一种保证无线局域网中TCP流公平性的队列管理机制研究
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摘要
无线局域网(WLAN)以其移动性和灵活性的特点得到了广泛应用。随着网络速率的不断提高以及多媒体应用的发展,人们更希望无线网络能够提供服务质量(Ouality of Service,QoS)的保证,如何保证各用户公平地享有带宽是提供QoS保证的基础。公平性问题也因此成为解决OoS的关键问题之一。本文讨论基础结构模式的无线局域网中TCP上下行流之间的公平性问题。
本文基于TCP平均窗口理论,提出为满足TCP公平所需的AP缓存区大小的估计方法。但是通过改变缓存区大小实现TCP流的公平是不现实的。因此,本文在估计方法的基础上考虑网络传输延迟对吞吐量的影响,提出解决TCP不公平问题的方案TFBR。TFBR是在Drop Tail队列管理的基础上进行改进,通过设置经过AP队列中包的通告窗口字段,限制发送速率,从而解决TCP上下行流之间的公平。仿真实验结果表明该方法能在单个上行和多个下行流的情况下有效地解决公平性问题,而且具有较好的网络性能。但是,TFBR方法运用到实际中还存在一定的不足。针对TFBR应用上的不足,本文在TFBR的基础上,提出一种保证TCP公平的新型队列管理机制TF_PDAR。TF_PDAR算法在窗口值的计算上做了改进,不再通过准确计算得到窗口值,而是根据AP队列中的丢包事件动态地调整窗口大
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) based on IEEE 802.11 has been applied widely due to its mobility and facility. With the increasing high speed in data transmission and the development of multimedia applications, supporting Quality of Service (QoS) in WLAN has been increasingly demanded. The basic issues of QoS are how to ensure the fair allocation of the bandwidth for all wireless users. Hence the fairness issue is one of the key issues to provide QoS in WLAN. In this paper, we will discuss the unfairness problem between TCP upstream flows and downstream flows over infrastructure-mode WLAN.This thesis presents an estimation algorithm of AP buffer size for TCP fairness over WLAN based on TCP average window. But it is unpractical to regulate the AP buffer size to achieve TCP fairness. Hence, with the estimation algorithm and considering the influence of the propagation delay on throughout, we suggest a solution TFBR for TCP unfairness problem between TCP upstream flows and downstream flows. The TFBR modifies the Drop Tail, and controls the sender rate by
setting the advertised receiver window of the packets in queue of the Access Point (AP) before executing drop tail program. Simulation results exhibit the efficiency and good performance of TFBR on the scenario of one upstream flow and several downstream flows. But application of TFBR has some problems. In order to avoid those application problems, a new queue management named TFPDAR is presented based on TFBR, which utilizes packet loss to auto-regulate the advertised receiver window size instead of calculating exact window size in TFBR. Simulation results indicate that TFPDAR offers fair allocation of bandwidth between TCP upstream and downstream flows and better performance on throughout, average delay and packet dropping rate compared with Drop tail, RED and EDCF schemes. Moreover, TF_PDAR scheme dose not need to modify the hardware of wireless equipments, so that the TCP fairness problem could be solved more simply and economically with TFPDAR.
本文基于TCP平均窗口理论,提出为满足TCP公平所需的AP缓存区大小的估计方法。但是通过改变缓存区大小实现TCP流的公平是不现实的。因此,本文在估计方法的基础上考虑网络传输延迟对吞吐量的影响,提出解决TCP不公平问题的方案TFBR。TFBR是在Drop Tail队列管理的基础上进行改进,通过设置经过AP队列中包的通告窗口字段,限制发送速率,从而解决TCP上下行流之间的公平。仿真实验结果表明该方法能在单个上行和多个下行流的情况下有效地解决公平性问题,而且具有较好的网络性能。但是,TFBR方法运用到实际中还存在一定的不足。针对TFBR应用上的不足,本文在TFBR的基础上,提出一种保证TCP公平的新型队列管理机制TF_PDAR。TF_PDAR算法在窗口值的计算上做了改进,不再通过准确计算得到窗口值,而是根据AP队列中的丢包事件动态地调整窗口大
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) based on IEEE 802.11 has been applied widely due to its mobility and facility. With the increasing high speed in data transmission and the development of multimedia applications, supporting Quality of Service (QoS) in WLAN has been increasingly demanded. The basic issues of QoS are how to ensure the fair allocation of the bandwidth for all wireless users. Hence the fairness issue is one of the key issues to provide QoS in WLAN. In this paper, we will discuss the unfairness problem between TCP upstream flows and downstream flows over infrastructure-mode WLAN.This thesis presents an estimation algorithm of AP buffer size for TCP fairness over WLAN based on TCP average window. But it is unpractical to regulate the AP buffer size to achieve TCP fairness. Hence, with the estimation algorithm and considering the influence of the propagation delay on throughout, we suggest a solution TFBR for TCP unfairness problem between TCP upstream flows and downstream flows. The TFBR modifies the Drop Tail, and controls the sender rate by
setting the advertised receiver window of the packets in queue of the Access Point (AP) before executing drop tail program. Simulation results exhibit the efficiency and good performance of TFBR on the scenario of one upstream flow and several downstream flows. But application of TFBR has some problems. In order to avoid those application problems, a new queue management named TFPDAR is presented based on TFBR, which utilizes packet loss to auto-regulate the advertised receiver window size instead of calculating exact window size in TFBR. Simulation results indicate that TFPDAR offers fair allocation of bandwidth between TCP upstream and downstream flows and better performance on throughout, average delay and packet dropping rate compared with Drop tail, RED and EDCF schemes. Moreover, TF_PDAR scheme dose not need to modify the hardware of wireless equipments, so that the TCP fairness problem could be solved more simply and economically with TFPDAR.
引文
[1] S. Lu, V. Bharghavan, and R. Srikant, "Fair scheduling in wireless packet networks," in ACM SIGCOMM'97, Cannes, France, pages 63-74, Sept. 1997.
[2] Younggoo Kwon, Yuguang Fang and Haniph Latchman, "A Novel MAC Protocol with Fast Collision Resolution for Wireless LANs," in IEEE INFOCOM 2003, San Francisco, CA, Mar./Apr. 2003.
[3] Nitin H. Vaidya, Paramvir BahI, and Seema Gupta, "Distributed fair scheduling in a wireless LAN," in Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 167-168, 2000.
[4] Jing Deng, Pramod K. Varshney and Zygmunt J. Haas, "A new Backoff Algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function," Proc. of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation (CNDS '04), San Diego, CA, USA, January 18-21, 2004.
[5] Saar Pilosof, Ramachandran Ramjee, Danny Raz, Yuval Shavitt, and Prasun Sinha, "Understanding TCP fairness over Wireless LAN," in IEEE INFOCOM, 2003, San Francisco, CA, Mar./Apr. 2003.
[6] Marco Bottigliengo, Claudio Casetti, Carla-Fabiana Chiasserini, Michela Meo, "Smart Traffic Scheduling in 802.11 WLANs with Access Point, " IEEE VTC 2003-Fall, Orlando, FL, USA, October 6-9, 2003.
[7] S. Waharte, J. Xiao and R. Boutaba, "Overlay Wireless Sensor Networks for Application-Adaptive Scheduling in WLAN," in Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications, June 2004.
[8] Malik, M. Jaseemuddin, G Ravindran, and H. El-Sayed, 2005, "Bandwidth Management for Improving Performance and Fairness in IEEE 802.11 based Wireless Networks", ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA-05), January 3-6, Cairo, Egypt.
[9] Yi Wu, Zhisheng Niu and Junli Zheng, 2005, "Study of the TCP upstream/downstream unfairness issue with per-flow queuing over infrastructure-mode WLANs", Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2005, pages 459-471, 2005.
[10] A. Kamra, S. Kapila, V. Khurana, V. Yadav, R. Shorey, H. Saran and S. Juneja, 2000, "SFED: A Rate Control Based Active Queue Management Protocol", IBM IRL Research Report, New Delhi, India
[11] Bartek Wydrowski and Moshe Zukerman, 2002, "GREEN: An Active Queue Management Algorithm for a Self Managed Internet", Proceedings oflCC 2002, New York, vol. 4, pp. 2368-2372, 2002.
[12] Feng W, Kandlur D, Saha D, Shin K, 2001, "Stochastic Fair Blue: a queue management algorithm for enforcing fairness", Proc of IEEE INFOCOM 2001, 2001.
[13] Yang Xiao, "IEEE 802.11 e:QoS Provisioning at the MAC Layer", IEEE Wireless Communications 2004, 2004 June.
[14] ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition.
[15] Jonghwan Kim, "BLACK: A New Active Queue Management Scheme Using Arrival Rate for Reducing Queue Length Variation," final paper of Computer Science, KAIST, 2002.
[16] Robert Morris, "Scalable TCP Congestion Control," in IEEE INFOCOM 2000, 2000.
[17] The Network Simulator ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns.
[18] R. Jain, G. Babic, B. Nagendra and C. Lam, "Fairness, call establishment latency and other performance metrics," Tech. Rep. ATM Forum Document, Augest 1996.
[19] Simulation Model of IEEE 802.11e EDCF and CFB for ns-2.26. http://www.tkn.tu-berlin.de/research/802.11e_ns2.
[20] Giuseppe Bianchi, "Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 535-547, March 2000.
[21] T. Nandagopal, T. Kim, X. Gao, and V. Bharghavan, "Achieving MAC layer Fairness in Wireless Packet Networks", ACM Mobicom 2000, 2000.
[22] S. J Golestani,"A self-clocked fair queueing schem for broadband applications, "in IEEE INFOECOM '94, 1994.
[23] Andera Detti, Emiliano Graziosi, Valerio Minichiello, Stefano Salsano, and Vincenzo Sangregorio, "TCP Fairness Issues in IEEE 802.11 Based Access Network," submitted paper.
[24] Srikant Sharma, "Analysis of 802.11b Mac: A QoS, Fairness and Performance Perspective," Dept. of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, cs. NI/0411017, 2004.
[25] Stefan Mangold, Sunghyun Choi, Peter May, Ole Klein, Guido Hiertz, and Lothar Stibor "IEEE 802.11e Wireless LAN for Auality of Service" in Proc. European Wirless'2002, 2002.
[26] Godfrey Tan and John Gut-tag, "Time-based Fairness Improve performance in Multi-rate WLANs," USENIX 2004 Pp. 269-282 of the proceedings, 2004.
[27] Martin Heusse, Franck Rousseau, Gilles Berger-Sabbatel, and Andrzej Duda "Performance Anomaly of 802.11b," in IEEE INFOCOM 2003, 2003.
[28] Satoshi Ohzahata, Shigetomo Kimura, Yoshihiko Ebihara and Konosuke Kawashima,, 2004, "A Queue Management Method for Improving TCP Performance in Wireless Environments," Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2004 (WCNC2004).
[29] Yongho Seok, Jaewoo Park and Yanghee Choi, 2003, "Queue Management Algorithm for Muti-rate Wireless Local Area Network", IEEE 2003 International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings, 2003.
[30] 程胜,杜鹃,丁炜,“无线局域网及其发展趋势”,《电信网技术》,2003,(6):22～25,36.
[31] “无线局域网标准面面观”,http://www.cnii.com.cn/20030915/ca197481.htm
[32] “IEEE 802.11b无线网络概述”,2002年3月,http://www.microsoft.com/china/technet/community/columns/cableguy/cg0302.mspx。
[33] 吴醒峰等,“无线局域网中QoS研究”,《电子科学技术论坛》,2005年01期。
[34] 罗涛,“WLAN的标准、安全及漫游”,《电子产品世界》,2004年05期,P.35-38。
[35] 杜鹃,“IEEE 802.11 DCF模式下的优先级调度机制研究”,天津大学 硕士学位论文,2004年1月1日。
[36] 李丙立,“2.5G无线数据网络上TCP协议的性能分析及优化研究”,北京邮电大学硕士学位论文,2003年3月1日。
[37] 熊旭辉,余胜生,周敬利,“支持QoS的IEEE 802.11的分布协调功能(DCF)算法”,小型微型计算机系统2003年12月,第24卷第12期,P.2128-2131。
[38] 陈晶,“网络拥塞控制策略研究”,山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2002年4月26日。
[2] Younggoo Kwon, Yuguang Fang and Haniph Latchman, "A Novel MAC Protocol with Fast Collision Resolution for Wireless LANs," in IEEE INFOCOM 2003, San Francisco, CA, Mar./Apr. 2003.
[3] Nitin H. Vaidya, Paramvir BahI, and Seema Gupta, "Distributed fair scheduling in a wireless LAN," in Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 167-168, 2000.
[4] Jing Deng, Pramod K. Varshney and Zygmunt J. Haas, "A new Backoff Algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function," Proc. of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems Modeling and Simulation (CNDS '04), San Diego, CA, USA, January 18-21, 2004.
[5] Saar Pilosof, Ramachandran Ramjee, Danny Raz, Yuval Shavitt, and Prasun Sinha, "Understanding TCP fairness over Wireless LAN," in IEEE INFOCOM, 2003, San Francisco, CA, Mar./Apr. 2003.
[6] Marco Bottigliengo, Claudio Casetti, Carla-Fabiana Chiasserini, Michela Meo, "Smart Traffic Scheduling in 802.11 WLANs with Access Point, " IEEE VTC 2003-Fall, Orlando, FL, USA, October 6-9, 2003.
[7] S. Waharte, J. Xiao and R. Boutaba, "Overlay Wireless Sensor Networks for Application-Adaptive Scheduling in WLAN," in Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications, June 2004.
[8] Malik, M. Jaseemuddin, G Ravindran, and H. El-Sayed, 2005, "Bandwidth Management for Improving Performance and Fairness in IEEE 802.11 based Wireless Networks", ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA-05), January 3-6, Cairo, Egypt.
[9] Yi Wu, Zhisheng Niu and Junli Zheng, 2005, "Study of the TCP upstream/downstream unfairness issue with per-flow queuing over infrastructure-mode WLANs", Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2005, pages 459-471, 2005.
[10] A. Kamra, S. Kapila, V. Khurana, V. Yadav, R. Shorey, H. Saran and S. Juneja, 2000, "SFED: A Rate Control Based Active Queue Management Protocol", IBM IRL Research Report, New Delhi, India
[11] Bartek Wydrowski and Moshe Zukerman, 2002, "GREEN: An Active Queue Management Algorithm for a Self Managed Internet", Proceedings oflCC 2002, New York, vol. 4, pp. 2368-2372, 2002.
[12] Feng W, Kandlur D, Saha D, Shin K, 2001, "Stochastic Fair Blue: a queue management algorithm for enforcing fairness", Proc of IEEE INFOCOM 2001, 2001.
[13] Yang Xiao, "IEEE 802.11 e:QoS Provisioning at the MAC Layer", IEEE Wireless Communications 2004, 2004 June.
[14] ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition.
[15] Jonghwan Kim, "BLACK: A New Active Queue Management Scheme Using Arrival Rate for Reducing Queue Length Variation," final paper of Computer Science, KAIST, 2002.
[16] Robert Morris, "Scalable TCP Congestion Control," in IEEE INFOCOM 2000, 2000.
[17] The Network Simulator ns-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns.
[18] R. Jain, G. Babic, B. Nagendra and C. Lam, "Fairness, call establishment latency and other performance metrics," Tech. Rep. ATM Forum Document, Augest 1996.
[19] Simulation Model of IEEE 802.11e EDCF and CFB for ns-2.26. http://www.tkn.tu-berlin.de/research/802.11e_ns2.
[20] Giuseppe Bianchi, "Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 535-547, March 2000.
[21] T. Nandagopal, T. Kim, X. Gao, and V. Bharghavan, "Achieving MAC layer Fairness in Wireless Packet Networks", ACM Mobicom 2000, 2000.
[22] S. J Golestani,"A self-clocked fair queueing schem for broadband applications, "in IEEE INFOECOM '94, 1994.
[23] Andera Detti, Emiliano Graziosi, Valerio Minichiello, Stefano Salsano, and Vincenzo Sangregorio, "TCP Fairness Issues in IEEE 802.11 Based Access Network," submitted paper.
[24] Srikant Sharma, "Analysis of 802.11b Mac: A QoS, Fairness and Performance Perspective," Dept. of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, cs. NI/0411017, 2004.
[25] Stefan Mangold, Sunghyun Choi, Peter May, Ole Klein, Guido Hiertz, and Lothar Stibor "IEEE 802.11e Wireless LAN for Auality of Service" in Proc. European Wirless'2002, 2002.
[26] Godfrey Tan and John Gut-tag, "Time-based Fairness Improve performance in Multi-rate WLANs," USENIX 2004 Pp. 269-282 of the proceedings, 2004.
[27] Martin Heusse, Franck Rousseau, Gilles Berger-Sabbatel, and Andrzej Duda "Performance Anomaly of 802.11b," in IEEE INFOCOM 2003, 2003.
[28] Satoshi Ohzahata, Shigetomo Kimura, Yoshihiko Ebihara and Konosuke Kawashima,, 2004, "A Queue Management Method for Improving TCP Performance in Wireless Environments," Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2004 (WCNC2004).
[29] Yongho Seok, Jaewoo Park and Yanghee Choi, 2003, "Queue Management Algorithm for Muti-rate Wireless Local Area Network", IEEE 2003 International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication Proceedings, 2003.
[30] 程胜,杜鹃,丁炜,“无线局域网及其发展趋势”,《电信网技术》,2003,(6):22～25,36.
[31] “无线局域网标准面面观”,http://www.cnii.com.cn/20030915/ca197481.htm
[32] “IEEE 802.11b无线网络概述”,2002年3月,http://www.microsoft.com/china/technet/community/columns/cableguy/cg0302.mspx。
[33] 吴醒峰等,“无线局域网中QoS研究”,《电子科学技术论坛》,2005年01期。
[34] 罗涛,“WLAN的标准、安全及漫游”,《电子产品世界》,2004年05期,P.35-38。
[35] 杜鹃,“IEEE 802.11 DCF模式下的优先级调度机制研究”,天津大学 硕士学位论文,2004年1月1日。
[36] 李丙立,“2.5G无线数据网络上TCP协议的性能分析及优化研究”,北京邮电大学硕士学位论文,2003年3月1日。
[37] 熊旭辉,余胜生,周敬利,“支持QoS的IEEE 802.11的分布协调功能(DCF)算法”,小型微型计算机系统2003年12月,第24卷第12期,P.2128-2131。
[38] 陈晶,“网络拥塞控制策略研究”,山东师范大学硕士学位论文,2002年4月26日。