新型防水抗裂外加剂的研究
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摘要
本文以煅烧高岭土、铝粉、硫酸铝作为防水剂的组份，研究了它们对水泥水化及混凝土的抗渗性的影响。通过它们对水泥石的化学收缩和自收缩、孔结构以及对砂浆及混凝土的收缩性能的深入研究配制出了一种性能优良的混凝土抗裂防水外加剂。
研究发现，高岭土的煅烧温度及煅烧时间对煅烧高岭土中的活性氧化铝的含量具有较大的影响：高岭土在750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃、950℃温度下煅烧，其活性氧化铝含量随温度和时间的增加而增加，但在950℃、4h时后活性氧化铝的增加速度降低。1000℃时煅烧高岭土中活性氧化铝的含量在煅烧时间2h～5h随煅烧时间的延长还有所下降。另外，高岭土煅烧后采用急冷方法比采用自然降温方法中制得的煅烧高岭土具有更高的活性氧化铝含量。结合煅烧高岭土对水泥强度的影响，考虑到节约能源，以采用980℃恒温0.5h然后快速冷却的方法作为最佳煅烧温度与时间。通过对煅烧高岭土与饱和石灰水的反应及煅烧高岭土与水泥混合后的XRD分析，确认煅烧高岭土具有较好的火山灰活性。煅烧高岭土的掺入可以使水泥石中的孔细化，通过对煅烧高岭土掺入水泥中标养后在2.5％氯化钠溶液中浸泡试验发现，煅烧后的高岭土掺入水泥砂浆使其具有极好的抗渗透性。但其与水泥混合后稍微增大水泥的用水量、缩短凝结时间。
煅烧高岭土掺入水泥中，增加了水泥石的化学收缩，对水泥石的自收缩的影响并不明显。硫酸铝掺入水泥中，可以使水泥浆的化学收缩有少量的减少，但可以使水泥净浆的自收缩改变为膨胀效应，这是因为其与水泥水化的生成物反应生成了钙矾石。铝粉的加入可以使水泥浆产生一定量的气泡。气泡的引入可以阻断水泥石中的贯通孔的通路，从而增加其抗渗性能，通过试验研究，铝粉在水泥砂浆中的掺量以(0.004～0.005)％为宜。
通过对煅烧高岭土、铝粉、硫酸铝在混凝土中掺量对其抗压强度、初始
武汉理工大学硕士学位论文
坍落度、3Omin坍落度保留值及透水高度的影响，确定了配制抗裂防水外加
剂的各组成成分以其占水泥质量的百分比分别为:锻烧高岭土6%，硫酸铝
4%，铝粉为0.005%。通过试验研究，据此而配制的防水抗裂混凝土具有较
好的限制膨胀率和抗渗性能。
依据JC474一1999《砂浆、混凝土防水剂规定方法》，对所配制的外加剂
测定，其各项性能符合该标准中规定的一等品的要求。与缓凝高效减水剂共
同使用配制出的混凝土具有很好的耐久性。
The calcined kaolin, aluminium powders and aluminum sulfate were used as components of water-repellent agent, which effects on cement hydration and concrete impermeability were discussed in this paper. Their effects on the chemical shrinkage, self-shrinkage, hole structure of cement stone and on the shrinkage of mortar and concrete were also studied thoroughly, and a concrete admixture with high performance of crack-resistant and water-repellent was prepared.
The research results revealed that activated alumina content of calcined kaolin of kaolin had a strong correlation with the calcined temperatures and time. The activated alumina content of calcined kaolin increased with the calcined temperatures increasing from 750 C to 950 C, and increased with the calcined time prolonging at 750 C, 800 C, 850 C, 900 C and 950 C. However, the elevated speed of the activated alumina content decreased at 950 C for 4h. The activated alumina content had a reduce with time prolonging from 2h to 5h at calcined temperature of 1000 C. The research results also revealed that products obtained by sudden cooling from high temperature had a higher content of activated alumina than that by cooling naturally. Considering energy conservation and effects of calcined kaolin on the strength of cement, it was optimum method to produce calcined kaolin by calcining it at 980 C for 0.5h and then cooling it suddenly. The analysis results of reaction between calcined kaolin and saturation Ca(OH)2
solution and XRD results of reaction products of calcined kaolin and cement indicated that calcined kaolin has a high volcanic ash active. The experiment was done that the cured cement stone with addition of calcined kaolin were dipped into NaCl solution of 2.5wt%, and the experiment results showed that addition of calcined kaolin made cement stone pore fine and cement mortar displayed high property of impermeability. However, the addition of calcined kaolin to cement caused setting time of cement to prolong and water requirement of cement to reduce.
The addition of calcined kaolin to cement increased the chemical shrinkage of cement stone, but it had no distinct impact on the self-shrinkage of cement stone. The addition of aluminum sulfate caused the chemical shrinkage of cement mortar to reduce a little, but induced net plasma self-shrinkage to grow into expansion. That reason was that ettringite was produced by reaction between aluminum sulfate and hydration products. The addition of aluminium powders induced cement mortar to produce a mount of pore, the existing of pore could block path of through pore, so increased cement mortar impermeability. The experiments results revealed that appropriate addition amount of aluminium powders in cement mortar was 0.004-0.005 wt%.
The relation between addition content of calcined kaolin, aluminium powders and aluminum sulfate in concrete and compressive strength, slump constant, 30min slump and permeability altitude were studied, and according to the experiment results, the component percent contents of crack-resistant and water-repellent admixture in cement were determined as following: calcined kaolin 6%, aluminum sulfate 4% and aluminium powders 0.005%. The experiment, results revealed that crack-resistant and water-repellent concrete prepared on those proportion had a good restricted expansion coefficient and high impermeability.
According to standard JC474-1999 "water-repellent admixture for mortar and concrete", properties of the admixture were measured and they all satisfied with the specified standard of first quality product.
研究发现，高岭土的煅烧温度及煅烧时间对煅烧高岭土中的活性氧化铝的含量具有较大的影响：高岭土在750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃、950℃温度下煅烧，其活性氧化铝含量随温度和时间的增加而增加，但在950℃、4h时后活性氧化铝的增加速度降低。1000℃时煅烧高岭土中活性氧化铝的含量在煅烧时间2h～5h随煅烧时间的延长还有所下降。另外，高岭土煅烧后采用急冷方法比采用自然降温方法中制得的煅烧高岭土具有更高的活性氧化铝含量。结合煅烧高岭土对水泥强度的影响，考虑到节约能源，以采用980℃恒温0.5h然后快速冷却的方法作为最佳煅烧温度与时间。通过对煅烧高岭土与饱和石灰水的反应及煅烧高岭土与水泥混合后的XRD分析，确认煅烧高岭土具有较好的火山灰活性。煅烧高岭土的掺入可以使水泥石中的孔细化，通过对煅烧高岭土掺入水泥中标养后在2.5％氯化钠溶液中浸泡试验发现，煅烧后的高岭土掺入水泥砂浆使其具有极好的抗渗透性。但其与水泥混合后稍微增大水泥的用水量、缩短凝结时间。
煅烧高岭土掺入水泥中，增加了水泥石的化学收缩，对水泥石的自收缩的影响并不明显。硫酸铝掺入水泥中，可以使水泥浆的化学收缩有少量的减少，但可以使水泥净浆的自收缩改变为膨胀效应，这是因为其与水泥水化的生成物反应生成了钙矾石。铝粉的加入可以使水泥浆产生一定量的气泡。气泡的引入可以阻断水泥石中的贯通孔的通路，从而增加其抗渗性能，通过试验研究，铝粉在水泥砂浆中的掺量以(0.004～0.005)％为宜。
通过对煅烧高岭土、铝粉、硫酸铝在混凝土中掺量对其抗压强度、初始
武汉理工大学硕士学位论文
坍落度、3Omin坍落度保留值及透水高度的影响，确定了配制抗裂防水外加
剂的各组成成分以其占水泥质量的百分比分别为:锻烧高岭土6%，硫酸铝
4%，铝粉为0.005%。通过试验研究，据此而配制的防水抗裂混凝土具有较
好的限制膨胀率和抗渗性能。
依据JC474一1999《砂浆、混凝土防水剂规定方法》，对所配制的外加剂
测定，其各项性能符合该标准中规定的一等品的要求。与缓凝高效减水剂共
同使用配制出的混凝土具有很好的耐久性。
The calcined kaolin, aluminium powders and aluminum sulfate were used as components of water-repellent agent, which effects on cement hydration and concrete impermeability were discussed in this paper. Their effects on the chemical shrinkage, self-shrinkage, hole structure of cement stone and on the shrinkage of mortar and concrete were also studied thoroughly, and a concrete admixture with high performance of crack-resistant and water-repellent was prepared.
The research results revealed that activated alumina content of calcined kaolin of kaolin had a strong correlation with the calcined temperatures and time. The activated alumina content of calcined kaolin increased with the calcined temperatures increasing from 750 C to 950 C, and increased with the calcined time prolonging at 750 C, 800 C, 850 C, 900 C and 950 C. However, the elevated speed of the activated alumina content decreased at 950 C for 4h. The activated alumina content had a reduce with time prolonging from 2h to 5h at calcined temperature of 1000 C. The research results also revealed that products obtained by sudden cooling from high temperature had a higher content of activated alumina than that by cooling naturally. Considering energy conservation and effects of calcined kaolin on the strength of cement, it was optimum method to produce calcined kaolin by calcining it at 980 C for 0.5h and then cooling it suddenly. The analysis results of reaction between calcined kaolin and saturation Ca(OH)2
solution and XRD results of reaction products of calcined kaolin and cement indicated that calcined kaolin has a high volcanic ash active. The experiment was done that the cured cement stone with addition of calcined kaolin were dipped into NaCl solution of 2.5wt%, and the experiment results showed that addition of calcined kaolin made cement stone pore fine and cement mortar displayed high property of impermeability. However, the addition of calcined kaolin to cement caused setting time of cement to prolong and water requirement of cement to reduce.
The addition of calcined kaolin to cement increased the chemical shrinkage of cement stone, but it had no distinct impact on the self-shrinkage of cement stone. The addition of aluminum sulfate caused the chemical shrinkage of cement mortar to reduce a little, but induced net plasma self-shrinkage to grow into expansion. That reason was that ettringite was produced by reaction between aluminum sulfate and hydration products. The addition of aluminium powders induced cement mortar to produce a mount of pore, the existing of pore could block path of through pore, so increased cement mortar impermeability. The experiments results revealed that appropriate addition amount of aluminium powders in cement mortar was 0.004-0.005 wt%.
The relation between addition content of calcined kaolin, aluminium powders and aluminum sulfate in concrete and compressive strength, slump constant, 30min slump and permeability altitude were studied, and according to the experiment results, the component percent contents of crack-resistant and water-repellent admixture in cement were determined as following: calcined kaolin 6%, aluminum sulfate 4% and aluminium powders 0.005%. The experiment, results revealed that crack-resistant and water-repellent concrete prepared on those proportion had a good restricted expansion coefficient and high impermeability.
According to standard JC474-1999 "water-repellent admixture for mortar and concrete", properties of the admixture were measured and they all satisfied with the specified standard of first quality product.
引文
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