基于风帽压力波动的流化床气固流态化特征研究
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摘要
循环流化床燃烧是一项成熟的清洁煤燃烧技术,已在电站锅炉得到广泛的应用。由于在运行过程中炉内存在复杂的气固两相流动,循环流化床锅炉的故障率通常高于普通的煤粉锅炉。针对这一问题,国内外普遍利用在流化床气固流态化区域内或炉膛壁面上布置的压力信号测点,测量床内的压力波动信号,来分析不同运行工况下床内的气固流态化特征,从而用于监测流化床的工作状态并及时诊断相关故障的发生。然而所用压力测点由于暴露于床内的气固流态化区域,存在被频繁堵塞、严重磨损的问题,一旦损坏,其监测参数即告失效。为此,本课题提出了基于风帽压力信号测量的流化床内气固流态化特征的分析方法,借助鼓泡流化床、循环流化床冷态试验台,模拟流化床内不同工况及典型故障下的气固两相流动状态,利用统计函数、功率谱密度估计、小波分析、能量加权平均频率、均匀指数等时频域分析方法对测量的布风板风帽压力波动信号进行分析,研究风帽压力波动特性与流化床内气固流态化特征的关系规律,验证所提方法的可行性,为基于风帽压力波动特性的循环流化床锅炉故障诊断建立理论基础。
本文首先在鼓泡流化床冷态试验台上,模拟不同床层表观气速、床料颗粒粒径、静床高及加料、放料扰动条件下鼓泡流化床内的气固两相流动状态。测量布风板中心、边壁位置风帽入口处的压力波动信号,利用小波分析将信号分解为不同频率段的子信号,计算子信号的能量值及其占总能量的比值；利用Welch谱估计法得到信号的功率谱密度,用于分析信号的频率域特征。
其次,在循环流化床冷态试验台上,模拟不同一次风表观气速、床料颗粒粒径分布、系统装料量、二次风量等条件下,循环流化床内的气固两相流动状态；模拟不同返料风表观气速、系统颗粒循环流率的条件下,循环流化床流动密封阀内的气固两相流动状态。测量循环流化床内及流动密封阀内不同位置风帽的入口压力波动信号,计算信号的统计平均值和标准差,用于分析风帽压力的总体变化趋势和波动幅度；利用小波分析将信号分解为不同频率段的子信号,计算子信号的能量值及其占总能量的比值,用于分析床内不同频段的压力波动特征；利用预白化-后着色谱估计法估计信号的功率谱密度,然后计算信号的能量加权平均频率,用于分析床内的整体压力波动频率；提出了均匀指数,用于分析循环流化床内的流化均匀性以及流态化流型的转变。
之后,在循环流化床冷态试验台上,通过堵塞返料侧与加料口侧边壁风帽的部分出口小孔,模拟循环流化床内易发生堵塞区域的风帽局部堵塞故障；通过向床内添加不同质量、不同粒径的大颗粒床料,并同时取出相同质量的原床料,模拟循环流化床内不同程度的结块故障。在模拟故障工况下,测量床内相应位置风帽的入口压力波动信号,利用统计分析、小波分析、均匀指数等方法,分析风帽局部堵塞、结块故障对床内风帽压力波动特性和气固流态化特征的影响。
上述实验研究发现,鼓泡流化床风帽压力波动特性能够反映鼓泡流化床内表观气速、床料颗粒粒径、静床高、横截面方向位置等变化时的气固流态化特征变化；循环流化床内风帽的压力波动特性能够反映循环流化床内一次风表观气速、床料颗粒粒径分布、系统装料量、二次风量、横截面方向位置等变化时的气固流态化特征变化；流动密封阀内风帽的压力波动特性则能够反映流动密封阀内返料风表观气速、颗粒循环流率等变化时的气固流态化特征变化；流化床内发生风帽局部堵塞或结块故障时的风帽压力波动特性可以反映床内相应故障的发生。
The circulating fluidized bed combustion is a mature clean-coal combustion technology that has been widely used in power plant boilers. Because of the complex gas-solid two-phase flow inside the furnace during the operation, a circulating fluidized bed boiler usually has a higher failure rate than an ordinary pulverized coal fired boiler. To solve this problem, the in-bed and wall pressure fluctuations are generally measured to be used for the analysis of gas-solid fluidization characteristics in fluidized beds under different operation conditions. Based on the analysis of gas-solid fluidization characteristics in fluidized beds, the operating state of fluidized beds can be monitored, and the corresponding faults that happen can be early diagnosed. However, these in-bed and wall pressure measuring points are exposed to the gas-solid flow, so that they are easily to be blocked and wore. Once the pressure measuring points have been destroyed, the monitoring parameters will lapse. For this reason, the analysis of pressure fluctuation signals measured from wind caps which was a new method was proposed to realize the analysis of gas-solid fluidization characteristics in fluidized beds. With the help of a cold bubbling fluidized bed and a cold circulating fluidized bed, the state of gas-solid flow under different operating conditions and the typical faults were simulated. To research the relationships between the characteristics of pressure fluctuations in wind caps and the gas-solid fluidization characteristics inside the fluidized bed, the pressure fluctuation signals measured from the inlets of wind caps were analyzed with the methods both in time and frequency domain, such as statistical functions, power spectrum density estimation, wavelet analysis, energy weighted average frequency, homogeneous index and so on. The purposes of the research also included attesting to the practicability of the proposed method in this paper and providing a theoretical basis for the failure diagnosis of circulating fluidized beds based on pressure fluctuations in wind caps.
Firstly, the state of gas-solid two phases flow in a bubbling fluidized bed was simulated at different superficial gas velocities, bed material particle sizes, static bed heights and the disturbance of feeding and discharging materials. The pressure fluctuation signals were measured from the central and side-wall wind caps at simultaneity. The signals were decomposed into sub-signals of different frequency bands with wavelet analysis, and then the energy of sub-signals and the ratios of energy at different levels to total energy were calculated. Besides, the power spectrum densities of signals were got with Welch spectrum estimation method in order to analyze the characteristics of signals in frequency domain.
Secondly, the state of gas-solid flow inside a circulating fluidized bed was simulated at different primary air velocities, particle size distributions, solids inventories and secondary air flow rates. And the state of gas-solid flow inside a loop seal was also simulated at different recycling gas velocities and solid circulation rates. After measuring the pressure fluctuation signals from the wind caps located at the different cross-section positions of the circulating fluidized bed and the loop seal, the signals were analyzed with statistical average and standard deviation in order to get the general trends and fluctuation amplitudes of the pressures in wind caps. The signals were also decomposed into sub-signals of different frequency bands based on wavelet analysis, and the energy of sub-signals and the ratios of energy at different levels to total energy were calculated. Besides, the power spectrum densities of signals were got with Pre-whitening and Post-color spectrum estimation method for the analysis of signals in frequency domain and the homogeneous indexes of signals were calculated for the analysis of fluidization homogeneity and regimes.
After the simulations of normal operating conditions of bubbling fluidized bed and circulating fluidized bed, the partial blockages of wind caps near the side walls, both the materials-returning side and the materials-feeding side, were simulated. By feeding bed materials of large particle size with different qualities and simultaneously removing some original bed materials of the same qualities, the agglomeration of different levels in a circulating fluidized bed was simulated. Under the failure operation conditions, the pressure fluctuation signals of the wind caps located at the corresponding positions of the distributor were measured to analyze the effect of wind cap partial blockage and agglomeration to the pressure fluctuations characteristics and gas-solid fluidization characteristics based on the methods of statistical functions, wavelet analysis and homogeneous index.
The experimental results show that the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a bubbling fluidized bed can reflect the gas-solid fluidization characteristics in the bubbling fluidized bed at different superficial gas velocities, bed material particle sizes, static bed heights, cross-section positions and the disturbance of feeding and discharging materials; the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a circulating fluidized bed can reflect the gas-solid fluidization characteristics in the circulating fluidized bed at different primary air velocities, particle size distributions, solids inventories, secondary air flow rates and cross-section positions; the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a loop seal can reflect the gas-solid fluidization characteristics in the loop seal at different recycling gas velocities and solid circulation rates; the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a fault fluidized bed with wind cap partial blockage or agglomeration can reflect the corresponding fault that happens in the fluidized bed.
本文首先在鼓泡流化床冷态试验台上,模拟不同床层表观气速、床料颗粒粒径、静床高及加料、放料扰动条件下鼓泡流化床内的气固两相流动状态。测量布风板中心、边壁位置风帽入口处的压力波动信号,利用小波分析将信号分解为不同频率段的子信号,计算子信号的能量值及其占总能量的比值；利用Welch谱估计法得到信号的功率谱密度,用于分析信号的频率域特征。
其次,在循环流化床冷态试验台上,模拟不同一次风表观气速、床料颗粒粒径分布、系统装料量、二次风量等条件下,循环流化床内的气固两相流动状态；模拟不同返料风表观气速、系统颗粒循环流率的条件下,循环流化床流动密封阀内的气固两相流动状态。测量循环流化床内及流动密封阀内不同位置风帽的入口压力波动信号,计算信号的统计平均值和标准差,用于分析风帽压力的总体变化趋势和波动幅度；利用小波分析将信号分解为不同频率段的子信号,计算子信号的能量值及其占总能量的比值,用于分析床内不同频段的压力波动特征；利用预白化-后着色谱估计法估计信号的功率谱密度,然后计算信号的能量加权平均频率,用于分析床内的整体压力波动频率；提出了均匀指数,用于分析循环流化床内的流化均匀性以及流态化流型的转变。
之后,在循环流化床冷态试验台上,通过堵塞返料侧与加料口侧边壁风帽的部分出口小孔,模拟循环流化床内易发生堵塞区域的风帽局部堵塞故障；通过向床内添加不同质量、不同粒径的大颗粒床料,并同时取出相同质量的原床料,模拟循环流化床内不同程度的结块故障。在模拟故障工况下,测量床内相应位置风帽的入口压力波动信号,利用统计分析、小波分析、均匀指数等方法,分析风帽局部堵塞、结块故障对床内风帽压力波动特性和气固流态化特征的影响。
上述实验研究发现,鼓泡流化床风帽压力波动特性能够反映鼓泡流化床内表观气速、床料颗粒粒径、静床高、横截面方向位置等变化时的气固流态化特征变化；循环流化床内风帽的压力波动特性能够反映循环流化床内一次风表观气速、床料颗粒粒径分布、系统装料量、二次风量、横截面方向位置等变化时的气固流态化特征变化；流动密封阀内风帽的压力波动特性则能够反映流动密封阀内返料风表观气速、颗粒循环流率等变化时的气固流态化特征变化；流化床内发生风帽局部堵塞或结块故障时的风帽压力波动特性可以反映床内相应故障的发生。
The circulating fluidized bed combustion is a mature clean-coal combustion technology that has been widely used in power plant boilers. Because of the complex gas-solid two-phase flow inside the furnace during the operation, a circulating fluidized bed boiler usually has a higher failure rate than an ordinary pulverized coal fired boiler. To solve this problem, the in-bed and wall pressure fluctuations are generally measured to be used for the analysis of gas-solid fluidization characteristics in fluidized beds under different operation conditions. Based on the analysis of gas-solid fluidization characteristics in fluidized beds, the operating state of fluidized beds can be monitored, and the corresponding faults that happen can be early diagnosed. However, these in-bed and wall pressure measuring points are exposed to the gas-solid flow, so that they are easily to be blocked and wore. Once the pressure measuring points have been destroyed, the monitoring parameters will lapse. For this reason, the analysis of pressure fluctuation signals measured from wind caps which was a new method was proposed to realize the analysis of gas-solid fluidization characteristics in fluidized beds. With the help of a cold bubbling fluidized bed and a cold circulating fluidized bed, the state of gas-solid flow under different operating conditions and the typical faults were simulated. To research the relationships between the characteristics of pressure fluctuations in wind caps and the gas-solid fluidization characteristics inside the fluidized bed, the pressure fluctuation signals measured from the inlets of wind caps were analyzed with the methods both in time and frequency domain, such as statistical functions, power spectrum density estimation, wavelet analysis, energy weighted average frequency, homogeneous index and so on. The purposes of the research also included attesting to the practicability of the proposed method in this paper and providing a theoretical basis for the failure diagnosis of circulating fluidized beds based on pressure fluctuations in wind caps.
Firstly, the state of gas-solid two phases flow in a bubbling fluidized bed was simulated at different superficial gas velocities, bed material particle sizes, static bed heights and the disturbance of feeding and discharging materials. The pressure fluctuation signals were measured from the central and side-wall wind caps at simultaneity. The signals were decomposed into sub-signals of different frequency bands with wavelet analysis, and then the energy of sub-signals and the ratios of energy at different levels to total energy were calculated. Besides, the power spectrum densities of signals were got with Welch spectrum estimation method in order to analyze the characteristics of signals in frequency domain.
Secondly, the state of gas-solid flow inside a circulating fluidized bed was simulated at different primary air velocities, particle size distributions, solids inventories and secondary air flow rates. And the state of gas-solid flow inside a loop seal was also simulated at different recycling gas velocities and solid circulation rates. After measuring the pressure fluctuation signals from the wind caps located at the different cross-section positions of the circulating fluidized bed and the loop seal, the signals were analyzed with statistical average and standard deviation in order to get the general trends and fluctuation amplitudes of the pressures in wind caps. The signals were also decomposed into sub-signals of different frequency bands based on wavelet analysis, and the energy of sub-signals and the ratios of energy at different levels to total energy were calculated. Besides, the power spectrum densities of signals were got with Pre-whitening and Post-color spectrum estimation method for the analysis of signals in frequency domain and the homogeneous indexes of signals were calculated for the analysis of fluidization homogeneity and regimes.
After the simulations of normal operating conditions of bubbling fluidized bed and circulating fluidized bed, the partial blockages of wind caps near the side walls, both the materials-returning side and the materials-feeding side, were simulated. By feeding bed materials of large particle size with different qualities and simultaneously removing some original bed materials of the same qualities, the agglomeration of different levels in a circulating fluidized bed was simulated. Under the failure operation conditions, the pressure fluctuation signals of the wind caps located at the corresponding positions of the distributor were measured to analyze the effect of wind cap partial blockage and agglomeration to the pressure fluctuations characteristics and gas-solid fluidization characteristics based on the methods of statistical functions, wavelet analysis and homogeneous index.
The experimental results show that the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a bubbling fluidized bed can reflect the gas-solid fluidization characteristics in the bubbling fluidized bed at different superficial gas velocities, bed material particle sizes, static bed heights, cross-section positions and the disturbance of feeding and discharging materials; the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a circulating fluidized bed can reflect the gas-solid fluidization characteristics in the circulating fluidized bed at different primary air velocities, particle size distributions, solids inventories, secondary air flow rates and cross-section positions; the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a loop seal can reflect the gas-solid fluidization characteristics in the loop seal at different recycling gas velocities and solid circulation rates; the pressure fluctuations characteristics of wind caps in a fault fluidized bed with wind cap partial blockage or agglomeration can reflect the corresponding fault that happens in the fluidized bed.
引文
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