TD-LTE-A载波聚合下终端发射机射频一致性测试仿真测试与研究
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摘要
通用移动通信系统(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, UMTS)的长期演进(Long Term Evolution,LTE)项目正在经历研发和产业化进程。作为其中的重要组成部分,时分双工系统下的TD-LTE的相关技术研究也备受关注。
本文针对TD-LTE-A载波聚合场景下的终端发射机射频特性进行了深入的研究。首先对载波聚合技术及射频系统的非线性特性进行了简要介绍,总结了载波聚合场景下的终端射频特性指标；其次针对终端发射机的射频指标,搭建仿真测试平台并进行了频谱辐射模板(Spectrum Emission Mask, SEM),邻信道泄漏比(Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio, ACLR)和带内辐射(In-band emissions)等测试例的仿真分析。仿真过程中,本文重点研究射频功率放大器的非线性对终端上行发射信号射频特性的影响。最后,针对载波聚合技术易导致终端上行信号峰值平均功率比急剧增大的问题,本文分析研究了一种常用的线性化技术,即“终端最大功率回退”机制,并通过仿真测试得出终端射频因素和信号自身特性对最大功率回退的影响。
本文的仿真测试结果和研究结论既能指导TD-LTE-A终端的射频设计,也为终端射频一致性测试标准的修订提供一定的依据。
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) Project of Universal Mobile Tele-communications System (UMTS) is during the process of researching and industrialization. As an important part of the process, TD-LTE system which uses the technology of Time Division Duplex (TDD) also received much concern.
This paper focused on the Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics of User Equipment (UE) transmitter for Carrier Aggregation (CA) in TD-LTE-A system and conducted thorough research on them. Firstly, the CA technique and the nonlinear characteristics of RF system were briefly introduced, meanwhile, the RF requirements of UE in CA scenarios were summarized. In addition, a simulating platform was established according to the RF requirements of UE transmitter and test cases such as Spectrum emission mask (SEM), Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) and In-band emissions were simulated and analyzed. During the process of simulation, the nonlinearity of RF Power Amplifier (PA) was specially analyzed in this paper since it had great influence on the characteristics of Uplink transmitting signal. Lastly, facing to the fact that CA technique drove the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of Uplink transmitting signal to the extreme level, this paper studied a common linearization technique called Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) of UE. Furthermore, this paper discovered that both the RF factors of UE and the characteris-tics of signal itself that had great impact on the value of MPR.
The simulation results and research conclusions in this paper can not only guide the RF design of UE in TD-LTE-A system, but also provide valuable references to the modification of standards of UE RF conform-ance testing.
本文针对TD-LTE-A载波聚合场景下的终端发射机射频特性进行了深入的研究。首先对载波聚合技术及射频系统的非线性特性进行了简要介绍,总结了载波聚合场景下的终端射频特性指标；其次针对终端发射机的射频指标,搭建仿真测试平台并进行了频谱辐射模板(Spectrum Emission Mask, SEM),邻信道泄漏比(Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio, ACLR)和带内辐射(In-band emissions)等测试例的仿真分析。仿真过程中,本文重点研究射频功率放大器的非线性对终端上行发射信号射频特性的影响。最后,针对载波聚合技术易导致终端上行信号峰值平均功率比急剧增大的问题,本文分析研究了一种常用的线性化技术,即“终端最大功率回退”机制,并通过仿真测试得出终端射频因素和信号自身特性对最大功率回退的影响。
本文的仿真测试结果和研究结论既能指导TD-LTE-A终端的射频设计,也为终端射频一致性测试标准的修订提供一定的依据。
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) Project of Universal Mobile Tele-communications System (UMTS) is during the process of researching and industrialization. As an important part of the process, TD-LTE system which uses the technology of Time Division Duplex (TDD) also received much concern.
This paper focused on the Radio Frequency (RF) characteristics of User Equipment (UE) transmitter for Carrier Aggregation (CA) in TD-LTE-A system and conducted thorough research on them. Firstly, the CA technique and the nonlinear characteristics of RF system were briefly introduced, meanwhile, the RF requirements of UE in CA scenarios were summarized. In addition, a simulating platform was established according to the RF requirements of UE transmitter and test cases such as Spectrum emission mask (SEM), Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) and In-band emissions were simulated and analyzed. During the process of simulation, the nonlinearity of RF Power Amplifier (PA) was specially analyzed in this paper since it had great influence on the characteristics of Uplink transmitting signal. Lastly, facing to the fact that CA technique drove the Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of Uplink transmitting signal to the extreme level, this paper studied a common linearization technique called Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) of UE. Furthermore, this paper discovered that both the RF factors of UE and the characteris-tics of signal itself that had great impact on the value of MPR.
The simulation results and research conclusions in this paper can not only guide the RF design of UE in TD-LTE-A system, but also provide valuable references to the modification of standards of UE RF conform-ance testing.
引文
[1]沈嘉,索士强,全海洋等3 GPP长期演进(LTE)技术原理与系统设计.人民邮电出版社,2008.
[2]王映民,孙韶辉等TD-LTE-Advanced移动通信系统设计.人民邮电出版社,2012.
[3]林辉,焦慧颖,刘思杨等LTE-Advanced关键技术详解.人民邮电出版社,2012.
[4]E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skold. LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband. Elsevier, Ltd, Publication,2011.
[5]3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0. Further advancements for E-UTRA; User Equipment LTE-Advanced feasibility studies in RAN WG4. June.2010.
[6]B. Razavi. RF Microelectronics. Prentice Hall, Ltd, Publication,1997.
[7]3GPP TS 36.101 v10.8.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception. Sep.2012.
[8]3GPP TS 36.521-1 v10.3.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 1:Conformance testing. Sep.2012.
[9]陈艳华,李朝晖,夏玮.ADS应用详解-射频电路设计与仿真.人民邮电出版社,2008.
[10]3GPP TS 36.508 v10.2.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); Common test environments for User Equipment (UE) conformance testing. Sep.2012.
[11]3GPP TR 36.807 v10.0.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception. July.2012.
[12]S. Sesia,1. Toufik, M. Baker. LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution From Theory to Practice. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication,2009, pp.573-583.
[13]3GPP TS 36.211 v10.5.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation. June.2012.
[14]R5-121984,3GPP TSG RAN WG5 #55, Rohde & Schwarz. EVM and Global In-Channel TX-Test for intra band CA. Prague, Czech, May.2012.
[15]Zukang Shen, A. Papasakellariou, J. Montojo. Overview of 3GPP LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation for 4G Wireless Communications, Commu-nications Magazine, IEEE vol.50, no.2, pp.122-130, February.2012.
[16]R4-091910,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #51, Qualcomm. LTE-A MC RF require-ments for contiguous carriers. San Francisco, US, May.2009.
[17]Hua Wang, C. Rosa, K. Pedersen. Performance of Uplink Carrier Aggregation in LTE-Advanced Systems, Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2010-Fall),2010 IEEE 72nd, pp.1-5, Sept.2010.
[18]Kewen Liu, Ning Xu. PAPR reduction of uplink for carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced, Information Science and Engineering (ICISE),2010 2nd, pp.2224-2226, Dec.2010.
[19]Xu Yang, Xinning Zhu, Zhimin Zeng. Analysis of Power De-rating Represented by Maximum Power Reduction and Cubic Metric in LTE Uplink Transmission, IEEE Wicom 2010, pp.1-4, Sep.2010.
[20]R4-115333,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #60bis, Qualcomm. PA Model Comparison. Zhuhai, China, Oct.2011.
[21]R4-101761,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #55, Nokia. On LTE CA UE SEM, ACLR, and MPR. Montreal, Canada, May.2010.
[22]R4-104177,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #57, ZTE. Experimental results of MPR for asymmetrical CA scenarios. Jacksonville, US, Nov.2010.
[23]R4-102922,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #56, Samsung. UE MPR for CA. Madrid, Spain, Aug.2010.
[24]R4-102922,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #56, Samsung. UE MPR for CA. Madrid, Spain, Aug.2010.
[25]R4-102860,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #56, Nokia. LTE CA Contiguous allocation study. Madrid, Spain, Aug.2010.
[26]G. Huang, A. Nix, S. Armour. Impact of Radio Resource Allocation and Pulse Shaping on PAPR of SC-FDMA Signals, Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC 2007, pp.1-5, Sep.2007.
[27]Hui Zheng, Jae Ho Hwang, Jae Moung Kim. The Influence of Phase Sequence Distribution on PAPR of OFDM Systems, Wireless Communications Network-ing and Mobile Computing,WiCOM 2010, pp.1-5, Sept.2010.
[28]R4-110265,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #57AH, Nokia, Renesas. MPR for non-contiguous allocation. Austin, Texas, Jan.2011.
[29]R4-110955,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #58, Nokia, Renesas. MPR for LTE multi clus-ter transmission. Taipei, Taiwan, Feb.2011.
[30]G Berardinelli, T.B. Sorensen, P. Mogensen. Transmission over multiple component carriers in LTE-A uplink, Wireless Communications, IEEE, pp.67-73, Aug.2011.
[2]王映民,孙韶辉等TD-LTE-Advanced移动通信系统设计.人民邮电出版社,2012.
[3]林辉,焦慧颖,刘思杨等LTE-Advanced关键技术详解.人民邮电出版社,2012.
[4]E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, J. Skold. LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband. Elsevier, Ltd, Publication,2011.
[5]3GPP TR 36.815 v9.1.0. Further advancements for E-UTRA; User Equipment LTE-Advanced feasibility studies in RAN WG4. June.2010.
[6]B. Razavi. RF Microelectronics. Prentice Hall, Ltd, Publication,1997.
[7]3GPP TS 36.101 v10.8.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception. Sep.2012.
[8]3GPP TS 36.521-1 v10.3.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 1:Conformance testing. Sep.2012.
[9]陈艳华,李朝晖,夏玮.ADS应用详解-射频电路设计与仿真.人民邮电出版社,2008.
[10]3GPP TS 36.508 v10.2.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); Common test environments for User Equipment (UE) conformance testing. Sep.2012.
[11]3GPP TR 36.807 v10.0.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception. July.2012.
[12]S. Sesia,1. Toufik, M. Baker. LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution From Theory to Practice. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication,2009, pp.573-583.
[13]3GPP TS 36.211 v10.5.0. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation. June.2012.
[14]R5-121984,3GPP TSG RAN WG5 #55, Rohde & Schwarz. EVM and Global In-Channel TX-Test for intra band CA. Prague, Czech, May.2012.
[15]Zukang Shen, A. Papasakellariou, J. Montojo. Overview of 3GPP LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation for 4G Wireless Communications, Commu-nications Magazine, IEEE vol.50, no.2, pp.122-130, February.2012.
[16]R4-091910,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #51, Qualcomm. LTE-A MC RF require-ments for contiguous carriers. San Francisco, US, May.2009.
[17]Hua Wang, C. Rosa, K. Pedersen. Performance of Uplink Carrier Aggregation in LTE-Advanced Systems, Vehicular Technology Conference Fall (VTC 2010-Fall),2010 IEEE 72nd, pp.1-5, Sept.2010.
[18]Kewen Liu, Ning Xu. PAPR reduction of uplink for carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced, Information Science and Engineering (ICISE),2010 2nd, pp.2224-2226, Dec.2010.
[19]Xu Yang, Xinning Zhu, Zhimin Zeng. Analysis of Power De-rating Represented by Maximum Power Reduction and Cubic Metric in LTE Uplink Transmission, IEEE Wicom 2010, pp.1-4, Sep.2010.
[20]R4-115333,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #60bis, Qualcomm. PA Model Comparison. Zhuhai, China, Oct.2011.
[21]R4-101761,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #55, Nokia. On LTE CA UE SEM, ACLR, and MPR. Montreal, Canada, May.2010.
[22]R4-104177,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #57, ZTE. Experimental results of MPR for asymmetrical CA scenarios. Jacksonville, US, Nov.2010.
[23]R4-102922,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #56, Samsung. UE MPR for CA. Madrid, Spain, Aug.2010.
[24]R4-102922,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #56, Samsung. UE MPR for CA. Madrid, Spain, Aug.2010.
[25]R4-102860,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #56, Nokia. LTE CA Contiguous allocation study. Madrid, Spain, Aug.2010.
[26]G. Huang, A. Nix, S. Armour. Impact of Radio Resource Allocation and Pulse Shaping on PAPR of SC-FDMA Signals, Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC 2007, pp.1-5, Sep.2007.
[27]Hui Zheng, Jae Ho Hwang, Jae Moung Kim. The Influence of Phase Sequence Distribution on PAPR of OFDM Systems, Wireless Communications Network-ing and Mobile Computing,WiCOM 2010, pp.1-5, Sept.2010.
[28]R4-110265,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #57AH, Nokia, Renesas. MPR for non-contiguous allocation. Austin, Texas, Jan.2011.
[29]R4-110955,3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #58, Nokia, Renesas. MPR for LTE multi clus-ter transmission. Taipei, Taiwan, Feb.2011.
[30]G Berardinelli, T.B. Sorensen, P. Mogensen. Transmission over multiple component carriers in LTE-A uplink, Wireless Communications, IEEE, pp.67-73, Aug.2011.