基于汉语熟语英译的趋返模式研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
本文以汉语熟语英译中各种对应与不对应的手段为研究对象,讨论熟语翻译的原则和方法。选择熟语作为研究对象的主要动因有四条:1)熟语可分为成语、谚语、格言与警句、歇后语、俗语与惯用语五类,(王德春1990:94)是语言体系中的重要组成部分,可以是语,亦可以是句,在各种语体和语境中被普遍和频繁使用,可出现于各类不同的文本,覆盖面大;2)熟语的内部语义关系非常复杂,既有逻辑组合,又有非逻辑组合,是理据性和任意性的高度结合体;3)不同语言之间有可以相通的熟语,同时也有更多民族文化特色十分显著的案例,在语码的转换中会涉及多种翻译要素,如何权衡不同要素的关系值得深入研究;4)熟语的词典处理方式和实际行文中的处理方式往往不同,不同的处理方式背后的动因是什么。这四个特点恰恰能满足我们对汉英互译中的对应与不对应译法主题的兴趣。研究语料主要来源于汉英谚语词典、汉英成语词典,以及中国古代、近代和现当代文学作品的中英文版。
     本研究的基本观点是,任何翻译活动都必须满足翻译的必要条件:即忠实性原则和通顺性或可理解性原则。前者是就译者与原语关系而言的,而后者是就译者与译入语及其读者关系而言的。这一组看似简单的关系却蕴含了许多在实践中难以把控的变量。许渊冲(1991:2–9)提出翻译艺术的6要素:世界、作者、作品、译者、译作、读者(即译作的读者)。杨自俭在此基础上又分别增加了原作的读者和翻译过程(2002:7)两项。虽然他们都是对翻译泛泛而论的,但对熟语翻译的解释也同样适用。它起码说明熟语的翻译是一个非常复杂的关系网络。由于与翻译相关的影响因素众多,不同的因素影响译文质量的方式不尽相同。因此,如何评价不同因素在熟语翻译手段中的权重是趋近理论模型的核心论题。
     本研究既承认语言之间的共性,也承认语言之间的差异。共性为熟语翻译的成功实现奠定了基础,而差异则给熟语翻译带来了挑战。由于英汉同属于SVO型语言,它们在句法上主要依赖语序实现表义功能,这为翻译带来了许多便利,也是实现直译趋近的基础。然而由于英汉分属于不同的语系,两种语言从起源、使用环境到发展过程都存在着差异,多数熟语不是其组成成分相加之和,且一种语言中的熟语在另一种语言中并不一定有完全对应的熟语。在熟语翻译过程中,译者既需要遵守语言单位的原子组合的原则,更需要遵守语言的整体调节的原则。这些差异进而又导致不同语言在熟语语义覆盖范围、概念合成方式和实际运用等方面的差异。此外翻译目的、读者对象、翻译项目赞助人、译者的意识形态以及原文质量都会不同程度地影响译者对翻译手段的选择。这是意译趋近和选译趋近的影响因子。实现熟语翻译的全方位对等只能是译者追求的理想目标。语言之间共性与个性的对立是翻译中各种对应与不对应的根本原因。切实的理论模式是实现原文与译文在信息内容上的趋近。趋近是一个协调翻译中对应与不对应关系的方案,也是一个带有弹性设计的有限张力系统。译文求信于原文会产生向心力,而译者受各种外部因素的影响又会产生离心力。趋近翻译是发生在对应与顺应博弈之间的结果。由此可见,合格的翻译是一个充满各种选择富有弹性的连续统,从直译趋近到意译趋近,再到选译趋近是译文从与原文对应相似走向离心张力的渐变过程。然而翻译毕竟是翻译,它万变不离其宗,尽管万变不能归宗。这正是本研究的根本立场。
     本研究从现代语言学有关意义理论的视角出发,充分考虑翻译单位和语言单位的内在关系,采用归纳和演绎相结合的研究方法。在前人研究成果的基础上,提炼出用于指导熟语翻译实践的理论框架(详见第二和第三章),然后分别从直译、意译和选译三个方面验证理论归纳的可操作性(详见第四、第五和第六章)。在分析熟语翻译的不同手段和处理方法时我们还考虑了语言和言语的因素。语言的静态性和言语的动态性会使原文对译者的约束力发生变化。静态的语言义只为熟语的理解和转换提供了基本信息。具体的言语环境为译文生成却能提供许多的选择余地。进入具体语境后,熟语翻译体现在句法选择手段上则是重视深层的命题义,而非表层的字面义或句子义。在指称义和系统义或者命题义和句子义彼此吻合的前提下可考虑两者兼顾,从而实现形式和功能的同时趋近,否则以指称义和命题义为准,只实现功能趋近。在句子以上层面需要重视语用意义,包括言外之意。词汇层面的指称义从属于句子层面的命题义,而命题义从属于语用意义。翻译单位越小就越容易实现形式对等与功能对等的对接。本文提出的语义筛选机制就是尝试着模拟在各个层面上的语义选择过程,从而实现译文与原文的语义趋近。
     因文本类型不同引起的熟语翻译手段变异亦在本研究考虑之内。由于原文质量不统一和读者期待各异,文本类型趋近中会涉及各类变通方式,使译本符合目的语同类文本的特点,从而提高文本在目标受众眼中的可接受度。具体而言,科学语体和政论语体类文本对直译趋近的要求高于宣传类文本。从熟语翻译中归纳出的趋近原则和策略具有一定的理论创新性,也可为不同文本的翻译实践提供参考。
     本文的创新点:1.趋近从对应论和顺应论的对立中求得平衡,提出了一元化的解释模式,扩大了合格翻译的解释范围;2.在前人对汉语熟语分类的基础上,寻找到了熟语类型与翻译手段的对应关系:组合型熟语——直译;综合性熟语——直译/意译;溶合性熟语——意译/选译;3.采用了语义学、句法学、语用学等语言学多个分支学科对翻译现象进行了解释和分析,实现了翻译理论模式的多元互补。
This dissertation approaches the principles and strategies of idiom translation byexploiting the wealth of existing English translation of Chinese idioms. The study wasmotivated by the following four factors:1) As an integral component of the languagesystem, idioms in various forms are extensively used in almost all types of texts andcontexts;2) the intricate semantic relationships within an idiom highlight a mixednature of motivation and arbitrariness in meaning formation;3) while comparableidioms can be found across languages, idioms often pose challenges in translation andtherefore merit in-depth study;4) idiom translation in isolation as in the case ofdictionaries is often different from translation in a context, and it is intriguing to findout the reasons behind. The examples have been primarily sourced fromChinese-English dictionaries of proverbs, Chinese-English dictionaries of idioms aswell as Chinese and English versions of China’s ancient, modern and contemporaryliterary works.
     The point of departure of the study is that any translation must follow theultimate principles of loyalty and expressiveness or accessibility, with the firstprinciple addressing the translator’s orientation towards the source text, and thesecond principle addressing the translator’s orientation towards the target text and thereadership. However, such a seemingly simple structure involves many elusivevariables in translation practice. For instance, Xu Yuanchong (1991:2–9) putforward six key elements in the art of translation, namely, world, author, original text,translator, translated version and readership (of the translated version), to which YangZijian added two more elements: readership of the original text (1994:92) andtranslation process (2002:7). Equally applicable to the translation of idioms, theseelements indicate a complex network to be taken care of. As different elements havevarying impacts on translation quality, the assessment of their respective weights in idiom translation lies at the heart of the theoretical model developed in thisdissertation.
     While linguistic commonality makes translation possible, differences posechallenges. As English and Chinese both follow an SVO syntactic structure, directtranslation is somewhat facilitated. However, given the huge differences in otherlinguistic aspects, lack of comparable idioms and the need for cultural considerations,all-round equivalence in idiom translation is few and far between, thus necessitatingfree or partial translation, which is even more so when factors such as translationpurposes, target readership, patronage, ideology and original text quality come intoplay. Therefore, a more practical theoretical model should typically seek toapproximate the meaning of the original text through translation. By makingnecessary compromises, such an approximation-oriented model is a flexible systemwith limited tension. Driven by the principle of loyalty, the translator would followthe centripetal force generated by the original text. However, the translator is alsosubject to the centrifugal force created by other factors. In such a context,approximation marks the effort to reach an optimal point of balance between thecentripetal and centrifugal forces. It can be inferred that qualified translation is aflexible continuum full of options ranging from direct translation to free translationand further to partial translation, as the translator breaks away from the centripetalforce of the original text to accommodate other necessary factors. While it is unlikelyfor any option to achieve perfect equivalence, the translator is expected to maneuverwith various options only within an acceptable range in order not to deviateessentially from the original text.
     Based on previous research results and modern semantic theories, the author, byintegrating inductive and deductive approaches, proposes a theoretical framework forguiding idiom translation (see Chapters2-3), and then addresses approximationthrough direct translation, free translation and partial translation respectively (seeChapters4-6). It is noteworthy that the linguistic dichotomy of language and speech isalso leveraged to shed light on idiom translation, as static meaning (in the case oflanguage) only provides basic information for understanding and translating an idiom whilst dynamic meaning (in the case of speech) leads to many more choices intranslation. In a specific context, idiom translation focuses on the underlyingpropositional meaning, rather than the superficial lexical or sentential meaning.Where propositional (or referential) meaning coincides with sentential (or systematic)meaning, approximation in terms of both form and function can be achieved.Otherwise, the propositional (or referential) meaning shall prevail over sentential (orsystematic) meaning, leading to functional approximation alone. For translation abovethe sentential level, the pragmatics dimension shall be taken into account, includingthe illocutionary force. As a rule, referential meaning at the lexical level issubordinate to propositional meaning at the sentential level whereas propositionalmeaning is subordinate to pragmatic meaning. The smaller the translation unit is, themore likely it is to realize both formal and functional equivalence. The proposedmeaning selection mechanism attempts to capture meaning selection at various levels,by which semantic approximation with the original text is achieved throughtranslation.
     In addition, the dissertation also delves into the alternative idiom translation indifferent text genres. Due to salient features of a particular text genre in the targetlanguage, the translator has to rise above the restrictions of the original text and adaptthe translation to conform to the features in the target language and meet the targetreaders’ expectation. Generally speaking, scientific or political texts call for moredirect translation than publicity texts. In addition to pushing forward theoreticalfrontiers for idiom translation to a certain extent, approximation principles andstrategies discussed here can also serve as valuable reference for translation ingeneral.
     Three creative points are presented in the dissertation:1. The traditionalequivalence translation theories and modern adaptation translation theories arephilosophically balanced to render a proper range for qualified translation by a unifiedexplanation.2. A typical translation strategy is identified for each of the threecategories of idioms, i.e. direct translation of compositional idioms, direct or freetranslation of metaphorical idioms and free or selected translation of integrated idioms which are classified based on the degree of semantic transparency.3. Translation bothin isolation and in context is explained through a variety of linguistic theories such assementics, syntax, pragmatics etc., and a multivariant and complementary theoreticaltranslation model is established----approximation translation.
引文
Austin, J. L.,1962. How to Do Things with Words?[M]. Oxford: The ClarendonPress.
    Ayto, J.,2008. Idioms [A]. In Brown, K.(ed.), Encyclopedia of Language&Linguistics (Vol.5)[Z]:518-520.(2ndEdition). Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press.
    Baker, M.,2001. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [Z]. London andNew York: Routledge.
    Baker, M.,2006. Translation and Conflict [M]. Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group.
    Baker, M.,2010. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation [M].(2ndedition).London and New York: Routledge.
    Barthes, R.,1971. Style and its image [A]. In Chatman, S.(ed.). Literary Style: ASymposium [C]. New York: Routledge.
    Bassnet, S.,1980. Translation Studies [M].(Revised edition in1991). London andNew York: Routledge.
    Bassnet, S.&Lefevere, A.1990. Translation, History and Culture [C]. London:Pinter.
    Bassnet, S.,&Lefevere, A.,2001. Constructing Cultures: Essays on LiteraryTranslation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Benjamin, W.,2000. The task of the translator [A]. In Venuti, L.(ed.).The TranslationStudies Reader [C]:15-24. London and New York: Routledge.
    Brown, K.,2008. Encyclopedia of Language&Linguistics (Vol.13)[Z].(2ndedition). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Catford, C. J.,1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation [M]. London: OxfordUniversity Press.
    Chesterman, A.1997. Memes of Translation: The Spread of Ideas in TranslationTheory [M]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
    Chomsky, N.,1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax [M]. Cambridge, MA: MITPress.
    Chomsky,N.,1981. Lectures on Government and Binding [M].Dordreecht Foris.
    Cohen, B.,2005. Globalization and diversity, what do they mean for translators?[J].Chinese Translators Journal (1):8-9.
    Culicover, P. W.,1997. Principles and Parameters: An Introduction to SyntacticTheory [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Derrida, J.,1973. Speech and Phenomenon And Other Essays on Husserl’s Theory ofSigns [M]. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
    Derrida, J.,1976. Of Grammatology [M]. Baltimore and London: The Johns HopkinsUniversity Press.
    Derrida, J.,1978/2002. Writing and Difference [M]. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.
    Enkvist, N.E.,1992. Review of discourse and the translator [J].Target (4):124-126.
    Even-Zohar, I.1978. Papers in Historical Poetics [M]. Tel Aviv: Porter Institute.
    Fauconnier, G.&Sweetser, E.,1996, Spaces, Words and Grammar [C]. Chicago: TheUniversity of Chicago Press.
    Fauconnier, G.&Turner, M.,2002. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and theMind’s Hidden Complexities [M]. New York: Basic Books.
    Fernando, C.,2000. Idioms and Idiomaticity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press.
    Firth, J. R.,1957. Papers in Linguistics1934-1951[C]. London: Oxford UniversityPress.
    Fox, G.,(ed).2002. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners[Z]. Oxford:Macmillan.
    Geeraerts, D.,1997. Diachronic Prototype Semantics: A Contribution toHistoricalLexicology [M]. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
    Geeraerts, D.,1999. Diachronic prototype semantics: a digest [A]. In Andreas Blank&Peter Koch (eds.). Historical Semantics and Cognition [C]. Berlin: Moutonde Gruyter,90-107.
    Geeraerts, D.&Cuyckens, H.,2007. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Gentzler, E.,2001. Contemporary Translation Theories [M].(2ndedition). Clevedon:Multilingual Matters Ltd.
    Gibbs, R. W.,1992. What do idioms really mean?[J]. Journal of Memory andLanguage(31):485-506.
    Gibbs, R.W.,1993. Process and products in making sense of tropes [A]. In Ortony, A.(ed.). Metaphor and Thought [C]:252-276. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress.
    Glucksberg, S.,2001. Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors toIdioms [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Goldberg, A. E.,1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach toArgument Structure [M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Gutt, E.,1991. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context [M]. Oxford: BasilBlackwell.
    Halliday,M. A. K.&Hasan, R.,1976. Cohesion in English [M]. London: Longman.
    Halliday,M. A. K.1978. Language as Social Semiotic [M]. London: Edward Arnold.
    Halliday,M. A. K.,1985/1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M].(2ndedition). London: Edward Arnold.
    Hanks, P.,1996. Contextual dependency and lexical sets [J]. International Journal ofCorpus Linguistics (1):75-98.
    Hassan, I.,1982. The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature[M].(2ndrevised and enlarged edition). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
    Hatim, B.&Mason, I.,1990, Discourse and the Translation [M]. Singapore:Longman Singapore Publisher (Pte) Ltd.
    Hassan, I.,1987. Toward a concept of postmodernism [A]. In Hassan, I.(ed.). ThePostmodern Turn [M]:84-96. Columbia: Ohio State University Press.
    Hermans, T.,1999. Translation in System: Descriptive and Systematic ApproachExplained [M]. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
    Hockett, C. F.,1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics [M]. New York: Alfred A.Knopf.
    Holmes, J. S.,1972/1988. The name and nature of translation studies [A]. In Holmes,J. S.(ed.) Translated!: Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[C]:67–80. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
    House, J.,1977. A Model for Translation Quality Assessment [M]. Tübingen: GunterNarr.
    Husserl, E.,1983. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to aPhenomenological Philosophy: First Book: General Introduction to a PurePhenomenology [M]. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
    Jakobson, R.,1959/2000. On linguistic aspects of translation [A]. In Brower, R. A.(ed.). On Translation [C]:232-39. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Jespersen, O.,1949. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles [M].London: George Alkon and Unwin.
    Kaplan, R.,1966. Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education [J]. LanguageLearning,2:15-27.
    Katz, J. J.&Fodor, J.,1963. The Structure of a Semantic Theory [M]. Language,37:170-210.
    Katz, J. J.&Postal, P.,1963.“The semantic interpretation of idioms and sentencescontaining them” in MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics Quarterly ProgressReport.70:275-282.
    Kelly, L. G.,1979. The True Interpreter: A History of Translation Theory and Practicein the West [M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
    K vecses, Z,.1995. Anger: its language, conceptualization, and physiology in thelight of cross-cultural evidence [A]. In Taylor, J. R. and MacLaury, R.(eds.).Language and the Cognitive Construal of the World [C]:181-196. Berlin:Mouton..
    Lakoff, G.,1987. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal aboutthe Mind [M]. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
    Lakoff, G.,1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor [A]. In Ortony, A.(ed.).Metaphor and Thought (Second edition)[C]:202-251. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
    Lakoff, G.&Johnson, M.,1980/1999. Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mindand Its Challenge to Western Thought [M]. New York: Basic Books.
    Lakoff, G.,&Johnson, M.,2003/2008. Metaphors We Live By [M]. Chicago:University Of Chicago Press.
    Lawendowski, B. P.,1978. On semiotic aspects of translation [A]. In Thomas,A. S.(ed.). Sight, Sound and Sense [M]:264-82. Bloomington: Indiana UniversityPress.
    Lefevere, A.,2004. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press.
    Li, Charles, N.&Thompson, S. A.,1976. Subject and topic: a new typology oflanguage [A]. In Charles, N. Li (ed.). Subject and Topic [C]:457-489. New York:Academic Press.
    Long, T. H.,1979. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms [Z]. London: Longman.
    Lyons, J.1977. Semantics (Volume I&II)[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.
    Makkai, A.,1972. Idiom Structure in English [M].(Janua Linguarum, series maior,48). The Hague: Mouton.
    Malmkj r, K.,2008. Translation units [A]. In Brown K.(ed.). Encyclopedia ofLanguage and Linguistics (Vol.13)[Z]:92-93. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press.
    Montgomery, S. L.,2008. Translation of scientific and medical texts [A]. In Brown, K.(ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (Vol.13)[Z]:65-69. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Munday, J.,2008. Introducing translation studies: Theories and applications [M].Taylor&Francis.
    Newmark, P.,1988. A Textbook of Translation [M]. London: Prentice Hall.
    Newmark, P.,2001. Approaches to Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education Press.
    Nida, E. A.,1964. Toward a Science of Translating [M]. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J.Brill.
    Nida, E. A.&Taber, C.,1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M]. Leiden,Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
    Nida, E. A.,1982. Translating Meaning [M]. San Dimas California: EnglishLanguage Institute.
    Nida, E. A.,1993. Language, Culture and Translation [M]. Shanghai:ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press.
    Nida, E. A.,2001. Language and Culture–Contexts in Translating [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Nord, C.,1991. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and DialectApplication of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis [M]. Amsterdam:Amsterdan-Atlanta; Rodopi.
    Nord, C.,2001. Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist ApproachesExplained [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Nunberg, G.,1978. The Pragmatics of Reference [M]. Bloomington: IndianaUniversity Linguistics Club.
    Nunberg, G., Sag, I. A.&Wasow, T.,1994. Idioms [J]. Language (3):491-538.
    Philip, B. J.,1981. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage [Z]. Springfield Mass: Merrian-Webster Inc.
    Proctor, P.,2001. Cambridge International Dictionary of English [Z]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Pym, A.,2007. Natural and directional equivalence in theories of translation [J] Target19(2):271-294.
    Pym, A.,2010.“The impact of language technologies on the translation profession”paper presented to the research symposium “Technology and the Future ofTranslation: Research Perspectives”. University of Western Sydney.
    Reiss, K.,1989. Text types, translation types and translation Assessment [A]. InChesterman, A.(ed.). Readings in Translation [C]:160-71. Helsinki, Oy FinnLectura.
    Robinson, D.,2007. What is Translation? Centrifugal Theories, Critical Interventions[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
    Robinson, D.,2002. Western Translation Theory: From Herodotus to Nietzsche [M].St. Jerome Publishing.
    Sapir,E.,1921. Language [M]. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    Searle, J.,1969. Speech Acts [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Sidtis,2006, Does Functional Neuroimaging Solve the Questions of Neurolinguistics?[J]. Brian and Language (3):276-290.
    Simpson, J.&Weiner, E.,2009. The Oxford English Dictionary [Z]. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
    Snell-Hornby, M.,2001. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
    Strassler, J.,1982. Idioms in English: A Pragmatic Analysis [M]. Tubingen:Verlag.
    Sweetser, E.,1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and CulturalAspects of Semantic Structure [M]. Cambridge&New York: CambridgeUniversity Press.
    Taylor, J. R.,2002. Cognitive Grammar [M]. Oxford: OUP.
    Toury, G.,1978. The nature and roles of norms in translation [A]. In Venutti L.(ed.).The Translation Studies Reader [M]:198-211. London and New York: Routledge.
    Toury, G.,1980. In Search of a Theory of Translation [M]. Tel Aviv: The PorterInstitute for Poetics and Semiotics.
    Toury, G.,1987. Translation Across Cultures [M]. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
    Toury, G.,1995. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Amsterdam andPhiladelphia: John Benjamins.
    Tytler, A. F.,1907. Essay on the Principle of Translation [M]. London: J. M. Dent&Sons Ltd. New York: E. P. Dutton&Co. Ltd.
    Venuti, L.,2008. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation [M]. Londonand New York: Toutledge.
    Vermeer, H. J.,1996. A Skopos Theory of Translation [M]. Heidelberg: TextconTextVerlag.
    Viberg, A.,2001. The verbs of perception [A]. In Haspelmath, M., K nig, E.,Oesterreicher, W.&Raible, W.(eds.). Language Typology and LanguageUniversals: An International Handbook [C]:1294-1309. Berlin: De Gruyter.
    Williams, J.,&Chesterman, A.,2002. The Map: A Beginner’s Guide to DoingResearch in Translation Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign LanguageEducation Press.
    Wittgenstein, L.,1953. Philosophical Investigations [M]. Oxford: Blackwell.
    Zadeh, L. A.,1971. Quantitative fuzzy semantics [J]. Information Science (3):159–176.
    埃德蒙德韦纳韦纳、约翰辛普森,1989,《牛津英语词典》(OED)[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    蔡新乐,2001,从德里达的翻译思想看理性主义的翻译理论建构[J]。《中国翻译》第4期:58-61。
    曹明伦,2006,“约而意显,文而不越”–重读《法句经序》[J]。《四川外国语学院学报》第5期:122-125。
    陈福康,1996,《中国译学理论史稿》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    陈文伯,1982,《英语成语与汉语成语》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
    陈浪,2007,冷静看待中国翻译研究现状——兼与张经浩先生商榷[J],《中国翻译》第1期:38-41。
    陈小全,2011,文化语境的作用与翻译策略的实施[J]。《中国翻译》第6期:88-91。
    段连城,1990,呼吁:译界同人都来关注对外宣传[J]。《中国翻译》第5期:2-10。
    段连城,2004,《对外传播学初探》[M]。北京:五洲传播出版社。
    范存忠,1997,漫谈翻译[A]。张柏然、许钧主编《译学论集》[C]:3-21。南京:译林出版社。
    范文澜,1994,《中国通史》(第三册)[M]。北京:人民出版社。
    方梦之,2010,应用文体翻译的理论体系与范畴[A]。蒋璐、吕和发主编《中国文化软实力与应用翻译研究》[C]:1-13。北京:中国出版集团/中国对外出版公司。
    费道罗夫,1955,《翻译理论摘要》[M]。北京:中华书局。
    冯军,2010,论外宣翻译中语义与风格的趋同及筛选机制[D]。上海:上海外国语大学。
    冯奇、万华,2000,莫把“末日”当“天涯”[J]。《辞书研究》第5期:155-158。
    冯奇、万华,2001,译述的“忠实”与“通顺”[J]。《上海科技翻译》第4期:21-24。
    冯奇、万华,2003,也谈culture shock――与邓海先生商榷[J]。《中国翻译》,第4期:81-82。
    冯奇,2007,《核心句的词语搭配研究》[M]。上海:复旦大学出版社。
    冯奇、万华,2012,对立与统一排斥与互补——翻译的语言学视角[J]。《上海翻译》第4期:7-12。
    冯奇、万华,2012,规范与变异,能产与创造[J]。《复旦外国语言文学论丛》秋季号:94-100。
    冯庆华,1998,汉英翻译中的成语使用[A]。耿龙明主编,《翻译论丛》:199。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    冯庆华,2006,《红译艺坛——红楼梦翻译艺术研究》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    符淮青,1985,《现代汉语词汇》[M]。北京:北京大学出版社。
    傅敬民,2013,全球结构视野下的翻译规范研究[J]。《上海翻译》第4期:11-15。
    葛传槼,1980/1983,漫谈由汉译英问题[A]。《翻译理论与翻译技巧论文集》[C]:90-105。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
    耿强,2012,国家机构对外翻译规范研究–以“熊猫丛书”英译中国文学为例[J]。《上海翻译》第1期:1-7。
    辜正坤,1989,翻译标准多元互补论[J]。《中国翻译》第1期:16-20。
    辜正坤,2003,翻译标准多元互补论[A]。杨自俭,刘学云主编,《翻译新论》1983-1992[C]:465–477。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
    桂乾元,2012,论翻译矛盾–从《德译汉中国成语故事》谈起[J]。《上海翻译》第3期:1–6。
    郭建中,1999,论解构主义翻译思想[J]。《上海科技翻译》第4期:4-9。
    何自然,2002,语用学概论(修订版)[M]。长沙:湖南教育出版社。
    何自然、李捷,2012,翻译还是重命名[J]。《中国翻译》第1期:103-106。
    洪堡特,1836/1997,《论人类结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》[M]。北京:北京商务印书馆。
    侯维瑞,1988,《英语语体》(Varieties of English)[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    侯维瑞,1998,文学形象的民族性和翻译[A]。耿龙明主编《翻译论丛》:137–150。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    胡裕树,1981/1998,《现代汉语》[M]。上海:上海教育出版社。
    胡壮麟,1994,《语篇的衔接和连贯》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    黄德新,1996,《音译法的使用与误区》[M]。《山东外语教学》第2期:39-41。
    黄国文,1988,《语篇分析概要》[M]。湖南:湖南教育出版社。
    黄友义,2004,坚持“外宣三贴近”原则,处理好外宣翻译中的难点问题[J]。《中国翻译》,第6期:27-28。
    黄友义,2011,是谁误译了“韬光养晦”[N]。环球时报,7月25日。
    惠宇,2003,《新世纪汉英大辞典》[Z]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
    蒋骁华,1995,解构主义翻译观探析[J]。《外语教学与研究》第4期:64-67。
    蒋骁华,2003,圣经汉译及其对汉语的影响[J]。《外语教学与研究》第4期:35-38。
    金堤,1986,论等效翻译[J]。《外语教学与研究》第4期:6-14。
    金静,2013,The End of the World意义探究[J]。《东方翻译》第3期:73-78。
    金其斌,2013,“钉子户”:翻译中的“钉子户”?[J]。《东方翻译》第4期:81-84。
    李春芳、吕俊,2013,复杂性科学观照下翻译标准问题的再探讨–论底线翻译标准的必要性和合法性[J]。《上海翻译》第3期:8-13。
    李红满,2001,解构主义对传统翻译理论的冲击[J]。《解放军外国语学院学报》第3期:76-79。
    李宇明,1997,汉语语法“本位”论评—兼评邢福义“小句中枢说”[J]。《世界汉语教学》第1期:16-23。
    黎锦熙,2001,《新著国语文法》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
    林煌天,2005,《中国翻译词典》[Z]。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
    林语堂,2002,《吾国与吾民》(My Country and My People)[M]。西安:陕西师范大学出版社。
    刘季春,2010,《实用翻译教程》[M]。广州:中山大学出版社。
    刘靖之,2009,重神似不重形似–严复以来的翻译理论[A]。罗新璋、陈应年主编,《翻译论集》(修订本)[C]:950-964。北京:商务印书馆。
    刘军平,1997,解构主义的翻译观[J]。《外国语》第2期:51-54。
    刘宓庆,2005,《新编当代翻译理论》[M]。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
    刘全福,2006,解构主义翻译观的非文化取向及其他—兼评“国内文学翻译研究的一大突破”一文[J]。《外语研究》,第6期:59-61。
    刘润清、史蒂文·麦基、赵桐、阎晓天,1988,《现代语言学名著选读》[C]。北京:测绘出版社。
    《留学生汉英学习词典》编写组,2008,《留学生汉英学习词典》[Z]。上海:上海译文出版社。
    陆俭明,2003,坚持多元,加强理论意识,大力开展汉语言语运用的研究[J]。《修辞学习》第1期:1-2。
    卢伟、高勇,2002,《新实践英语翻译》[M]。北京:国防工业出版社。
    罗新璋,1984,《翻译论集》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
    罗新璋,1999,读傅雷译品随感[A]。郭著章主编,《翻译名家研究》[C]。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
    罗新璋、陈应年,2009,翻译论集》(修订本)[C]。北京:商务印书馆。
    罗新璋,2009,我国自成体系的翻译理论[A]。罗新璋、陈应年主编,《翻译论集》(修订本)[C]。北京:商务印书馆。
    罗竹凤,1997,《汉大成语大词典》[Z]。上海:汉语大词典出版社。
    吕俊,2002,翻译学应从解构主义那里学些什么–对九十年代中期以来我国译学研究的反思[J]。《外国语》第5期:48-54。
    吕俊、侯向群,2006,《翻译学:一个建构主义的视角》[M]。上海:上海译文出版社。
    吕俊,2007,翻译标准的多元性和评价的客观性[J]。《外国语》第2期:67-73。
    吕叔湘,2003,通过对比研究语法[A]。马庆株主编,《语法研究入门》[C]:13-27。北京:商务印书馆。
    马国凡,1978,《成语》[M]。呼和浩特:内蒙古人民出版社。
    马建中,2009,《马氏文通》[A]。罗新璋、陈应年主编,《翻译译集》[C]。北京:商务印书馆。
    马庆株,2003,层次、语法单位和分布特征[A]。载吕叔湘等著。马庆株主编,《语法研究入门》[C]。北京:商务印书馆。
    马志刚,2008,局域非对称成分统制结构、题元角色和领主属宾句的跨语言差异[J]。《语言科学》第5期:492-501。
    梅家海,李正林,2013,蓝诗玲英译《马桥词典》的翻译风格[J]。《东方翻译》第4期:51-55。
    梅德明,2012,悟道与译道[J]。《中国翻译》第5期:78-80。
    宁榘,1980,《谚语格言歇后语》[C]。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
    牛思涌,1989,熟语探微[J]。《郑州大学学报》(哲社版)第3期:103-106。
    钱钟书,2009/2012,林纾的翻译[A]。罗新璋、陈应年主编,《翻译译集》[C]。北京:商务印书馆。杨晓荣主编,《二元·多元·综合—翻译本质与标准研究》[C]。上海:上海外语教育出版社:137–161。
    瞿秋白,2009,鲁迅和瞿秋白关于翻译的通信—瞿秋白的来信[A]。罗新璋、陈应年主编,《翻译译集》[C]。北京:商务印书馆。
    史式,1979,《汉语成语研究》[M]。成都:四川人民出版社。
    单继刚,2005,语言、翻译与意识形态[J],《哲学研究》第11期:31-34。
    沈家煊,1995,有界与无界[J]。《中国语文》第5期:367-380。
    沈家煊,2000,句式与配价[J]。《中国语文》第4期:291-297。
    沈家煊,2008,三个世界[J]。《外语教学与研究》第6期:403-408。
    沈苏儒,1998,《论信达雅–严复翻译理论研究》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
    石毓智,2002,论汉语的结构意义和词汇标记之关系——有定和无定范畴对汉语句法结构的影响[J]。《当代语言学》第1期:25-37。
    石毓智,2003,语法的规律与例外[J]。《语言科学》第3期:13-22。
    石毓智,2007,语言学假设中的证据问题——论“王冕死了父亲”之类句子产生的历史条件[J]。《语言科学》第4期:39-51。
    孙维张,1989,《汉语属于学》[M]。长春:吉林教育出版社。
    孙艺风,2003,翻译规范与主体意识[J]。《中国翻译》第3期:3-9。
    孙艺风,2012,翻译与跨文化交际策略[J]。《中国翻译》第1期:16-23。
    孙致礼,2003,《新编英汉翻译教程》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    谭载喜,2012,中国翻译研究——回望反思前瞻[J]。《中国翻译》第4期:7-9。
    唐松波,1960,《熟语和谚语的种属关系》[J]。《中国语文》11月号。
    唐述宗,2004,“巴别塔”理论可以休矣—对德里达解构主义翻译理论的再解构[J]。《山东外语教学》第2期:73-77。
    万华,2007,海南导游手册[M]。上海:复旦大学出版社。
    万华,2010,论翻译中的组合与原则[J]。《上海翻译》第3期:63-65。
    万华、冯奇,2009,形式与意义,谁主沉浮?[J]。《同济大学学报》第1期:79-84
    王德春,1983,《修辞学探索》[M]。北京:北京出版社。
    王德春,1990,《语言学通论》[M]。南京:江苏教育出版社。
    王德春、陈瑞瑞,2000,《语体学》[M]。南宁:广西教育出版社。
    王德春,2002,《多角度研究语言》[M]。北京:清华大学出版社。
    王东风、楚至大,1998,也谈翻译学[A]。《英汉语比较与翻译》[C]:235-243。青岛:青岛出版社。
    王东风,2007,功能主义与后解构时代的翻译研究[J]。《中国翻译》第3期:6-9。
    王福美,2011,“辞达而已矣”——重读支谦的《法句经序》[J]。《上海翻译》第4期:77-80。
    王克非,2005,从语言功能切入翻译研究,为张美芳《翻译的功能途径》写的代序。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    王宁,2009,翻译研究的文化转向:解构主义的推进[J]。《清华大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)第6期:127-139。
    王鹏,2010,《翻译理论探讨》——对当代西方翻译理论的批判性认识[J]。《中国翻译》第3期:33-37。
    王仁强、章宜华,2004,原型理论与翻译研究[J]。《四川外语学院学报》第6期:105-109。
    王祥兵,2011,《翻译研究:语言学中的批判性观点》中的几个重大主题[J]。《中国翻译》第5期:34-39。
    王晓元,2012,文化研究语翻译研究[J]。《上海翻译》第12期:8-13。
    王岳川,1999,《现象学与解释学文论》[M]济南:山东教育出版社。
    王佐良,1989,《翻译:思考与试笔》[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
    温端政、周荐,1999,《二十世纪的汉语俗语研究》[M]。太原:书海出版社。
    吴光华,1995,《汉英大辞典》[Z]。西安:西安交通大学出版社。
    吴景荣、程镇球,2000,《新时代汉英大辞典》[Z]。北京:商务印书馆。
    吴士异,2011,中西方文化差异之分析[A]。吴士异博客,2月13日,http://blog.163.com/wshy2007@126/blog/static/12639049320111131947269/
    伍铁平,1999,《模糊语言学》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    武占坤,1986,《现代汉语读本》[M]。北京:北京语言学院出版社。
    武占坤、马国凡,1991,《汉语熟语大辞典》[Z]。石家庄:河北教育出版社。
    武占坤,2007,《汉语熟语通论》(修订版)[M]。保定:河北大学出版社。
    夏征农,1989,《辞海》(缩印本)[Z]。上海:上海辞书出版社。
    萧立明,1998,论科学的翻译和翻译的科学[A]。刘重德主编,《英汉语比较与翻译》[C]。青岛:青岛出版社:214-222。
    谢天振,1999,《译介学》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    谢天振,2002,树立译学理论意识,培养独立科研能力[J]。《中国翻译》第2期:82。
    谢天振,2003,《翻译研究新视野》[M]。青岛:青岛出版社。
    谢天振,2005,关于当前几个重要翻译问题的思考[J]。《外语与外语教学》第11期:55-57。
    谢天振,2013,中国文化走出去不是简单的翻译问题[N]。《社会科学报》12月5日:第5版。
    邢福义,1991,《现代汉语》[M]。北京:高等教育出版社。
    邢福义,1996,《汉语语法学》[M]。长春:东北师范大学出版社。
    许均,2003,《翻译伦》[M]。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
    许均、穆雷,2009,《翻译学概论》[M]。南京:凤凰出版传奇集团,译林出版社。
    许渊冲,1991,译诗六论[J]。《中国翻译》第6期:2-9。
    徐通锵,1991,语义句法刍议—语言的结构基础和语法研究的方法论初探[J]。《语言教学与研究》第3期:38-62。
    徐通锵,2003,“字”和汉语的语义语法[A]。吕叔湘、马庆株主编,《语法研究入门》[C]:190-194。北京:商务印书馆。
    颜棣生,1983,Experience in teaching translation [J]。《外国语》第5期:7-13。
    杨晓荣,2012,翻译本质与翻译标准研究综述(1977–2007)[A]。杨晓荣主编,《二元·多元·综合》[C]:1–12。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    杨自俭,1996,谈谈翻译科学的学科建设问题[J]。《现代外语》第3期:25-29。
    杨自俭,2002,关于译学研究的一些想法[A]。张柏然、许钧主编,《面向21世纪的译学研究》[C]。北京:商务印书馆:1-18。
    杨自俭,2006,序,对比语言学的新发展[A]。潘文国、谭慧敏,对比语言学:历史与哲学思考[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    杨自俭,2008,共性?个性?视角——英汉对比的理论与方法研究[C]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    姚小平,2005,洪堡特与人类语言学[J]。《外语教学与研究》第2期:116-118。
    叶君健,1988,《中国翻译家词典》序。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
    尹邦彦,2006,《汉语熟语英译词典》[Z]。上海:上海外语教育出版社:848。
    喻家楼,1998,《汉语成语英译词典》[Z]。合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社:651。
    余中先,2000,《左岸书香》[M]。北京:北京中国电影出版社。
    云生,1959,关于熟语[J]。《中国语文》第7期。
    曾利沙,2012,《翻译学理论多角度探索》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    张柏然、张思洁,2002,翻译学的建设:传统的定位与选择[A]。张柏然、许均,《面向21世纪的译学研究》[C]:19-33。北京:商务印书馆。
    张辉、季锋,2012,成语组构性的认知语言学解读[J]。《外语教学》第2期:1-7。
    张健、骆文斌,2012,新、热词英译漫谈(5)[J]。《东方翻译》第5期:80-81。
    张今、张宁,2005,《文学翻译原理》[M]。北京:清华大学出版社。
    张隆溪,1986,《二十世纪西方文论述评》[M]。北京:三联书店。
    张美芳,2005,《翻译研究的功能途径》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    张美芳,2013,文本类型、翻译目的及翻译策略[J]。《上海翻译》第4期:5-10。
    张培基,1979,《习语汉译英研究》[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
    张培基,1980,《英语翻译教程》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    张培基、喻云根、李宗杰、彭谟禹,2003,《英汉翻译教程》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    张佩瑶,2010,《中国翻译话语英译选集(上):从最早期到佛典翻译》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    张朋朋,2006,语言的基本单位是“句子”[J],《汉字文化》第3期:20-24。
    张新果,2010,一五一十说俗话。《赵燕晚报》2010-08-19石家庄新闻网。
    赵文静,2011,《翻译与冲突——叙事性阐释》[M]。北京:北京大学出版社。
    赵彦春,2005,《翻译学归结论》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
    中国翻译词典编辑委员会,1997,中国翻译词典[Z]。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
    中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室,2002,《现代汉语词典》(2002增补本)[Z]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
    周荐,1994,熟语的经典型与非经典型[J],《语文研究》第3期:33-38。
    周祖谟,1958,词汇和词汇学[J],《语文学习》第1期。
    朱德熙,1982,语法分析和语法体系[J],《中国语文》第1期。
    朱光潜,1987,《《诗论》“抗战版序”,朱光潜全集》(第三卷)[M]。合肥:安徽教育出版社。
    朱光潜,2009,谈翻译[A],罗新璋、陈应年主编,《翻译论集》[C]:529-537。北京:商务印书馆。

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700