基于GPON的光纤光栅传感网接入系统研究
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摘要
为了实现大规模的光纤传感网络的远程通信和监控，提出了一种新型的基于吉比特无源光网络GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network)的有线接入方案。该方案不仅可以避免重新铺设额外的光纤传感信道，节约成本，而且增加了传感网组网的灵活性。综合考虑了传感网和接入网各自的特点，对传感网如何接入GPON的具体方式进行了研究。
首先，分析了光纤光栅FBG(Fiber Bragg grating)传感器原理，及其构成的传感网的各种复用技术和解调技术。比较了各种无源光网络的特点，分析了最适合传感网接入的GPON的特性。
其次，考虑传感网的固有特性和GPON的对各种业务通用适配的特点，选取了GPON作为最佳接入网。并提出了多种传感网接入GPON的方案，最终采用时分复接这一最优方案，对FBG传感网融入GPON系统的接入处理模块进行了设计。该方案充分利用了传感数据具有丰富的时间资源的特点，将各个传感网的数据复用上传到GPON中的光网络单元中。设计了传感信号帧和相应的二进制转换表，该帧结构的设计不仅能反映传感信号自身特点，而且适合在通信网络中传输。设计了传感监控中心进行远程接收、分析传感数据。该有线接入方案，不仅避免了采用无线接入产生的节点失效的问题，而且充分利用了现有的光纤通信网的资源。
最后，使用光网络仿真软件OptiSystem对传感网接入GPON的上行链路进行了仿真，介绍了如何在接收端分析传感数据，并对眼图、Q因子、误码率进行了分析。仿真结果表明通过利用GPON接入传感网，来实现远程监控具有可行性。
A novel wired access scheme has been proposed to realize remote communicationand monitor for large-scale sensor networks, which is based on GPON (gigabit passiveoptical network). The scheme not only avoids re-laying additional optical fiber channelsfor sensor network, saving cost, but also increases flexibility of sensor network.Considering the characteristics of sensor network and access network, we study how toaccess sensor network to GPON.
First of all, we analyze the principle of FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensor andvarious multiplexing and demodulation techniques of FBG sensor network. Aftercomparing of the characteristics of various passive optical networks, we analyzecharacteristics of GPON, which is mostly suited to be accessed by the sensor network.
Secondly, considering the inherent characteristics of sensor networks and generaladaptation characteristics of various businesses to GPON, we selected GPON as thebest access networks. Paper proposes a variety of access solutions to GPON, ultimately,we use time-division multiplexing to design access processing system. The scheme makesfull use of rich time resource to access many sensor network to one port of ONU of GPON.Then, paper designs the sensor signal frame and the corresponding binary conversion table.And the frame not only can reflect the characteristics of the sensor signal, but also suit fortransmission in the communication network. Paper designs remote sensor monitoringcenter for receiving, analyzing sensor data. The wired access scheme, not only avoidsnode failure of wireless access, but also makes full use of existing resources of opticalfiber communication network.
Finally, the paper uses the OptiSystem (optical network simulation) software tosimulate uplink of sensor network accessing to GPON, which is based on TDMA. And，describes how to analyze sensor data and interfering factors affecting networkperformance at the receiving terminal. Simulation result shows that sensor networksaccess to GPON is feasible for remote monitoring.
首先，分析了光纤光栅FBG(Fiber Bragg grating)传感器原理，及其构成的传感网的各种复用技术和解调技术。比较了各种无源光网络的特点，分析了最适合传感网接入的GPON的特性。
其次，考虑传感网的固有特性和GPON的对各种业务通用适配的特点，选取了GPON作为最佳接入网。并提出了多种传感网接入GPON的方案，最终采用时分复接这一最优方案，对FBG传感网融入GPON系统的接入处理模块进行了设计。该方案充分利用了传感数据具有丰富的时间资源的特点，将各个传感网的数据复用上传到GPON中的光网络单元中。设计了传感信号帧和相应的二进制转换表，该帧结构的设计不仅能反映传感信号自身特点，而且适合在通信网络中传输。设计了传感监控中心进行远程接收、分析传感数据。该有线接入方案，不仅避免了采用无线接入产生的节点失效的问题，而且充分利用了现有的光纤通信网的资源。
最后，使用光网络仿真软件OptiSystem对传感网接入GPON的上行链路进行了仿真，介绍了如何在接收端分析传感数据，并对眼图、Q因子、误码率进行了分析。仿真结果表明通过利用GPON接入传感网，来实现远程监控具有可行性。
A novel wired access scheme has been proposed to realize remote communicationand monitor for large-scale sensor networks, which is based on GPON (gigabit passiveoptical network). The scheme not only avoids re-laying additional optical fiber channelsfor sensor network, saving cost, but also increases flexibility of sensor network.Considering the characteristics of sensor network and access network, we study how toaccess sensor network to GPON.
First of all, we analyze the principle of FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) sensor andvarious multiplexing and demodulation techniques of FBG sensor network. Aftercomparing of the characteristics of various passive optical networks, we analyzecharacteristics of GPON, which is mostly suited to be accessed by the sensor network.
Secondly, considering the inherent characteristics of sensor networks and generaladaptation characteristics of various businesses to GPON, we selected GPON as thebest access networks. Paper proposes a variety of access solutions to GPON, ultimately,we use time-division multiplexing to design access processing system. The scheme makesfull use of rich time resource to access many sensor network to one port of ONU of GPON.Then, paper designs the sensor signal frame and the corresponding binary conversion table.And the frame not only can reflect the characteristics of the sensor signal, but also suit fortransmission in the communication network. Paper designs remote sensor monitoringcenter for receiving, analyzing sensor data. The wired access scheme, not only avoidsnode failure of wireless access, but also makes full use of existing resources of opticalfiber communication network.
Finally, the paper uses the OptiSystem (optical network simulation) software tosimulate uplink of sensor network accessing to GPON, which is based on TDMA. And，describes how to analyze sensor data and interfering factors affecting networkperformance at the receiving terminal. Simulation result shows that sensor networksaccess to GPON is feasible for remote monitoring.
引文
[1]李素珍.光纤传感器的应用与展望[J].红外与激光技术,1994,(6):18-20.
[2]赵勇.光纤光栅及其传感技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2007:150.
[3] Xinwan LI, Jianping CHEN. Can communications and sensors work together in one network[J].Frontiers of Optoelectronics,2009,2(2):148-152.
[4]祝亚男.基于光纤通信网的传感信号接入协议研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学光学工程硕士学位论文,2009:37-44.
[5]张治国,李路明,王震,等.基于EPON的分布式光纤光栅传感网络研究[J].光电子.激光,2009,20(10):1318-1322.
[6]罗力伟，饶云江，熊森,等.一种能提供安防业务的光纤EPON接入网[J].光子学报,2008,37:106-109.
[7] Zhenxing Wang, Konstantin Kravtsov, John Chang, et al. Sensor Data Transmission Overlay onGigabit Passive Optical Networks[J]. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking,2011,3(7):553-558.
[8] Park S, Kim B, Lee E, et al. A Novel Communication Architecture to Support Mobile Users inWireless Sensor Fields[C]. Dublin: Vehicular Technology Conference,2007:66-70.
[9] Oliveira L M, Rodrigues J P C. Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey on EnvironmentalMonitoring[J]. Journal of Communications,2011,6(2):143-151.
[10] Jianliang Zheng, Lee M J. Will IEEE802.15.4make ubiquitous networking a reality?:a discussion on a potential low power, low bit rate standard[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine,2004,42(6):140-146.
[11] Liu Lin, Li De-ren, Yang Bo-xiong. Smart Planet Based on Geomatics[C]. Ningbo:International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT),2010:1-4.
[12] Peng P C, Lin J H, Tseng H. Y., et al. Intensity and wavelength-division multiplexing FBG sensorsystem using a tunable multiport fiber ring laser[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2004,6(1):230-232.
[13] Bock C, Prat J, Walker S D. Hybrid WDM/TDM PON using the AWG FSR and featuringCentralized light Generation and dynamic bandwidth allocation[J]. J. Lightwave Technology,2005,23(12):3981-3988.
[14] Shengchun Liu, Youlong Yu, Jintao Zhang. Real-Time Monitoring Sensor System for Fiber BraggGrating Array[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2007,19(19):1493-1495.
[15]张林林,王玉宝,樊晓宇,等.传感信号在接入网中传输的技术分析[J].光通信研究,2009,(3):32-34.
[16] Hill K O, Fuji Y, Jonson D C. Photonsensitivity In Optical Fiber Waveguides: Application toReflection Filter Fabrication[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett,1978,10(32):647-649.
[17] Meltz G, Morey W W, Glenn W H. Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers by a TransverseHolographic Method[J]. Optics Letters,1989,14:823-825.
[18] Huang M, Yan X. Analytical solutions to estimate the stress induced the temperature sensitivity ofoptical waveguides[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,2004,95(5):2820-2826.
[19]禹大宽,乔学光,贾振安.光纤光栅传感系统的现状及发展趋势[J].传感器技术,2005,24(3):4-6.
[20]姜德生,何伟.光纤光栅传感器的应用概况[J].光电子·激光,2002,13(4):420-428.
[21] Effenberger F, Cleary D, Haran O, et al. An Introduction to PON Technologies[J]. IEEECommunications Magazine,2007: S17-S25.
[22] Chanclou P, Gosselin S, Palacios J F, et al. Overview of the Optical Broadband Access Evolution:A Joint Article by Operators in the IST Network of Excellence e-Photon/One[J]. IEEECommunications Magazine,2006,44(8):29-35.
[23]郎为民,郭东生. EPON/GPON从原理到实践[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2010:18.
[24]张继东,陶智勇. EPON的发展状况与关键技术[J].光通信研究,2002,(1):26-30.
[25] Kramer G, Mukherjee B, Pesavento G. Ethernet PON (ePON): Design and Analysis of an OpticalAccess Network[J]. Phot. Net. Commun,2001,3(3):307-319.
[26]肖净敏,赵振东,薛海龙,等.基于GPON系统实现综合业务接入的研究[J].通信技术,2009,42(5):147-148.
[27] Fonjallaz P Y, Limberger H G, Salathe R P, et al. Tension Increase Correlated to Refractive-IndexChange in Fibers Containing UV-Written Bragg Grating[J]. Optics Letters,1995,20(11):1346-1348.
[28] Poumellec B, Niay P, Douay M, et al. The UV-Induced Refractive Index Grating in Ge: SiO2Performs: Additional CW Experiments and the Microscopic Origin of the Change in Index[J].Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics,1996,29(7):1842-1856.
[29] Hand D P, Russell P S J. Photoinduced Refractive-Index Changes in Germanosilicate Fibers[J].Optics Letters,1990,15(2):102-104.
[30]赵勇.光纤传感原理与应用技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:12.
[31] Xu M G., Reekie L, Chow Y, et al. Optical in fiber grating high pressure sensor[J]. ElectronicsLetters,1993,29(4):398-399.
[32] Butter C D, Hucker G B. Fiber optics strain sensor[J]. Appl. Opt.,1978,17(18):2867-2869
[33] Berkoff T A, Davis M A, Bellemore D G, et al. Hybrid time and wavelength division multiplexedfiber grating array[J]. Proc. SPIE,1995,2444:288.
[34]王玉宝,兰海军.基于光纤布拉格光栅波/时分复用传感网络研究[J].光学学报,2010,30(8):2196-2201.
[35]余有龙,谭华耀,王骐.无源式光纤光栅空、时分复合复用传感系统[J].光学学报,2001,21(11):1313-1315.
[36] Rao Y J,. Jackson D A, Zhang L, et al. Strain sensing of modern compsite materials with aspatial/wavelength multiplexed fibre grating network[J]. Opt. Lett.,1996,21(9):683-685.
[37]余有龙,耿淑伟,刘盛春,等.光纤光栅传感网络时域地址查询技术[J].黑龙江大学自然科学学报,2008,25(6):817-822.
[38] Davis M A, Kersey A D. Matched-filter interrogation technique for fiber Bragg grating arrays[J].Electronics Letters,1995,31(10):822-823.
[39]李安民,恽斌峰,汪弋平,等.一种光纤Bragg光栅传感器解调系统的实验研究[J].光电子.激光,2006,17(4):424-426.
[40]张鹏,阎阔. FTTx PON技术与应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2010:105.
[41] ITU-T Rec.G.984.3-2004. Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON): Transmissionconvergence layer specification[S].2006:14-55.
[42]王宏亮,张晶,乔学光,等.一种耐高温光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(6):964-966.
[43]胡玉瑞,唐源宏,李川.光纤Bragg光栅流量传感器[J].传感技术学报,2010,23(4):471-474.
[44]应朝福,彭保进,任志君,等.基于闪耀光纤光栅透射特性的分布式光纤布拉格光栅传感器解调方法[J].中国激光,2010,37(11):2891-2895.
[45]梁静.光码分多址（OCDMA）应用于接入网的研究[J].通信技术,2010,43(6):147-151.
[46]李传起,周谞,宋标,等.一种光码分多址无源接入网及其性能研究[J].光学学报,2010,30(3):660-664.
[47]肖军. GPON动态带宽分配算法的研究与运用[D].广州:中山大学电子与通信工程硕士学位论文,2009:5.
[48]赵同刚,任建华,崔岩松,等.通信光电子器件与系统的测量及仿真[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:313.
[49]黄锐,曾智龙,伍能.透明光通道Q因子的测量[J].光通信技术,2004,(5):38-40.
[2]赵勇.光纤光栅及其传感技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2007:150.
[3] Xinwan LI, Jianping CHEN. Can communications and sensors work together in one network[J].Frontiers of Optoelectronics,2009,2(2):148-152.
[4]祝亚男.基于光纤通信网的传感信号接入协议研究[D].秦皇岛:燕山大学光学工程硕士学位论文,2009:37-44.
[5]张治国,李路明,王震,等.基于EPON的分布式光纤光栅传感网络研究[J].光电子.激光,2009,20(10):1318-1322.
[6]罗力伟，饶云江，熊森,等.一种能提供安防业务的光纤EPON接入网[J].光子学报,2008,37:106-109.
[7] Zhenxing Wang, Konstantin Kravtsov, John Chang, et al. Sensor Data Transmission Overlay onGigabit Passive Optical Networks[J]. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking,2011,3(7):553-558.
[8] Park S, Kim B, Lee E, et al. A Novel Communication Architecture to Support Mobile Users inWireless Sensor Fields[C]. Dublin: Vehicular Technology Conference,2007:66-70.
[9] Oliveira L M, Rodrigues J P C. Wireless Sensor Networks: a Survey on EnvironmentalMonitoring[J]. Journal of Communications,2011,6(2):143-151.
[10] Jianliang Zheng, Lee M J. Will IEEE802.15.4make ubiquitous networking a reality?:a discussion on a potential low power, low bit rate standard[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine,2004,42(6):140-146.
[11] Liu Lin, Li De-ren, Yang Bo-xiong. Smart Planet Based on Geomatics[C]. Ningbo:International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT),2010:1-4.
[12] Peng P C, Lin J H, Tseng H. Y., et al. Intensity and wavelength-division multiplexing FBG sensorsystem using a tunable multiport fiber ring laser[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2004,6(1):230-232.
[13] Bock C, Prat J, Walker S D. Hybrid WDM/TDM PON using the AWG FSR and featuringCentralized light Generation and dynamic bandwidth allocation[J]. J. Lightwave Technology,2005,23(12):3981-3988.
[14] Shengchun Liu, Youlong Yu, Jintao Zhang. Real-Time Monitoring Sensor System for Fiber BraggGrating Array[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,2007,19(19):1493-1495.
[15]张林林,王玉宝,樊晓宇,等.传感信号在接入网中传输的技术分析[J].光通信研究,2009,(3):32-34.
[16] Hill K O, Fuji Y, Jonson D C. Photonsensitivity In Optical Fiber Waveguides: Application toReflection Filter Fabrication[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett,1978,10(32):647-649.
[17] Meltz G, Morey W W, Glenn W H. Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers by a TransverseHolographic Method[J]. Optics Letters,1989,14:823-825.
[18] Huang M, Yan X. Analytical solutions to estimate the stress induced the temperature sensitivity ofoptical waveguides[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,2004,95(5):2820-2826.
[19]禹大宽,乔学光,贾振安.光纤光栅传感系统的现状及发展趋势[J].传感器技术,2005,24(3):4-6.
[20]姜德生,何伟.光纤光栅传感器的应用概况[J].光电子·激光,2002,13(4):420-428.
[21] Effenberger F, Cleary D, Haran O, et al. An Introduction to PON Technologies[J]. IEEECommunications Magazine,2007: S17-S25.
[22] Chanclou P, Gosselin S, Palacios J F, et al. Overview of the Optical Broadband Access Evolution:A Joint Article by Operators in the IST Network of Excellence e-Photon/One[J]. IEEECommunications Magazine,2006,44(8):29-35.
[23]郎为民,郭东生. EPON/GPON从原理到实践[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2010:18.
[24]张继东,陶智勇. EPON的发展状况与关键技术[J].光通信研究,2002,(1):26-30.
[25] Kramer G, Mukherjee B, Pesavento G. Ethernet PON (ePON): Design and Analysis of an OpticalAccess Network[J]. Phot. Net. Commun,2001,3(3):307-319.
[26]肖净敏,赵振东,薛海龙,等.基于GPON系统实现综合业务接入的研究[J].通信技术,2009,42(5):147-148.
[27] Fonjallaz P Y, Limberger H G, Salathe R P, et al. Tension Increase Correlated to Refractive-IndexChange in Fibers Containing UV-Written Bragg Grating[J]. Optics Letters,1995,20(11):1346-1348.
[28] Poumellec B, Niay P, Douay M, et al. The UV-Induced Refractive Index Grating in Ge: SiO2Performs: Additional CW Experiments and the Microscopic Origin of the Change in Index[J].Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics,1996,29(7):1842-1856.
[29] Hand D P, Russell P S J. Photoinduced Refractive-Index Changes in Germanosilicate Fibers[J].Optics Letters,1990,15(2):102-104.
[30]赵勇.光纤传感原理与应用技术[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:12.
[31] Xu M G., Reekie L, Chow Y, et al. Optical in fiber grating high pressure sensor[J]. ElectronicsLetters,1993,29(4):398-399.
[32] Butter C D, Hucker G B. Fiber optics strain sensor[J]. Appl. Opt.,1978,17(18):2867-2869
[33] Berkoff T A, Davis M A, Bellemore D G, et al. Hybrid time and wavelength division multiplexedfiber grating array[J]. Proc. SPIE,1995,2444:288.
[34]王玉宝,兰海军.基于光纤布拉格光栅波/时分复用传感网络研究[J].光学学报,2010,30(8):2196-2201.
[35]余有龙,谭华耀,王骐.无源式光纤光栅空、时分复合复用传感系统[J].光学学报,2001,21(11):1313-1315.
[36] Rao Y J,. Jackson D A, Zhang L, et al. Strain sensing of modern compsite materials with aspatial/wavelength multiplexed fibre grating network[J]. Opt. Lett.,1996,21(9):683-685.
[37]余有龙,耿淑伟,刘盛春,等.光纤光栅传感网络时域地址查询技术[J].黑龙江大学自然科学学报,2008,25(6):817-822.
[38] Davis M A, Kersey A D. Matched-filter interrogation technique for fiber Bragg grating arrays[J].Electronics Letters,1995,31(10):822-823.
[39]李安民,恽斌峰,汪弋平,等.一种光纤Bragg光栅传感器解调系统的实验研究[J].光电子.激光,2006,17(4):424-426.
[40]张鹏,阎阔. FTTx PON技术与应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2010:105.
[41] ITU-T Rec.G.984.3-2004. Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON): Transmissionconvergence layer specification[S].2006:14-55.
[42]王宏亮,张晶,乔学光,等.一种耐高温光纤Bragg光栅温度传感器[J].传感技术学报,2008,21(6):964-966.
[43]胡玉瑞,唐源宏,李川.光纤Bragg光栅流量传感器[J].传感技术学报,2010,23(4):471-474.
[44]应朝福,彭保进,任志君,等.基于闪耀光纤光栅透射特性的分布式光纤布拉格光栅传感器解调方法[J].中国激光,2010,37(11):2891-2895.
[45]梁静.光码分多址（OCDMA）应用于接入网的研究[J].通信技术,2010,43(6):147-151.
[46]李传起,周谞,宋标,等.一种光码分多址无源接入网及其性能研究[J].光学学报,2010,30(3):660-664.
[47]肖军. GPON动态带宽分配算法的研究与运用[D].广州:中山大学电子与通信工程硕士学位论文,2009:5.
[48]赵同刚,任建华,崔岩松,等.通信光电子器件与系统的测量及仿真[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:313.
[49]黄锐,曾智龙,伍能.透明光通道Q因子的测量[J].光通信技术,2004,(5):38-40.