[44]李亚江，王娟，刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.北京:化学工业出版社，2004.
[45]关桥，栾国红.搅拌摩擦焊的现状与发展,第十一次全国焊接会议论文集（第一册），2005.
[46]厉呈臣.搅拌摩擦焊技术及其在高速动车组铝合金车体上的应用前景[J].现代焊接.2008,(11):34-35.
[47]N．Kazuhiro.Weldability of magnesium alloy [J].Journal of Light Metal Welding and Construction,2001,39(12):26-35.
[48]何建军，刘明宇，杨宗辉.搅拌头-搅拌摩擦焊的心脏[J].电焊机,2004,34(1):24-26.
[49] Cavaliere P, Mobile R, Panella FW, Squillace A.Mechanical and microstructural behaviour of2024-7075aluminium alloy sheets joined by friction stir welding[J].Int J Mach ToolManu.2006(45):588-94.
[50]V.Firouzdor, S.Kou.Formation of liquid and intermetallics in Al-to-Mg friction stir welding [J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2010,41(12):3238-3251.
[51] Uzun H, Donne CD, Argagnotto A, et al. Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al6013-T4toX5CrNi18-10stainless stee [J].Materials and Design,2005,(26):41-46.
[52] Somasekharan A C, Murr L E, Microstructures in friction-stir welded dissimilar magnesium alloys andmagnesium alloys to6061-T6aluminum alloy [J].Materials Characterization,2004,(52):49-64.
[53] Kwon Y J,Shigematsu I,Saito N.Dissimilar friction stir welding between magnesium and aluminumalloys[J].Materials Letters,2008,(62):3827-3829.
[54]张华，吴林，林三宝等.AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊研究.机械工程学报[J].2004,40(8):123-126.
[55] Wang Xijing,Zhang Zhongke,Da Chaobing et al.Microstructures and properties analysis of dissimilarmetal joint in the friction stir welded copper to aluminum alloy [J].China Welding.2007,16(1):57-62.
[56] Sutton M A,Yang B,Reynolds A P,et al.Microstructural studies of friction stir welds in2024-T3aluminum.[J].Materials Science and Engineering A.2002,(323):161-166.
[57] Salem F G, Reynolds A P.Microstructure and retention pf superplasticity of friction stir weldedsuperplastic2095sheet [J].Scripta Materialia,2002,(46):337-342.
[58]查理R.布鲁克斯，阿肖克.考霍莱.工程材料的失效分析,北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[59]范伟光，程艳艳，马天风等. AZ31B镁合金点焊接头的断口特征和耐蚀性分析[J].电焊机，2007,27(10)：59-62.
[60]钟群鹏，赵子华，张峥.断口学的发展及微观断裂机理研究[J].机械强度2005,27(3):358-370.
[61] Park S H C, SATO Y S, KOKAWA H.Effect of micro-texture on fracture location in friction stir weldof Mg alloy AZ61during tensile test [J].Scripta Materialia,2003,49(2):161-166.
[62]拉达伊著.焊接热效应·温度场、残余应力、变形．北京:机械工业出版社，1997.
[63]李景涌．有限元法．北京:北京邮电大学出版社，1999.
[64]赵腾伦.ABAQUS6.6在机械工程中的应用.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[65]杨世铭．传热学基础.北京:高等教育出版社，1991.
[66]汪建华．焊接结构三维热变形的有限元模拟．上海交通大学学报[J].1994.28(6)：59-65.
[67]李红克，史清宇，赵海燕，李亭.热量自适应搅拌摩擦焊热源模型[J].焊接学报,2006,27(11)81-85.
[68]陈楚，汪建华，杨洪庆.非线性焊接热传导的有限元分析和计算[J].焊接学报,1983(3):139-148.
[69]陈楚等.数值分析在焊接中的应用.上海：上海交通大学出版社，1985.
[70] Song M,Kovacevic R.Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and itsvalidation[J].International Journal of Machinc Tools＆Manufacture,2003,43:1319-1326.
[71]鹿安理，史清宇，赵海燕等.厚板焊接过程温度场、应力场的三维有限元数值模拟[J].中国机械工程，2001,12(2)：183-186.
[72]武传松.焊接过程的计算机模拟，第十次全国焊接学术会议IT与焊接专题会议，2001.
[73]史清宇，王细波，康旭等.搅拌摩擦焊的温度场分布，清华大学学报[J].2010，50(7):29-31.
[74]程玉兰.红外诊断现场实用技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2002.
[75] K.Masubuchi. Prediction and control of residual stresses and distortion in welded structures [J].Proc.Theoretical Prediction in Joining and Welding，1996：71-8.
[76]苏晓莉，王快社，周俊杰.铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场检测.焊接技术[J].2006,35(1):12-14.
[77]史清宇，王细波，康旭，孙延军.搅拌摩擦焊温度场，清华大学学报[J].2010,50(7):980-983.
[78] K.S.Alfredsson and B.L.Josefson. Harmonic response of a spot welded box beam-Influence of weldingresidual stresses and deformations. Proc. IUTAM SymPosium on the Mechanical Effects of welding.Lulea，1991：1-8.
[79]蔡志鹏，鹿安理，史清宇等．相似理论在焊接温度场和应力场及应变场中的应用[J].焊接学报，2000,21(3)：79-82.
[80]周鹏展，贺地求，舒霞云等.旋转速度对高强铝厚板搅拌摩擦焊温度场的影响[J].焊接技术，2005,34(2):10-11.
[81] Li, Z.X., Arbegast.W.J, Hartley, P.J., et.al. Microstructure characterization and stress corrosionevaluation of friction stir welded Al2195and Al2219alloys.Trends in welding Research, Proceedings ofthe5thInternational Conference,1998,568-573.
[82] North, T.H., Bendzsak, G.J., Zhai, Y., and Li, Z.1997.Particle fracture, retention,and fluid flow inmetal matrix composite frction joints[J].Metallurgical and Materials TransactionsA.1997,28(11):2371-2384.
[83]何康生，曹雄夫.异种金属的焊接.北京：机械工业出版社.1986.
[84]章桥新.论金属间化合物的脆性及其克服途径[J].稀有金属材料与工程.1990,(6):27-32.
[85] Rattana Borrisutthekul,Yukio Miyashita,Yoshiharu Mutoh.Dissimilar material laser welding betweenmagnesium alloy AZ31B and aluminum alloy A5052-O[J].Science and Technology of AdvancedMaterials,2005,6:199-204.
[86]张立奎.镁合金-铝合金爆炸复合材料界面组织与性能的影响研究[D].南京理工大学.2008.
[87]周熙.镁合金与铝合金热轧复合的基础研究[D].南京理工大学.2008.
[88] Anand C,Somasekharan L,Lawrence E,et al.Fundamental studies of the friction stir welding ofmagnesium alloys to6061-T6aluminum[J].Magnesium Technology,2005,3:31-36.
[89] Yashan D, Tsang S, Johns W.L,et.al.Inertia friction welding of1100aluminum to type316stainless[J].Welding Journal66(8):27-37.
[90]方洪渊，冯吉才.材料连接过程中的界面行为.哈尔滨.哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2005.
[91]肖纪美.合金相与相变.冶金工业出版社，1987.
[92]毛卫民，赵新宾.金属的再结晶与晶粒长大.冶金工业出版社，1998.
[93]黄德斌.有色金属手册.北京:化学工业出版社.2005.
[94] D.Bradai and M.Kadi-Hanifi.The kinetics of the discontinuous precipitation and dissolution in Mg-richAl alloys[J].Journal of Materials Science,1999,34(21):5331-5336.
[95]夏立芳，张振信.金属中的扩散.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1989.
[96] Fatih Hayat.The effects of the welding current on heat input, nugget geometry, and the mechanical andfractural properties of resistance spot welding on Mg/Al dissimilar materials[J].2011,32(4):2476-2484.
[97] Esparza J A,Davis W C,Trillo E A,et al.Friction stir welding of magnesium alloy AZ31B[J].Journal ofMaterials Science Letters,2002,21(2):917-920.
[98]黄继华.金属及结构中的扩散.北京：冶金工业出版社，1996.
[99] T.Torvund, O.Grong.A process Model for Active Brazing of Ceramics: PartⅠ Growth of ReactionLayers [J].Journal of Materials Science.1996,31:3215-6222.
[100]柳绪静,刘黎明,王恒,宋刚.镁铝异种金属激光-TIG复合热源焊焊接性分析[J].焊接学报.2005,26(8):31-34.
[101]何鹏，冯吉才，钱乙余等.扩散连接接头金属间化合物新相的形成机理[J]..焊接学报.2001,22(1)53-55.
[102] T.Markovits, J.Takacs, A.Lovas, J.Belt.Laser brazing of aluminium [J].Journal of MaterrialsProcessing Technology.2003,143-144(1):651-655.
[103] E.V.Nikitina.Using suspensions of fluxes in arc welding of aluminium alloys [J].WeldingInternational.2006,20(3):222-225.
[104] Sato.Y.S, Park, S.H.C., Michiuchi, M., et.al.Constitutional liquation during dissimilar friction stirwelding of Al and Mg alloys[J].Scripta Materialia2003,50(9):1233-1236.
[105] G.Cao, S.Kou.Friction stir welding of2219Aluminum: Behavior of θ (Al2Cu) particles [J].Weldingresearch.2005,84(1):1-8s.
[2] B．L．Modike and T.Ebert.Mggnesium: properties-applactions-potential [J]. Materials Science andEngineering A，2001，302(l):375.
[3]冯吉才，王亚荣，张忠典.镁合金焊接技术的研究现状及应用[J].中国有色金属学报，2005,15（2）：165-178.
[4]翟春泉，曾小勤，丁文江，王渠东，吕宜振，徐小平.镁合金的开发与应用[J].机械工程材料，2001,25(1):（1）：6-10.
[5]刘正，王中光，王越等.压铸镁合金在汽车工业种的应用和发展趋势[J].特种铸造及有色合金，1999，(5):55-58.
[6]陈力禾，刘正，林立，梁立超.镁-汽车工业通向新世纪的轻量化之路[J].铸造，2004,53(1):5-11.
[7] R M Leal, A Loureiro. Effect of overlapping friction stir welding passes in the quality of welds ofaluminum alloys [J]. Materials and Design2008,29(1):982-991.
[8]刘鹏，李亚江，耿浩然等.Mg/Al异种金属的焊接研究现状[J].焊接技术，2006,35(2):1-3
[9]利亚将，王娟，刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.北京：化学工业出版社，2004.
[10]刘中青，刘凯.异种金属焊接技术指南.北京：机械工业出版社，1997.
[11]王恒,刘黎明,柳绪静.镁铝异种材料TIG焊接接头扩散行为分析[J].焊接学报，2005,26(7):6-8.
[12] Peng Liu，Yajiang Li，Haoran Geng，Juan Wang.Microstructure characteristics in TIG welded joint ofMg/Al dissimilar materials.Materials Letters.2007，61(3):1288-1291.
[13] A.Ben-Artyz,A.Munzti,G.KOhn,B.Bronfin and A.Shtechman.Joining of light hybrid constructionsmade of magnesium and aluminum alloys.TMS Annual Meeting，Seattle，WA，United States，MagnesiumTechnology2002:295-302.
[14] LIMING LIU and HONGYANG WANG.Microstructure and Properties Analysis of Laser Weldingand Laser Weld Bonding Mg to Al Joints[J].Metallurgical and materials transctions A.2011,4(42):1044-1050
[15]李慧,钱鸣,李达.金属间化合物对AZ31B镁/6061铝异种金属激光焊接性的影响[J].激光杂志.2007,(10)61-63.
[16] Yukio Miyashita, Rattana Borrisutthekul, Jian Chen and Yoshiharu Mutoh.Application of Twin LaserBeam on AZ31/A5052dissimilar metals welding [J].Key Engineering Materials.2007,353-358(9):1956-1959.
[17] Takehiko W,Yoshitaka S.Resistance spot welding of a magnesium alloy AZ31B plate to a1050aluminum plate using Ag insert metal[J].Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals，2004,54(7):293-297.
[18] Liu L M.Microstrueture of laser-TIG hybrid welds of dissimilar Mg alloy and Al alloy with Ce asinterlayer [J].Scripta Materialia.2006,55(4):383-386.
[19] G. Mahendran, S. Babu, V. Balasubramanian.Analyzing the effect of diffusion bonding processparameters on bond characteristics of Mg-Al dissimilar joints [J]. JMEPEG,2010(19):657-665.
[20] Peng Liu,Yajiang Li,Haoran Geng.Astudy of phase constitution near the interface of Mg/Al vacuumdiffusion bonding [J].Materials Letters，2005,59(7):2001-2005.
[21]赵丽敏,刘黎明,徐荣正,张兆栋.镁合金与铝合金的夹层扩散焊连接[J].焊接学报，2007.28(10):9-12.
[22]谷建军,刘小文.AZ31B/LY12的搅拌摩擦焊研究[J].金属铸锻焊技术，2008,37(1):52-53.
[23]王东，刘杰，肖伯律，马宗义.铝合金、镁合金搅拌摩擦焊界面处Mg/Al反应及接头力学性能[J].金属学报，2010(46):589-594.
[24] Yutaka S S,Seung H C P,Michiuchi M,et al.Constitutional liquation during dissimilar friction stirwelding of Al and Mg alloys[J].Scripta Materialia.2004,50(9):1233-1236.
[25] A.A.McLean,G.L.F.Powell,I.H.Brown,V.M.Linton.Friction stir welding of magnesium alloy AZ31Bto aluminium alloy5083[J].Science and Technology of Welding and Joining.2003,8(6):462-464.
[26]王希靖，阿荣，郭瑞杰．铝合金搭接接头搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究[J]．热加工工艺，2004(4)：12-16．
[27]徐效东，杨新岐，吴铁，张家龙.铝合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头工艺及组织性能研究[J].热加工工艺，2010,39(15):125-129.
[28]郭晓娟，李光，李丛卿，栾国红.搅拌摩擦搭接焊界面成形机制及影响因素[J].航空制造技术，2009,(12):62-65.
[29] R M Leal, A Loureiro.Effect of overlapping friction stir welding passes in the quality of welds ofaluminum alloys [J].Materials and Design2008,29(1):982-991.
[30] Chang-Yong Lee.Won-Bae Lee.Lap joint properties of FSW dissimilar formed5052Al and6061Alalloys with different thickness [J].Mater Science.2008,43(9):3296-3304.
[31] A. Abdollah-Zadeh, T saeid, B Sazgari.Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stirwelded aluminum/copper lap joints [J].Alloys and compounds.2008,460(1-2):535-538.
[32] Y C Chen，K.Nakata.Friction stir lap joining aluminum and magnesium alloys[J].ScriptaMaterialia.2008,58(6):433-436.
[33] VAHID FIROUZDOR, SINDO KOU. Formation of liquid and intermetallics in Al-to-Mg friction stirwelding [J].METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A.2010.7(41)：3238-3251.
[34] BY V. FIROUZDOR，S. KOU.Al-to-Mg Friction Stir Welding: Effect of Positions of Al and Mgwith Respect to the Welding Tool [J].2009.88(11)：213-224.
[35]王大勇，冯吉才，王攀峰.搅拌摩擦焊热输入数值模型[J].焊接学报2005，26(3)：25-28.
[36]Hurtier.J.A.Khan.Thermal Modeling of Friction Stir Welding for Al-Alloys[J].Journal of MaterialProcessing and Manufacturing Science.2005,8(1)：81-92.
[37] McClure J C.A thermal Model of Friction Stir Welding [J].Trends in Welding Research,1999,78(7):229-237.
[38] M.H.Khandkar,J.A.Khan.Thermal Modeling of Overlap Friction Stir Welding for Al-Alloys[J].Journalof Material Processing and Manufacturing Science.2001,10(2)：91-105.
[39] Tang,W.,Guo,X.,McClure,J.C.,et,al.Heat input and temperature distribution in friction stirwelding.[J]Journal Processing and Manufacturing Science,1988,7(2):163-172.
[40]张彦富，柯黎明，孙德超，邢丽等.搅拌摩擦焊焊缝区温度分布及对材料流动的影响[J].南昌航空工业学院学报,2003,17(3):12-16.
[41]陈剑辉，刘小文. T2纯铜与AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊技术[J].焊接技术，2008，137(2):29-31.
[42]徐韦锋，刘金合，栾国红等.厚板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场的检测与分析[J].机械科学与技术，2008,27(9):1159-1162.
[43]周细应，柯黎明等.搅拌摩擦焊的温度分析[J].新技术新工艺，2003,10:32-33
[44]李亚江，王娟，刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.北京:化学工业出版社，2004.
[45]关桥，栾国红.搅拌摩擦焊的现状与发展,第十一次全国焊接会议论文集（第一册），2005.
[46]厉呈臣.搅拌摩擦焊技术及其在高速动车组铝合金车体上的应用前景[J].现代焊接.2008,(11):34-35.
[47]N．Kazuhiro.Weldability of magnesium alloy [J].Journal of Light Metal Welding and Construction,2001,39(12):26-35.
[48]何建军，刘明宇，杨宗辉.搅拌头-搅拌摩擦焊的心脏[J].电焊机,2004,34(1):24-26.
[49] Cavaliere P, Mobile R, Panella FW, Squillace A.Mechanical and microstructural behaviour of2024-7075aluminium alloy sheets joined by friction stir welding[J].Int J Mach ToolManu.2006(45):588-94.
[50]V.Firouzdor, S.Kou.Formation of liquid and intermetallics in Al-to-Mg friction stir welding [J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2010,41(12):3238-3251.
[51] Uzun H, Donne CD, Argagnotto A, et al. Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al6013-T4toX5CrNi18-10stainless stee [J].Materials and Design,2005,(26):41-46.
[52] Somasekharan A C, Murr L E, Microstructures in friction-stir welded dissimilar magnesium alloys andmagnesium alloys to6061-T6aluminum alloy [J].Materials Characterization,2004,(52):49-64.
[53] Kwon Y J,Shigematsu I,Saito N.Dissimilar friction stir welding between magnesium and aluminumalloys[J].Materials Letters,2008,(62):3827-3829.
[54]张华，吴林，林三宝等.AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊研究.机械工程学报[J].2004,40(8):123-126.
[55] Wang Xijing,Zhang Zhongke,Da Chaobing et al.Microstructures and properties analysis of dissimilarmetal joint in the friction stir welded copper to aluminum alloy [J].China Welding.2007,16(1):57-62.
[56] Sutton M A,Yang B,Reynolds A P,et al.Microstructural studies of friction stir welds in2024-T3aluminum.[J].Materials Science and Engineering A.2002,(323):161-166.
[57] Salem F G, Reynolds A P.Microstructure and retention pf superplasticity of friction stir weldedsuperplastic2095sheet [J].Scripta Materialia,2002,(46):337-342.
[58]查理R.布鲁克斯，阿肖克.考霍莱.工程材料的失效分析,北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[59]范伟光，程艳艳，马天风等. AZ31B镁合金点焊接头的断口特征和耐蚀性分析[J].电焊机，2007,27(10)：59-62.
[60]钟群鹏，赵子华，张峥.断口学的发展及微观断裂机理研究[J].机械强度2005,27(3):358-370.
[61] Park S H C, SATO Y S, KOKAWA H.Effect of micro-texture on fracture location in friction stir weldof Mg alloy AZ61during tensile test [J].Scripta Materialia,2003,49(2):161-166.
[62]拉达伊著.焊接热效应·温度场、残余应力、变形．北京:机械工业出版社，1997.
[63]李景涌．有限元法．北京:北京邮电大学出版社，1999.
[64]赵腾伦.ABAQUS6.6在机械工程中的应用.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007.
[65]杨世铭．传热学基础.北京:高等教育出版社，1991.
[66]汪建华．焊接结构三维热变形的有限元模拟．上海交通大学学报[J].1994.28(6)：59-65.
[67]李红克，史清宇，赵海燕，李亭.热量自适应搅拌摩擦焊热源模型[J].焊接学报,2006,27(11)81-85.
[68]陈楚，汪建华，杨洪庆.非线性焊接热传导的有限元分析和计算[J].焊接学报,1983(3):139-148.
[69]陈楚等.数值分析在焊接中的应用.上海：上海交通大学出版社，1985.
[70] Song M,Kovacevic R.Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and itsvalidation[J].International Journal of Machinc Tools＆Manufacture,2003,43:1319-1326.
[71]鹿安理，史清宇，赵海燕等.厚板焊接过程温度场、应力场的三维有限元数值模拟[J].中国机械工程，2001,12(2)：183-186.
[72]武传松.焊接过程的计算机模拟，第十次全国焊接学术会议IT与焊接专题会议，2001.
[73]史清宇，王细波，康旭等.搅拌摩擦焊的温度场分布，清华大学学报[J].2010，50(7):29-31.
[74]程玉兰.红外诊断现场实用技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2002.
[75] K.Masubuchi. Prediction and control of residual stresses and distortion in welded structures [J].Proc.Theoretical Prediction in Joining and Welding，1996：71-8.
[76]苏晓莉，王快社，周俊杰.铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场检测.焊接技术[J].2006,35(1):12-14.
[77]史清宇，王细波，康旭，孙延军.搅拌摩擦焊温度场，清华大学学报[J].2010,50(7):980-983.
[78] K.S.Alfredsson and B.L.Josefson. Harmonic response of a spot welded box beam-Influence of weldingresidual stresses and deformations. Proc. IUTAM SymPosium on the Mechanical Effects of welding.Lulea，1991：1-8.
[79]蔡志鹏，鹿安理，史清宇等．相似理论在焊接温度场和应力场及应变场中的应用[J].焊接学报，2000,21(3)：79-82.
[80]周鹏展，贺地求，舒霞云等.旋转速度对高强铝厚板搅拌摩擦焊温度场的影响[J].焊接技术，2005,34(2):10-11.
[81] Li, Z.X., Arbegast.W.J, Hartley, P.J., et.al. Microstructure characterization and stress corrosionevaluation of friction stir welded Al2195and Al2219alloys.Trends in welding Research, Proceedings ofthe5thInternational Conference,1998,568-573.
[82] North, T.H., Bendzsak, G.J., Zhai, Y., and Li, Z.1997.Particle fracture, retention,and fluid flow inmetal matrix composite frction joints[J].Metallurgical and Materials TransactionsA.1997,28(11):2371-2384.
[83]何康生，曹雄夫.异种金属的焊接.北京：机械工业出版社.1986.
[84]章桥新.论金属间化合物的脆性及其克服途径[J].稀有金属材料与工程.1990,(6):27-32.
[85] Rattana Borrisutthekul,Yukio Miyashita,Yoshiharu Mutoh.Dissimilar material laser welding betweenmagnesium alloy AZ31B and aluminum alloy A5052-O[J].Science and Technology of AdvancedMaterials,2005,6:199-204.
[86]张立奎.镁合金-铝合金爆炸复合材料界面组织与性能的影响研究[D].南京理工大学.2008.
[87]周熙.镁合金与铝合金热轧复合的基础研究[D].南京理工大学.2008.
[88] Anand C,Somasekharan L,Lawrence E,et al.Fundamental studies of the friction stir welding ofmagnesium alloys to6061-T6aluminum[J].Magnesium Technology,2005,3:31-36.
[89] Yashan D, Tsang S, Johns W.L,et.al.Inertia friction welding of1100aluminum to type316stainless[J].Welding Journal66(8):27-37.
[90]方洪渊，冯吉才.材料连接过程中的界面行为.哈尔滨.哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2005.
[91]肖纪美.合金相与相变.冶金工业出版社，1987.
[92]毛卫民，赵新宾.金属的再结晶与晶粒长大.冶金工业出版社，1998.
[93]黄德斌.有色金属手册.北京:化学工业出版社.2005.
[94] D.Bradai and M.Kadi-Hanifi.The kinetics of the discontinuous precipitation and dissolution in Mg-richAl alloys[J].Journal of Materials Science,1999,34(21):5331-5336.
[95]夏立芳，张振信.金属中的扩散.哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1989.
[96] Fatih Hayat.The effects of the welding current on heat input, nugget geometry, and the mechanical andfractural properties of resistance spot welding on Mg/Al dissimilar materials[J].2011,32(4):2476-2484.
[97] Esparza J A,Davis W C,Trillo E A,et al.Friction stir welding of magnesium alloy AZ31B[J].Journal ofMaterials Science Letters,2002,21(2):917-920.
[98]黄继华.金属及结构中的扩散.北京：冶金工业出版社，1996.
[99] T.Torvund, O.Grong.A process Model for Active Brazing of Ceramics: PartⅠ Growth of ReactionLayers [J].Journal of Materials Science.1996,31:3215-6222.
[100]柳绪静,刘黎明,王恒,宋刚.镁铝异种金属激光-TIG复合热源焊焊接性分析[J].焊接学报.2005,26(8):31-34.
[101]何鹏，冯吉才，钱乙余等.扩散连接接头金属间化合物新相的形成机理[J]..焊接学报.2001,22(1)53-55.
[102] T.Markovits, J.Takacs, A.Lovas, J.Belt.Laser brazing of aluminium [J].Journal of MaterrialsProcessing Technology.2003,143-144(1):651-655.
[103] E.V.Nikitina.Using suspensions of fluxes in arc welding of aluminium alloys [J].WeldingInternational.2006,20(3):222-225.
[104] Sato.Y.S, Park, S.H.C., Michiuchi, M., et.al.Constitutional liquation during dissimilar friction stirwelding of Al and Mg alloys[J].Scripta Materialia2003,50(9):1233-1236.
[105] G.Cao, S.Kou.Friction stir welding of2219Aluminum: Behavior of θ (Al2Cu) particles [J].Weldingresearch.2005,84(1):1-8s.