铜川矿务局北区采煤引起的边坡变形分析与研究
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摘要
铜川矿务局北区—焦坪矿区，地处陕北黄土高原南缘，地势西北高而东南低，为低中山地貌单元。同时，该区黄土覆盖层厚度较小。矿区有玉华、下石节、陈家山三个矿，煤炭资源丰富。主采4-2~#煤层，煤厚8～20m之间，采深为450～500m不等。开采方法以走向长壁放顶煤为主，煤层顶板实行全部跨落法管理模式。在地下采煤的影响下，边坡发生变形与失稳活动，且频频发生。这不仅给矿山人民生命财产带来严重危害，而且严重制约矿山的正常发展。所以，对采煤引起边坡的变形进行研究具有现实意义。
本文结合铜川矿务局“焦坪矿区综放开采岩层与地表移动规律研究”项目，以玉华矿和下石节矿为主要研究对象。首先对矿区边坡的工程地质条件进行了调查。在此基础上，运用FLAC软件，对1407工作面(玉华矿)和211工作面(下石节矿)的采场边坡的变形情况进行模拟。在模拟过程中，考虑了岩石类型、坡体形态、煤层覆存条件、工作面与坡体的相对位置、工作面推进方向、开采速度、采场来压等因素对坡体的影响。再者，运用模拟结果和现场地表移动观测数据、覆岩破坏钻孔探测数据，从基础理论和实践两个方面，确定影响该区边坡变形的因素及引起边坡变形的机理。最后，利用前面两个边坡的岩体力学参数，建立模拟模型对未采区的边坡变形进行预测。
通过以上理论分析和数值模拟，得出该区采煤边坡变形方式为：以坐落滑移变形为主，因受岩性的影响有的坡体出现错落滑移变形。
Jiao Ping diggings, north of Tong Chuan mining bureau, lies in a mountainous area in south of loessial altiplano in Shanbei. The topography in northwest is high but the southeast topography is low. This area thickness of loess is thin. It has three diggings: yuhua、 xiashijie、
chenjiashan and the coal resource is rich. The 4-2 coal bed is picked which is 8 - 20m thickness. The coal average deep is 450 - 500m. The method of mining coal is along the long wall to pick coal, and the coal top falls freely. Under the underground mining coal influence, the transfiguration and unsteadiness of slope have occured frequently. These movements have not only brought serious harm for the life and property of mine people, also seriously restricted mine normal development. So the research of mined slope has practical significance.
Based on the project of "The rock layer and the surface migration rule of Tong Chuan diggings", this article regards yuhua and xiashijie as research objects. First, it has carried on the investigation to the engineering geology condition of slope in mining area. And it has simulated the deformation of 1407 working surface (yuhua) and 211 working surface (xiashijie) by software FLAC. In the simulation process, it has considered these factors: the rock type, the slope shape, the coal bed condition, the relative position of working surface and the slope body, the working surface advancement direction, the mining speed, the press of rock. Second, using the analogue result and the spot observation data of surface migration, the drill hole survey data of rock destruction, it has determined infective factors and deformation mechanism from theory and practice. Finally, using the front rock mechanics parameters of two slopes, it has established the analog modeling to forecast the distortion of slope in area which has not excavated coal.
Through above theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, it has obtained excavated
本文结合铜川矿务局“焦坪矿区综放开采岩层与地表移动规律研究”项目，以玉华矿和下石节矿为主要研究对象。首先对矿区边坡的工程地质条件进行了调查。在此基础上，运用FLAC软件，对1407工作面(玉华矿)和211工作面(下石节矿)的采场边坡的变形情况进行模拟。在模拟过程中，考虑了岩石类型、坡体形态、煤层覆存条件、工作面与坡体的相对位置、工作面推进方向、开采速度、采场来压等因素对坡体的影响。再者，运用模拟结果和现场地表移动观测数据、覆岩破坏钻孔探测数据，从基础理论和实践两个方面，确定影响该区边坡变形的因素及引起边坡变形的机理。最后，利用前面两个边坡的岩体力学参数，建立模拟模型对未采区的边坡变形进行预测。
通过以上理论分析和数值模拟，得出该区采煤边坡变形方式为：以坐落滑移变形为主，因受岩性的影响有的坡体出现错落滑移变形。
Jiao Ping diggings, north of Tong Chuan mining bureau, lies in a mountainous area in south of loessial altiplano in Shanbei. The topography in northwest is high but the southeast topography is low. This area thickness of loess is thin. It has three diggings: yuhua、 xiashijie、
chenjiashan and the coal resource is rich. The 4-2 coal bed is picked which is 8 - 20m thickness. The coal average deep is 450 - 500m. The method of mining coal is along the long wall to pick coal, and the coal top falls freely. Under the underground mining coal influence, the transfiguration and unsteadiness of slope have occured frequently. These movements have not only brought serious harm for the life and property of mine people, also seriously restricted mine normal development. So the research of mined slope has practical significance.
Based on the project of "The rock layer and the surface migration rule of Tong Chuan diggings", this article regards yuhua and xiashijie as research objects. First, it has carried on the investigation to the engineering geology condition of slope in mining area. And it has simulated the deformation of 1407 working surface (yuhua) and 211 working surface (xiashijie) by software FLAC. In the simulation process, it has considered these factors: the rock type, the slope shape, the coal bed condition, the relative position of working surface and the slope body, the working surface advancement direction, the mining speed, the press of rock. Second, using the analogue result and the spot observation data of surface migration, the drill hole survey data of rock destruction, it has determined infective factors and deformation mechanism from theory and practice. Finally, using the front rock mechanics parameters of two slopes, it has established the analog modeling to forecast the distortion of slope in area which has not excavated coal.
Through above theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, it has obtained excavated
引文
[1] 张明海．抚顺西露天矿北帮某段边坡变形预测研究：[硕士论文]．辽宁工程技术大学，2002．7
[2] 孙玉科、杨志法等著．中国露天矿边坡稳定性研究．中国科学技术出版社，1999
[3] 候新华、苗勇勤．露天煤矿边坡工程研究现状与展望．煤炭科学技术，1996(6)
[4] 马新民、霍起元、丙勇勤．露天煤矿边坡稳定研究现状．露天采煤技术，1995(4)
[5] 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS入门手册，1998
[6] 冯树仁、丰定祥、葛修润、谷先荣．边坡稳定性的三维极限平衡分析方法及应用．岩土工程学报，1999，(11)
[7] 常春、周德培、王泳嘉、卢世宗．露天矿边坡稳定性分析集成智能系统．岩土力学，1997，(9)
[8] 谭文辉、王家臣等．边坡稳定性分析方法的探讨．露天采煤技术，1998(2)
[9] 梁海林．用声发射监铡与预测边坡变形可行性研究．露天采煤技术，1998(3)
[10] Hock.E and Bray, Rock slope engineering. The Institution of Mining ang Metallurgy.London, 1979
[11] 王瑁成，邵敏．有限单元法基本原理和数值方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1995
[12] 李云鹏，王芝银．固体力学有限元法及程序设计．西安：西安地图出版社，1994
[13] Brady B H G and J W Bray. The boundary lement method for determining stresses and displacements aroud long openings in a triaxial stress field. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sic & Geomech. Abstr, 1978, 15(1)
[14] Brady B H G. A direct formulation of the boundary element method of stress analysis for complete plane strain. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sic & Geomech. Abstr, 1978,15(1)
[15] 来兴平，伍永平，蔡美峰．FLAC在地下巷道离层破坏非线性数值模拟中的应用．西安科技学院学报，2000，20(3)
[16] 覃羡安．常家山隧道穿煤及采空区围岩稳定性研究：[硕士论文]．西安科技大学，2005
[17] 重立元，刘松玉，邱枉，方磊．高公路下伏采空区问题国内外研究现状及进展．岩石力学与工程学报，2004，23(7)
[18] 韩恒悦，李玉明，黄亦斌，牛志仁，侯文舫，张秉文．铜川斜坡变形与作用因素分析．灾害学，1997，12(4)
[19] 秦大亮．近水平煤层群开采地表移动规律研究：[工程硕士论文]．2003．5
[20] 陈庆发．岩质深凹边坡松动岩体工程特性研究：[工程硕士论文]．武汉理工大学，2005
[21] Li Gang, Li Hong, Kato Harumi,Mizuta Yoshiaki. Application of uiquitus Joint model in numerical modeling of hilltop mines ni Japan. Rock mechanics and project journal,2003,22(6)
[22] 刘文涛．场覆岩移动流变模型及开采沉陷预计研究：[硕士论文]．太原理工大学，2004
[23] Duan Haipeng, Wang Yunsheng.Study on the Safety of the Rock Mass in the Tongling Bank of Taipinghu Bridge. The geoscience progresses journal,2004
[24] E E Vanmarcke.Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Earth Slopes. Engineering Geology, 1980,16
[25] Zhang Wohua,Valliappan. Analysis of Random Anisotropic Damage Mechanics Problen of Rockmass.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 1990,23(4)
[26] Wang Xuebin.Numerical simulation of influence of shear dilatancy on deformation characteristics of shear band---elastic body system. Coal scientific project journal, 2004, 10 (2)
[27] 孔宪立，胡德富．采空区地表斜坡变形破坏类型及其运动机制．同济大学学报，1995，6(23)
[28] 潘宏宇．采动滑坡机理与控制开采方法研究：[硕士论文]．西安科技大学，2005．7
[29] 何万龙．山区地表移动与变形规律的研究．煤炭学报，1992(4)：(1～15)
[30] 梁明，汤伏全．山体下采煤的地面监测与数据分析．西安矿业学院学报，1994(2)
[31] 何万龙．开采影响下的山区地表移动．煤炭科学技术，1981(81)：(23～29)
[32] 汤伏全，田家琦．地下开采诱发滑坡的机制研究．国际滑坡与岩石力学会议论文集，1991
[33] 孔宪立，胡德富．采空区地表斜坡变形破坏类型及其运动机制．同济大学学报，1995，6(23)
[34] 常中华，伍法权，张二勇，柴建峰．三峡水库区奉节县典型岩质斜坡变形破坏模式及成因机制分析．中国地质灾害与防治学报，2004，15(4)
[35] 胡德富，孔宪立，李华．地下采空区引起的地表斜坡变形和滑移的研究．见：中国地质学会工程地质委员会、中科院地质研究所主编第四届全国工程地质大会论文选集：(三)北京：海洋出版社，1992．1179～1190
[36] 周德辉．山区开采滑坡的成因、机理分析及防治措施．贵州科学，1999，17(3)
[37] 徐汉斌，王军．反算法中滑坡稳定系数的取值问题．四川地质学报，1999，19(11)
[38] 吴宏伟，陈守义，庞宇威．雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究．岩土力学，1999，20(1)
[39] 朱文彬，刘宝探．降雨条件下土体滑坡的有限元数值分析．岩石力学与上程学报，2002，21(4)：509-512
[40] 殷坤龙，汪洋，唐仲华．降雨对滑坡的作用机理及动态模拟研究．地质科技情报，2002，21(1)
[41] 李俊，董孝璧，刘汉超．顺倾边坡地下采煤安全边界的计算．地质灾害与环境保护，1997，8(3)
[42] Cruden D.M.Pock slope movements in the Canadian cordillera.Can.Geotech J.Vol.22 No. 1985
[43] Mazzoecoal,D.F.,Hudson.J.A.A comprehensive methed of rock mass characterrization for indicating natural solpe instability, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 1996(29):37～56
[44] Sarma, S.K.Stability analysis of embankmeats and slopes, geotechnique,14,2
[2] 孙玉科、杨志法等著．中国露天矿边坡稳定性研究．中国科学技术出版社，1999
[3] 候新华、苗勇勤．露天煤矿边坡工程研究现状与展望．煤炭科学技术，1996(6)
[4] 马新民、霍起元、丙勇勤．露天煤矿边坡稳定研究现状．露天采煤技术，1995(4)
[5] 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS入门手册，1998
[6] 冯树仁、丰定祥、葛修润、谷先荣．边坡稳定性的三维极限平衡分析方法及应用．岩土工程学报，1999，(11)
[7] 常春、周德培、王泳嘉、卢世宗．露天矿边坡稳定性分析集成智能系统．岩土力学，1997，(9)
[8] 谭文辉、王家臣等．边坡稳定性分析方法的探讨．露天采煤技术，1998(2)
[9] 梁海林．用声发射监铡与预测边坡变形可行性研究．露天采煤技术，1998(3)
[10] Hock.E and Bray, Rock slope engineering. The Institution of Mining ang Metallurgy.London, 1979
[11] 王瑁成，邵敏．有限单元法基本原理和数值方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1995
[12] 李云鹏，王芝银．固体力学有限元法及程序设计．西安：西安地图出版社，1994
[13] Brady B H G and J W Bray. The boundary lement method for determining stresses and displacements aroud long openings in a triaxial stress field. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sic & Geomech. Abstr, 1978, 15(1)
[14] Brady B H G. A direct formulation of the boundary element method of stress analysis for complete plane strain. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sic & Geomech. Abstr, 1978,15(1)
[15] 来兴平，伍永平，蔡美峰．FLAC在地下巷道离层破坏非线性数值模拟中的应用．西安科技学院学报，2000，20(3)
[16] 覃羡安．常家山隧道穿煤及采空区围岩稳定性研究：[硕士论文]．西安科技大学，2005
[17] 重立元，刘松玉，邱枉，方磊．高公路下伏采空区问题国内外研究现状及进展．岩石力学与工程学报，2004，23(7)
[18] 韩恒悦，李玉明，黄亦斌，牛志仁，侯文舫，张秉文．铜川斜坡变形与作用因素分析．灾害学，1997，12(4)
[19] 秦大亮．近水平煤层群开采地表移动规律研究：[工程硕士论文]．2003．5
[20] 陈庆发．岩质深凹边坡松动岩体工程特性研究：[工程硕士论文]．武汉理工大学，2005
[21] Li Gang, Li Hong, Kato Harumi,Mizuta Yoshiaki. Application of uiquitus Joint model in numerical modeling of hilltop mines ni Japan. Rock mechanics and project journal,2003,22(6)
[22] 刘文涛．场覆岩移动流变模型及开采沉陷预计研究：[硕士论文]．太原理工大学，2004
[23] Duan Haipeng, Wang Yunsheng.Study on the Safety of the Rock Mass in the Tongling Bank of Taipinghu Bridge. The geoscience progresses journal,2004
[24] E E Vanmarcke.Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Earth Slopes. Engineering Geology, 1980,16
[25] Zhang Wohua,Valliappan. Analysis of Random Anisotropic Damage Mechanics Problen of Rockmass.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 1990,23(4)
[26] Wang Xuebin.Numerical simulation of influence of shear dilatancy on deformation characteristics of shear band---elastic body system. Coal scientific project journal, 2004, 10 (2)
[27] 孔宪立，胡德富．采空区地表斜坡变形破坏类型及其运动机制．同济大学学报，1995，6(23)
[28] 潘宏宇．采动滑坡机理与控制开采方法研究：[硕士论文]．西安科技大学，2005．7
[29] 何万龙．山区地表移动与变形规律的研究．煤炭学报，1992(4)：(1～15)
[30] 梁明，汤伏全．山体下采煤的地面监测与数据分析．西安矿业学院学报，1994(2)
[31] 何万龙．开采影响下的山区地表移动．煤炭科学技术，1981(81)：(23～29)
[32] 汤伏全，田家琦．地下开采诱发滑坡的机制研究．国际滑坡与岩石力学会议论文集，1991
[33] 孔宪立，胡德富．采空区地表斜坡变形破坏类型及其运动机制．同济大学学报，1995，6(23)
[34] 常中华，伍法权，张二勇，柴建峰．三峡水库区奉节县典型岩质斜坡变形破坏模式及成因机制分析．中国地质灾害与防治学报，2004，15(4)
[35] 胡德富，孔宪立，李华．地下采空区引起的地表斜坡变形和滑移的研究．见：中国地质学会工程地质委员会、中科院地质研究所主编第四届全国工程地质大会论文选集：(三)北京：海洋出版社，1992．1179～1190
[36] 周德辉．山区开采滑坡的成因、机理分析及防治措施．贵州科学，1999，17(3)
[37] 徐汉斌，王军．反算法中滑坡稳定系数的取值问题．四川地质学报，1999，19(11)
[38] 吴宏伟，陈守义，庞宇威．雨水入渗对非饱和土坡稳定性影响的参数研究．岩土力学，1999，20(1)
[39] 朱文彬，刘宝探．降雨条件下土体滑坡的有限元数值分析．岩石力学与上程学报，2002，21(4)：509-512
[40] 殷坤龙，汪洋，唐仲华．降雨对滑坡的作用机理及动态模拟研究．地质科技情报，2002，21(1)
[41] 李俊，董孝璧，刘汉超．顺倾边坡地下采煤安全边界的计算．地质灾害与环境保护，1997，8(3)
[42] Cruden D.M.Pock slope movements in the Canadian cordillera.Can.Geotech J.Vol.22 No. 1985
[43] Mazzoecoal,D.F.,Hudson.J.A.A comprehensive methed of rock mass characterrization for indicating natural solpe instability, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 1996(29):37～56
[44] Sarma, S.K.Stability analysis of embankmeats and slopes, geotechnique,14,2