微波—微乳法制备燃料电池催化剂的研究
|
摘要
现在新型制备方法的研究对于燃料电池催化剂的性能的提升变得十分重要。本文利用微波多元醇的方法合成了高分散的Pt/C催化剂并研究了不同制备条件对催化剂性能的影响。接着以碳纳米管作为催化剂载体,用微波加热法合成了Pt和Pt-Ru二元金属催化剂。初步探讨了将微波和微乳相结合的方法用于制备Pt-Ru二元合金催化剂。得到了如下结论:
1.本论文通过加入醋酸钠,调节溶液pH值,改变催化剂的铂碳质量比,对碳载体进行预处理制备了Pt/C催化剂。利用XRD,TEM,SEM-EDS,CV等手段对制备的纳米粒子的粒径,表面形貌,元素比例以及电催化性能进行了分析表征。实验结果证明添加0.6ml醋酸钠,调节pH值至10,硝酸处理碳载体,铂质量含量为40%的条件下所制备的催化剂具有最均匀的Pt纳米粒子粒径分布和最佳催化性能。
2.本论文以改性后的碳纳米管(CNTs)作为载体制备了催化剂。通过XRD,FTIR以及CV等手段进行了表征。结果证明,以碳纳米管作为载体要优于碳粉。碳纳米管经过酸处理改性后,红外测试证明其表面接枝了许多羟基和羧基官能团。酰胺化处理使其表面接枝上了酰胺基团。负载Pt催化剂后其甲醇峰电流密度分别达到580Ag-1Pt和600Ag-1Pt。XRD测试证明Pt-Ru合金纳米粒子的平均粒径为5.2nm。SEM-EDS测试表明Pt与Ru的元素物质的量之比与理论值相符合。催化剂的甲醇氧化电流峰值达到6.15mA,其氧化峰的起始电位比一元Pt催化剂的更低。
3.将微波法和微乳法相结合制备Pt-Ru二元催化剂。催化剂经170℃,250℃,600℃处理后粒径在5.2nm,5.5nm和7.1nm左右。TEM测试表明,制备的催化剂纳米粒子具有良好的分散性。经250℃热处理后,纳米粒子的粒径大概在5nm左右。通过SEM-EDS测试了Pt:Ru的物质的量之比,结果与理论值相符。通过控制加料顺序使纳米粒子中的成分得到很好的控制。循环伏安测试表明,不同的温度下,250℃热处理的催化剂催化性能最好,而在triton-100/异丙醇/环己烷/乙二醇的微乳体系中制备的Pt-Ru催化剂具有最佳的电催化性能。
Right now, the research of new preparation method is very important for improvement ofthe fuel cell catalysts’performance. In this paper, microwave polyol process has been used toprepare highly dispersed Pt/C catalysts and the different preparing conditions which influencethe catalysts’performance have been investigated. In the next step, we synthesize Pt and Pt-Rubimetallic catalysts using the CNTs as supporters. Microwave combined with microemulsionmethod has been used to prepare Pt-Ru binary alloy catalysts. We make a preliminary researchto the preparing process. The conclusions are following:
1、In this paper, we change the conditions such as adding to sodium acetate solution,adjusting pH of solution, changing the weight ratio of Pt:C and pretreating the carbon supporterin the preparing of Pt/C. The catalysts’size, surface morphology, element ratio andelectrochemical performance have been characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM-EDS and CV. Thecatalysts are well-distributed and have best catalytical performance when add to 0.6ml acetatesolution, adjust pH to10, use HNO3 to pretreate carbon powder or control the weight ratio of Ptto 40%.
2、We prepare catalysts using modified CNTs as supporter and characterize the catalysts byXRD,FTIR and CV in this thesis. The conclusion can be drawed as follow:the CNTs is moresuperior than carbon powder. The CNTs has grafted many hydroxyl and carboxyl groups whenacid treated. The amide groups have been grafted to CNTs in amidation process. The methanoloxidation peak current density is 580A g-1Pt and 600A g-1Pt respectively when Pt catalystssupported on the modified CNTs. The average size of Pt-Ru alloy nanoparticles is 5.2nm byXRD measurement and the realistic mole ratio of Pt:Ru is conform to theorical ratio accordingto SEM-EDS measurement. The methanol oxidation peak current is 6.15mA and the onsetpotential is lower than Pt catalyst.
3、Pt-Ru binarycatalysts are prepared bymicrowave combined with microemulsion method.The size of catalysts is about 5.2nm, 5.5nm and 7.1nm respectively when heating-treated at 170 ℃,250℃and 600℃.The catalysts is well-dispersed byTEM measurement and the size is about5nm when treated at 250℃.The composition of nanoparticles is well consistent with thetheorical ratio in SEM-EDS measurement by controlling the feeding sequence of raw material.The catalysts which are prepared in heating-treated at 250℃show the best performance incyclic voltammograms measurement. Pt-Ru catalysts prepared in the microaemulsion systermcomposed of triton X-100/ n-butanol/ cyclohexane/ ethylene glycol show the best catalyticalperformance.
1.本论文通过加入醋酸钠,调节溶液pH值,改变催化剂的铂碳质量比,对碳载体进行预处理制备了Pt/C催化剂。利用XRD,TEM,SEM-EDS,CV等手段对制备的纳米粒子的粒径,表面形貌,元素比例以及电催化性能进行了分析表征。实验结果证明添加0.6ml醋酸钠,调节pH值至10,硝酸处理碳载体,铂质量含量为40%的条件下所制备的催化剂具有最均匀的Pt纳米粒子粒径分布和最佳催化性能。
2.本论文以改性后的碳纳米管(CNTs)作为载体制备了催化剂。通过XRD,FTIR以及CV等手段进行了表征。结果证明,以碳纳米管作为载体要优于碳粉。碳纳米管经过酸处理改性后,红外测试证明其表面接枝了许多羟基和羧基官能团。酰胺化处理使其表面接枝上了酰胺基团。负载Pt催化剂后其甲醇峰电流密度分别达到580Ag-1Pt和600Ag-1Pt。XRD测试证明Pt-Ru合金纳米粒子的平均粒径为5.2nm。SEM-EDS测试表明Pt与Ru的元素物质的量之比与理论值相符合。催化剂的甲醇氧化电流峰值达到6.15mA,其氧化峰的起始电位比一元Pt催化剂的更低。
3.将微波法和微乳法相结合制备Pt-Ru二元催化剂。催化剂经170℃,250℃,600℃处理后粒径在5.2nm,5.5nm和7.1nm左右。TEM测试表明,制备的催化剂纳米粒子具有良好的分散性。经250℃热处理后,纳米粒子的粒径大概在5nm左右。通过SEM-EDS测试了Pt:Ru的物质的量之比,结果与理论值相符。通过控制加料顺序使纳米粒子中的成分得到很好的控制。循环伏安测试表明,不同的温度下,250℃热处理的催化剂催化性能最好,而在triton-100/异丙醇/环己烷/乙二醇的微乳体系中制备的Pt-Ru催化剂具有最佳的电催化性能。
Right now, the research of new preparation method is very important for improvement ofthe fuel cell catalysts’performance. In this paper, microwave polyol process has been used toprepare highly dispersed Pt/C catalysts and the different preparing conditions which influencethe catalysts’performance have been investigated. In the next step, we synthesize Pt and Pt-Rubimetallic catalysts using the CNTs as supporters. Microwave combined with microemulsionmethod has been used to prepare Pt-Ru binary alloy catalysts. We make a preliminary researchto the preparing process. The conclusions are following:
1、In this paper, we change the conditions such as adding to sodium acetate solution,adjusting pH of solution, changing the weight ratio of Pt:C and pretreating the carbon supporterin the preparing of Pt/C. The catalysts’size, surface morphology, element ratio andelectrochemical performance have been characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM-EDS and CV. Thecatalysts are well-distributed and have best catalytical performance when add to 0.6ml acetatesolution, adjust pH to10, use HNO3 to pretreate carbon powder or control the weight ratio of Ptto 40%.
2、We prepare catalysts using modified CNTs as supporter and characterize the catalysts byXRD,FTIR and CV in this thesis. The conclusion can be drawed as follow:the CNTs is moresuperior than carbon powder. The CNTs has grafted many hydroxyl and carboxyl groups whenacid treated. The amide groups have been grafted to CNTs in amidation process. The methanoloxidation peak current density is 580A g-1Pt and 600A g-1Pt respectively when Pt catalystssupported on the modified CNTs. The average size of Pt-Ru alloy nanoparticles is 5.2nm byXRD measurement and the realistic mole ratio of Pt:Ru is conform to theorical ratio accordingto SEM-EDS measurement. The methanol oxidation peak current is 6.15mA and the onsetpotential is lower than Pt catalyst.
3、Pt-Ru binarycatalysts are prepared bymicrowave combined with microemulsion method.The size of catalysts is about 5.2nm, 5.5nm and 7.1nm respectively when heating-treated at 170 ℃,250℃and 600℃.The catalysts is well-dispersed byTEM measurement and the size is about5nm when treated at 250℃.The composition of nanoparticles is well consistent with thetheorical ratio in SEM-EDS measurement by controlling the feeding sequence of raw material.The catalysts which are prepared in heating-treated at 250℃show the best performance incyclic voltammograms measurement. Pt-Ru catalysts prepared in the microaemulsion systermcomposed of triton X-100/ n-butanol/ cyclohexane/ ethylene glycol show the best catalyticalperformance.
引文
[1]朱科,质子交换膜燃料电池Pt/C电催化剂和膜电极的研究,天津大学博士学位论文,2005,4:13,23
[2]国际能源署(IEA)世界能源展望报告摘要2007,9,11,摘自国际能源网(http://www.in-en.com/finance/html/energy_1118111823135989_2.html)
[3]蔡英,直接甲醇燃料电池有序功能铂基合金阳极催化剂的研究,广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008,4:1-2
[4]吴智远,燃料电池的发展和应用[J].通信电源技术,2002,(4):5-9
[5] Carrette L,FriedrichA,Stimming U,Fuel Cell:Principles,types,fuels and applications.Chemphyschem,2000,1(4):162-193
[6]杨辉,卢庆文.应用电化学.北京:科学技术出版社,2001:119
[7]冯玉全,杨颖.从国家安全及战略高度出发大力发展我国的燃料电池发电技术[J].中国能源,1999,(11):9-11
[8] Feng Z, Phase stability and processing of Sr and Ma Doped Lanthanum Gallate:Adessertation submitted for the degree of Ph.D,university of washington:material science andengineering Department,2000
[9]田植群,低温燃料电池用纳米催化剂新型制备技术的研究,华南理工大学博士学位论文,2004,5:1-2,15,26
[10]姚思童,司秀丽,杨军等,燃料电池的工作原理及其发展现状[J]沈阳工业大学学报,1998,20(1):42-43
[11]魏广科,硼氢化钠水解制氢-小型质子交换膜燃料电池一体化研究,汕头大学硕士论文,2009,6:9,12-13
[12]王磊磊,质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极稳定性研究大连理工大学硕士毕业论文,2007,6:4-17
[13]彭红建,质子交换膜燃料电池电催化剂Pt-Ru合金系的系统研究,中南大学博士学位论文,2007,10:5,7,16-17
[14]张志明,燃料电池的演化及发展探析[J],技术与创新管理,2005,26(3):82
[15]王晓丽,质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极结构研究,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所博士学位论文,2006,12:3-6
[16]才英华,质子交换膜燃料电池水传递现象研究,中国科学院大连物理化学研究所,2006,10:3-4
[17]蔡庆来,质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的制备与表征[D],中南大学硕士学位论文,2007,5:4
[18]程年才,质子导体保护(修饰)质子交换膜燃料电池Pt/C催化剂制备及表征,武汉理工大学硕士论文,2007,5:10
[19]衣宝廉,燃料电池的原理、技术状态和展望[J],2003,8(1):20-21
[20] Prater K,The renaissance of the solid polymer fuel cell.J.power sources, 1990,29:239-250
[21]唐致远,宋世栋,刘建华,质子交换膜燃料电池电极催化剂的研究进展[J],电源技术,2003,27(1):60
[22]邵志刚,衣宝廉,韩明等,超低铂担量质子交换膜燃料电池电极[J],电源技术,2000,24(1):42-44
[23]冉洪波,李兰兰,李莉等,质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂的研究进展[J],重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(4):119-123
[24]侯中军,质子交换膜燃料电池抗CO电催化剂及电极结构的研究,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所博士学位论文,2003,8:6-7
[25] H.F.Oetjen, V.M.Schmidt,U.Stimming,F.Trila. Performance data of a Proton exchangemembran fuel cell using H2/CO as fuel gas.J.Electrochem.Soc, 1996, 143:3838-3842
[26] J.Divisek,H.F.Oetjen,V.Peinecke,V.Schmidt,U.Stimming. Components for PEMfuel cell systems using hydrogen and CO containing fuels. Electrochimica Acta, 1998, 43:3811-3815
[27] Yu Morimoto,Ernest. B. Yeager. CO oxidation on smooth and high area Pt,Pt-Ru and Pt-Snelectrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998, 441:77-81
[28] W. F. Lin,T. Iwasita,W. Vielstich. Catalysis of CO electrooxidation at Pt,Ru,and Pt-Ru alloy.An in situ FTIR study. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999,103:3250-3257
[29] R.Ianniello, V.M.Schmidt, U.Stimming, J.Stumper, A.Wallau.CO adsorption and oxidationon Pt and Pt-Ru alloys: dependence on substrate composition.Electrochimica Acta,1994,39:1863-1869
[30] Jalan V M,Taylor E J, Importance of interatomic spacing catalytic reduction of oxygen inphosphoric acid,J.Elctrochem.Soc.,1983,130(11):2299-2302
[31] Takako T, Hirosshi I, Masahoro W, Enhancement of the Electrocatalytic O2 reduction onPt-Fe alloys, J. Electroanal.chem., 1999, 460:258-262
[32] Antolini E, Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells:areview,Mater.Chem.and Physics,2003,78:563—573
[33] Goodenough J B,Manoharan R,Shukla A K,et al,Intraalloys Electron transfer and catalystperformance:a spectroscopicand electrochemical study, Chem. Mater., 1989, 1(4):391-398
[34] Shibli S M A,,Noel M,Bimatel catalyst-based carbon electrodes for hydrogen oxygen fuelcells in NaOH media,J.Power Sources,1993,45(2):139-152
[35] Paffett MT,Berry J G,Gotterfeld S,Oxygen reduction at Pt0.65Cr0.35,Pt0.2Cr0.8 androughened platinum,J.Eletrochem.Soc.,1988,135(6):1431-1436
[36]税安泽,夏海斌,刘平安等,直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的研究进展[J],材料导报,2007,11(21):286
[37]张文强,张萍,质子交换膜燃料电池阴极铂合金催化剂研究进展[J],材料导报,2004,18(7):47
[38] Yoshitake T,Shimakawa Y,Kuroshima S,et al,Preparation of fine platinum catalyst suppotedon single-wall carbon nanohorns for fuel cell application,Physica B,2002,323:124-126
[39]陈军峰,徐才录,毛宗强等,碳纳米管表面沉积铂及其质子交换膜燃料电池的性能,中国科学(A辑),2001,31(6):529-533
[40]朱红,葛奉娟,康晓红等,质子交换膜燃料电池用碳纳米管载铂催化剂的研究,电化学,2003,9(4):445-450
[41]唐亚文,包建春,周益明等,碳纳米管载铂催化剂的制备及其对甲醇的电催化氧化研究,无机化学学报,2003,19(8):905-908
[42] Liu Z L,Lin X H,Lee J Y, et al,Preparation and characterization of platinum-basedelectrocatalysts on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for proton exchange menbrane fuelcells,Langmuir,2002,18:4054-4060
[43]和庆钢,袁晓姿,原鲜霞等,碳纳米管负载铂催化剂的制备、结构及其电化学加氢特性,电化学,2004,10(1):51-58
[44] Rajalakshmi N,Ryu H,Shaijumon M M,et al,performance of polymer electrolyte membranefuel cells with carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction catalyst support material,J.Powersources,2005,140:250-257
[45] Liu Z L,Gan LM,,Hong L,et al, Carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles as catalysts for protonexchange membrane fuel cells,J.Power Sources,2005,139:73-78
[46] Huang J E,Guo D J,Yao Y G,et al,High dispertion and electrocatalytic properties ofplatinum nanoparticles on surface-oxidized single-walled nanotubes,J.Electroanal.Chem.,2005, 577:93-97
[47] Ermete Antolini,Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuelcells:a review.Mater Chem Phys,2003,78:563
[48] Raghuram Chetty ,Wei Xia , Shankhamala Kundu,et al,Effect of Reduction Temperatureon the Preparation and Characterization of Pt-Ru Nano-particles on Multiwalled CarbonNanotubes, Langmuir, 2009, 25:3853-3860
[49]谌敏,廖世军,低温燃料电池催化剂的研究进展[J],工业催化,2008,16(3):1-6
[50]夏庆中,樊志剑,陈波等,Pt/C催化剂中纳米Pt颗粒团聚效应的小角X射线散射[J],强激光和粒子束,2009,21(6):915-918
[51]李文震,周振华,周卫江等,直接甲醇燃料电池阴极Pt/ C催化剂的制备与表征—制备及处理方法的影响[J],催化学报,2003,24(6):465-470
[52] G.Tamizhmani, J.P.Dodelet, D.Guay.Crystallite Size Effect of Carbon-Supported Platinumon Oxygen Reduction in LiquidAcids. J.Electrochem. Soc., 1996, 143(1):18-23
[53] Ahmadi T, Wang Z, Green T, et al. Shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal platinumnanopaticles.science,1996,272,(5270):1924-1926
[54] Legratiet B, Remita H, Picq G, et al.CO-Stabilized Supported Pt Catalysts for FuelCells:Radiolytic Synthesis.J.Catal.1996,164(1):36-43
[55] Cristina Bock, Chantal Paquet, Martin Couillard,et al.Size-Selected Synthesis of PtRuNanocatalysts:Reaction and Size Control Mechanism.J.AM.CHEM.SOC.2004,126(25):8028-8037
[56] Petrow,HerryG,Robert J,et al.Catalytic platinum metal particles on a substrate and methodof preparing the catalyst.[P]United States,992,331,1976
[57] Zhang Xin,Chan Kwong-Yu,Water-in-0i1 microemulsion synthesis of Platinum-Rutheniumnanoparticles :their charaeterization and electrocatalytic properties Chem.Mater.2003,15:451-459
[58] Wei Xiang Chen, Jim Yang Lee, Zhaolin Liu.Microwave-asisted synthesis of carbonsupported Pt nanopaticles for fuel cell applications. Chem.Commun., 2002:2588-2589
[59]吴姝妍,微波法制备纳米粒子的实验研究,吉林大学硕士论文,2005,6:1-4
[60] Nicholas E. Leadbeater , Krista M.Shoemaker,Preparation of Ruthenium and OsmiumCarbonyl Complexes Using Microwave Heating: Demonstrating the Use of a Gas-LoadingAccessoryand Real-Time Reaction Monitoring by Means of a Digital Camera,Organometallics, 2008, 27(6):1254-1258
[61]张先如,徐政,微波技术在材料化学中的原理及其应用进展[J],辐射研究与辐射工艺学报,2005,23(4):196-199
[62]刘岩,沈启慧,杨莹丽等,微波技术在合成无机纳米材料领域的应用[J],辽宁石油化工大学学报,2006,26(4):67-69
[63]袁鹏,李保平,王介强,微波均相沉淀法合成纳米粉体的研究进展[J],中国粉体技术,2008,14(2):50-53
[64]王飞,黄涛,刘汉范等,微波辐照下铂纳米颗粒的形貌控制合成[J],化学与生物工程,2009,26(3):19-21
[65] WadaY.,Karacoto H.,Mori H.,SueidaT., KitaeuraT.,Yanagida S., chem.lett.,1999:607
[66]罗杨合,蒋治良,刘凤志,铂纳米微粒的微波高压液相合成及光谱特性研究[J],贵金属,2003 ,24(2):19-23
[67]赵鹏,姚燕燕,田晓珍等,微波加热制备尺寸各向异性纳米金属钌颗粒[J],功能材料,2004,35:3108-3111
[68]刘福相,滕朝辉,史世林等,微波法制备的Pt/C催化剂对甲醇和CO的电催化氧化[J],化学工程师,2007,139(4):3-5
[69]陈卫祥,韩贵,LEE J Y等,Pt/CNT纳米铂催化剂的微波快速合成及其对甲醇电化学氧化的电催化性能[J].高等学校化学学报,2003,24(12):2285-2287
[70]田植群,沈培康,古国榜,等,交替微波加热法制备Pt/ C催化剂的研究,2004,34(3):204-206
[71] Shou-Heng Liu, Wen-Yueh Yu,Ching-Hsiang Chen,et al, Fabrication and Characterizationof Well-Dispersed and HighlyStable PtRu Nanoparticles on Carbon Mesoporous Materialfor Applications in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell.J. Chem.Mater.2008, 20:1622–1628
[72] Zhen-Bo Wang, Peng-Jian Zuo, Guang-Jin Wang ,et al,Effect of Ni on PtRu/C CatalystPerformance for Ethanol Electrooxidation in Acidic Medium,J.Phys.Chem.C.2008, 112:6582-6587
[73] Mitsuru Wakisaka, Satoshi Mitsui, Yoshikazu Hirose, et al, Electronic Structures of Pt-Coand Pt-Ru Alloys for CO-Tolerant Anode Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel CellsStudied byEC-XPS,J.Phys.Chem.B.2006,110:23489-23496
[74]赵杰,黄思玉,陈卫祥,PtRu/C和PtNi/C催化剂合成及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能[J],浙江大学学报(工学版),2009,43(5):962-967
[75]梁营,廖代伟,pH值对微波协助乙二醇法制备PtRu/C催化剂的影响[J],物理化学学报,2008,24(2):317-322
[76] Bing Joe Hwang, Sakkarapalayam Murugesan Senthil Kumar, Ching-Hsiang Chen,et al,An Investigation of Structure-Catalytic ActivityRelationship for Pt-Co/C BimetallicNanoparticles toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction,J.Phys.Chem.C,2007,111:15267-15276
[77] Lai F.-J., Sarma L.K., Chou H.-L., et al ,J. Phys. Chem. C,2009, 113:12674
[78]刘莹丽,常照荣,王海江等,交替微波加热法制备PtAuSn/C催化剂的研究[J],电源技术,2009,33(4):340-341
[79]杜娟,原鲜霞,余江虹等,微波法合成PtMox/C催化剂及其甲醇电氧化催化性能[J],电源技术,2007,31(11):873-876
[80] A.Sarkar, A.Vadivel Murugan, A. Manthiram, Pt-Encapsulated Pd-Co NanoalloyElectrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells, J.Langmuir,2010,26(4):2894–2903
[81] Iijima, S. Nature, 1991, 354: 56
[82]徐吉勇,范旭,董伟等,碳纳米管的纯化及其在聚乙烯醇中的分散[J],光谱实验室2008,25(6):1035
[83]张丽霞,齐鲁,多壁碳纳米管分散性研究[J],合成纤维,2008,6:32
[84] Jianfeng Shen, Yizhe Hu, Chen Li,et al, Pt-Co supported on single-walled carbonnanotubes as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells.J. Electrochimica Acta, 2008,53: 7276–7280
[85]刘洋,赵杰,改性碳纳米管负载贵金属Pt纳米粒子及其对甲醇电催化氧化[J],科学技术与工程,2008,8(12):3106-3109,3158
[86]钟起玲,张兵,丁月敏,等,微波法在碳纳米管上负载铂纳米粒子[J],物理化学学报,2007,23(3):429-432
[87]丁正新,微波辐射对TiO2制备及光催化过程的影响,福州大学博士学位毕业论文,2005,5:16-18
[88]蔡汉成,方云,夏咏梅,等,一种新的催化方法:微波辐射-酶耦合催化有机合成[J],有机化学,2003,23(3):298-304
[1]俞贵艳,陈卫祥,赵杰, Pt/ C纳米复合材料的合成和表征[J],浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40(2):330-333
[2] Jie Zhao,Peng Wang,Weixiang Chen, Microwave synthesis and characterization ofacetate-stabilized Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon for methanol electro-oxidation,Journal of Power Sources ,2006, 160, 563-569
[3] Jianhuang Zeng, Jim Yang Lee, Weijiang Zhou, Activities of Pt/C catalysts prepared bylow temperature chemical reduction methods, Applied Catalysis A: General 2006,308,99-104
[4] Yu W Y,Tu W X,Liu H F. Synthesis of Nanoscale platinum Colloids by MicrowaveDielectric Heating. Langmuir,1999,15(1):6-9
[5] Xiang Li , Wei-Xiang Chen, Jie Zhao,Microwave polyol synthesis of Pt/CNTs catalysts:Effects of pH on particle size and electrocatalytic activityfor methanol electrooxidization,Carbon, 2005(43):2168-2174
[6]唐亚文,张玲玲,李钢,等,不同载量Pt/C催化剂制备及其对甲醇氧化的电催化活性[J],应用化学,2004,24(9):991-995
[7]吕卓艳,徐岩,陆天虹,等,碳黑预处理对Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化电催化活性的影响,化学学报,2007,65(16):1583-1587
[8]赵杰,直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的合成、表征及其电催化性能研究,浙江大学博士毕业论文,2007,4:45-46,52-53,71-72,80-81
[9]吴东晓,郭丽萍,张大同,探讨用SEM-EDS分析材料的碳含量[J],电子显微学报,2003,22(6):532
[10] Yang J,Deivaraj T C,Too H–P,Lee J Y,Acetate Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles and ItsRole in the Preparation of Metal NanoParticles in Ethylene Glycol.Langmuir,2004,20(10):4241-4245
[1] Yongyan Mu, Hanpu Liang,Jinsong Hu,Controllable Pt Nanoparticle Deposition on CarbonNanotubes as an Anode Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells,J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005,109, 22212-22216
[2] Jianfeng Shen, Yizhe Hu, Chen Li,Pt–Co supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes as ananode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells,Electrochimica.Acta. 2008, 53, 7276-7280
[3] Vaithilingam Selvaraj, Mari Vinoba, Muthukaruppan Alagar, Electrocatalytic oxidation ofethylene glycol on Pt and Pt–Ru nanoparticles modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes,Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2008,322,537-544
[4]韩小斐,陈卫祥,赵杰,等,微波合成PtRu/CNTs催化剂及其电催化性能[J],浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(12):1871-1874
[5]陈胜洲,叶飞,刘自力,等,Pt/ CNTs电催化剂制备的UV-Vis、FTIR和XRD光谱分析[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(3):840-843
[6]傅小波,余皓,彭峰,等,碳纳米管负载高分散Pt纳米颗粒的制备及表征[J],无机化学学报,2006,22(6):1148-1154
[7] C.Y. Du, T.S. Zhao, Z.X. Liang, Sulfonation of carbon-nanotube supported platinumcatalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 176,9-15
[8] Jason M. Tang, Kurt Jensen, Mahesh Waje,High Performance Hydrogen Fuel Cells withUltralow Pt Loading Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. C ,2007, 111,17901-17904
[9] Yan-Juan Gu,Wing-Tak Wong,Nanostructure PtRu/MWNTs as AnodeCatalysts Prepared in aVacuum for Direct Methanol Oxidation,Langmuir,2006,22 (26), 11447-11452
[10] Xinxian Zhong, Xiaohua Zhang,Xinping Sun,etal, Pt and Pt-Ru Nanoparticles Dispersed onEthylenediamine Grafted Carbon Nanotubes as New Electrocatalysts: Preparation andElectrocatalytic Properties for Ethanol Electrooxidation.J. Chinese Journal of Chemistry,2009, 27:56-62
[1]仵海东,纳米金属材料研究进展[J],热加工工艺,2001,3:55-58
[2] Li-Feng Liu a, Wei-Ya Zhou a, Si-Shen Xie,Microstructure and temperature-dependentmagnetic properties of Co/Pt multilayered nanowires,Chemical Physics Letters,2008,466,165-169
[3] Sergio Rojas, Francisco J. García-García, Sven J?ras,et al, Preparation of carbon supported Ptand PtRu nanoparticles from microemulsion,Electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications,AppliedCatalysis A: General 2005,285, 24–35
[4] Xin Zhang, Feng Zhang , Ren-Feng Guan,Preparation of Pt-Ru-Ni ternarynanoparticles bymicroemulsion and electrocatalytic activityfor methanol oxidation, Materials ResearchBulletin,2007,42,327–333
[5] L.Xiong,A.Manthiram, Catalytic activityof Pt-Ru alloys synthesized by a microemulsionmethod in direct methanol fuel cells, Solid State Ionics, 2005,176,385-392
[6]Xin Zhang, Kwong-Yu Chan,Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Synthesis of Platinum-RutheniumNanoparticles, Their Characterization and Electrocatalytic Properties, Chem. Mater. 2003, 15,451-459
[7] Nicolás M. Bertero, Andrés F. Trasarti , Bernard Moraweck ,Selective liquid-phasehydrogenation of citral over supported bimetallic Pt–Co catalysts, Applied Catalysis A:General,2009,358,32-41
[8] William D. King,James D. Corn,Oliver J. Murphy,Pt-Ru and Pt-Ru-P/CarbonNanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Unexpected Performance as DirectMethanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Anode Catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. B ,2003, 107, 5467-5474
[9] Deborah L. Boxall, Gregg A. Deluga, Edward A. Kenik, Rapid Synthesis of a Pt1Ru1/CarbonNanocomposite Using Microwave Irradiation: A DMFC Anode Catalyst of High RelativePerformance, Chem. Mater., 2001, 13, 891-900
[10] Ermete Antolini, Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells:a review,Materials ChemistryandPhysics, 2003,78,563-573
[11]王振波,尹鸽平,史鹏飞,DMFC阳极催化剂的制备与性能影响因素研究[J],哈尔滨工业大学学报,2006,38,(4):541-545
[12] Panakkattu K. Babu, Hee Soo Kim, Seung Taek Kuk, Activation of Nanoparticle Pt-Ru FuelCell Catalysts by Heat Treatment: A195Pt NMR and Electrochemical Study,J. Phys. Chem.B ,2005, 109, 17192-17196
[13]潘海敏,杨伯伦,李萌萌,等基于相图法的W/O型微乳液体系稳定性分析[J],高校化学工程学报,2006,20(5):679-684
[14]侯长军,范小花,唐一科,等,CTAB反相微乳液体系稳定性的影响因素[J],重庆大学学报,2007,30(3):109-112
[15] Ming Shen, Yukou Du,Ping Yang, Morphologycontrol of the fabricated hydrophobic goldnanostructuresin W/O microemulsion under microwave irradiation, Journal of Physics andChemistryof Solids,2005,66,1628-1634
[2]国际能源署(IEA)世界能源展望报告摘要2007,9,11,摘自国际能源网(http://www.in-en.com/finance/html/energy_1118111823135989_2.html)
[3]蔡英,直接甲醇燃料电池有序功能铂基合金阳极催化剂的研究,广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008,4:1-2
[4]吴智远,燃料电池的发展和应用[J].通信电源技术,2002,(4):5-9
[5] Carrette L,FriedrichA,Stimming U,Fuel Cell:Principles,types,fuels and applications.Chemphyschem,2000,1(4):162-193
[6]杨辉,卢庆文.应用电化学.北京:科学技术出版社,2001:119
[7]冯玉全,杨颖.从国家安全及战略高度出发大力发展我国的燃料电池发电技术[J].中国能源,1999,(11):9-11
[8] Feng Z, Phase stability and processing of Sr and Ma Doped Lanthanum Gallate:Adessertation submitted for the degree of Ph.D,university of washington:material science andengineering Department,2000
[9]田植群,低温燃料电池用纳米催化剂新型制备技术的研究,华南理工大学博士学位论文,2004,5:1-2,15,26
[10]姚思童,司秀丽,杨军等,燃料电池的工作原理及其发展现状[J]沈阳工业大学学报,1998,20(1):42-43
[11]魏广科,硼氢化钠水解制氢-小型质子交换膜燃料电池一体化研究,汕头大学硕士论文,2009,6:9,12-13
[12]王磊磊,质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极稳定性研究大连理工大学硕士毕业论文,2007,6:4-17
[13]彭红建,质子交换膜燃料电池电催化剂Pt-Ru合金系的系统研究,中南大学博士学位论文,2007,10:5,7,16-17
[14]张志明,燃料电池的演化及发展探析[J],技术与创新管理,2005,26(3):82
[15]王晓丽,质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极结构研究,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所博士学位论文,2006,12:3-6
[16]才英华,质子交换膜燃料电池水传递现象研究,中国科学院大连物理化学研究所,2006,10:3-4
[17]蔡庆来,质子交换膜燃料电池阴极催化剂的制备与表征[D],中南大学硕士学位论文,2007,5:4
[18]程年才,质子导体保护(修饰)质子交换膜燃料电池Pt/C催化剂制备及表征,武汉理工大学硕士论文,2007,5:10
[19]衣宝廉,燃料电池的原理、技术状态和展望[J],2003,8(1):20-21
[20] Prater K,The renaissance of the solid polymer fuel cell.J.power sources, 1990,29:239-250
[21]唐致远,宋世栋,刘建华,质子交换膜燃料电池电极催化剂的研究进展[J],电源技术,2003,27(1):60
[22]邵志刚,衣宝廉,韩明等,超低铂担量质子交换膜燃料电池电极[J],电源技术,2000,24(1):42-44
[23]冉洪波,李兰兰,李莉等,质子交换膜燃料电池催化剂的研究进展[J],重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(4):119-123
[24]侯中军,质子交换膜燃料电池抗CO电催化剂及电极结构的研究,中国科学院大连化学物理研究所博士学位论文,2003,8:6-7
[25] H.F.Oetjen, V.M.Schmidt,U.Stimming,F.Trila. Performance data of a Proton exchangemembran fuel cell using H2/CO as fuel gas.J.Electrochem.Soc, 1996, 143:3838-3842
[26] J.Divisek,H.F.Oetjen,V.Peinecke,V.Schmidt,U.Stimming. Components for PEMfuel cell systems using hydrogen and CO containing fuels. Electrochimica Acta, 1998, 43:3811-3815
[27] Yu Morimoto,Ernest. B. Yeager. CO oxidation on smooth and high area Pt,Pt-Ru and Pt-Snelectrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem., 1998, 441:77-81
[28] W. F. Lin,T. Iwasita,W. Vielstich. Catalysis of CO electrooxidation at Pt,Ru,and Pt-Ru alloy.An in situ FTIR study. J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999,103:3250-3257
[29] R.Ianniello, V.M.Schmidt, U.Stimming, J.Stumper, A.Wallau.CO adsorption and oxidationon Pt and Pt-Ru alloys: dependence on substrate composition.Electrochimica Acta,1994,39:1863-1869
[30] Jalan V M,Taylor E J, Importance of interatomic spacing catalytic reduction of oxygen inphosphoric acid,J.Elctrochem.Soc.,1983,130(11):2299-2302
[31] Takako T, Hirosshi I, Masahoro W, Enhancement of the Electrocatalytic O2 reduction onPt-Fe alloys, J. Electroanal.chem., 1999, 460:258-262
[32] Antolini E, Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells:areview,Mater.Chem.and Physics,2003,78:563—573
[33] Goodenough J B,Manoharan R,Shukla A K,et al,Intraalloys Electron transfer and catalystperformance:a spectroscopicand electrochemical study, Chem. Mater., 1989, 1(4):391-398
[34] Shibli S M A,,Noel M,Bimatel catalyst-based carbon electrodes for hydrogen oxygen fuelcells in NaOH media,J.Power Sources,1993,45(2):139-152
[35] Paffett MT,Berry J G,Gotterfeld S,Oxygen reduction at Pt0.65Cr0.35,Pt0.2Cr0.8 androughened platinum,J.Eletrochem.Soc.,1988,135(6):1431-1436
[36]税安泽,夏海斌,刘平安等,直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的研究进展[J],材料导报,2007,11(21):286
[37]张文强,张萍,质子交换膜燃料电池阴极铂合金催化剂研究进展[J],材料导报,2004,18(7):47
[38] Yoshitake T,Shimakawa Y,Kuroshima S,et al,Preparation of fine platinum catalyst suppotedon single-wall carbon nanohorns for fuel cell application,Physica B,2002,323:124-126
[39]陈军峰,徐才录,毛宗强等,碳纳米管表面沉积铂及其质子交换膜燃料电池的性能,中国科学(A辑),2001,31(6):529-533
[40]朱红,葛奉娟,康晓红等,质子交换膜燃料电池用碳纳米管载铂催化剂的研究,电化学,2003,9(4):445-450
[41]唐亚文,包建春,周益明等,碳纳米管载铂催化剂的制备及其对甲醇的电催化氧化研究,无机化学学报,2003,19(8):905-908
[42] Liu Z L,Lin X H,Lee J Y, et al,Preparation and characterization of platinum-basedelectrocatalysts on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for proton exchange menbrane fuelcells,Langmuir,2002,18:4054-4060
[43]和庆钢,袁晓姿,原鲜霞等,碳纳米管负载铂催化剂的制备、结构及其电化学加氢特性,电化学,2004,10(1):51-58
[44] Rajalakshmi N,Ryu H,Shaijumon M M,et al,performance of polymer electrolyte membranefuel cells with carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction catalyst support material,J.Powersources,2005,140:250-257
[45] Liu Z L,Gan LM,,Hong L,et al, Carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles as catalysts for protonexchange membrane fuel cells,J.Power Sources,2005,139:73-78
[46] Huang J E,Guo D J,Yao Y G,et al,High dispertion and electrocatalytic properties ofplatinum nanoparticles on surface-oxidized single-walled nanotubes,J.Electroanal.Chem.,2005, 577:93-97
[47] Ermete Antolini,Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuelcells:a review.Mater Chem Phys,2003,78:563
[48] Raghuram Chetty ,Wei Xia , Shankhamala Kundu,et al,Effect of Reduction Temperatureon the Preparation and Characterization of Pt-Ru Nano-particles on Multiwalled CarbonNanotubes, Langmuir, 2009, 25:3853-3860
[49]谌敏,廖世军,低温燃料电池催化剂的研究进展[J],工业催化,2008,16(3):1-6
[50]夏庆中,樊志剑,陈波等,Pt/C催化剂中纳米Pt颗粒团聚效应的小角X射线散射[J],强激光和粒子束,2009,21(6):915-918
[51]李文震,周振华,周卫江等,直接甲醇燃料电池阴极Pt/ C催化剂的制备与表征—制备及处理方法的影响[J],催化学报,2003,24(6):465-470
[52] G.Tamizhmani, J.P.Dodelet, D.Guay.Crystallite Size Effect of Carbon-Supported Platinumon Oxygen Reduction in LiquidAcids. J.Electrochem. Soc., 1996, 143(1):18-23
[53] Ahmadi T, Wang Z, Green T, et al. Shape-controlled synthesis of colloidal platinumnanopaticles.science,1996,272,(5270):1924-1926
[54] Legratiet B, Remita H, Picq G, et al.CO-Stabilized Supported Pt Catalysts for FuelCells:Radiolytic Synthesis.J.Catal.1996,164(1):36-43
[55] Cristina Bock, Chantal Paquet, Martin Couillard,et al.Size-Selected Synthesis of PtRuNanocatalysts:Reaction and Size Control Mechanism.J.AM.CHEM.SOC.2004,126(25):8028-8037
[56] Petrow,HerryG,Robert J,et al.Catalytic platinum metal particles on a substrate and methodof preparing the catalyst.[P]United States,992,331,1976
[57] Zhang Xin,Chan Kwong-Yu,Water-in-0i1 microemulsion synthesis of Platinum-Rutheniumnanoparticles :their charaeterization and electrocatalytic properties Chem.Mater.2003,15:451-459
[58] Wei Xiang Chen, Jim Yang Lee, Zhaolin Liu.Microwave-asisted synthesis of carbonsupported Pt nanopaticles for fuel cell applications. Chem.Commun., 2002:2588-2589
[59]吴姝妍,微波法制备纳米粒子的实验研究,吉林大学硕士论文,2005,6:1-4
[60] Nicholas E. Leadbeater , Krista M.Shoemaker,Preparation of Ruthenium and OsmiumCarbonyl Complexes Using Microwave Heating: Demonstrating the Use of a Gas-LoadingAccessoryand Real-Time Reaction Monitoring by Means of a Digital Camera,Organometallics, 2008, 27(6):1254-1258
[61]张先如,徐政,微波技术在材料化学中的原理及其应用进展[J],辐射研究与辐射工艺学报,2005,23(4):196-199
[62]刘岩,沈启慧,杨莹丽等,微波技术在合成无机纳米材料领域的应用[J],辽宁石油化工大学学报,2006,26(4):67-69
[63]袁鹏,李保平,王介强,微波均相沉淀法合成纳米粉体的研究进展[J],中国粉体技术,2008,14(2):50-53
[64]王飞,黄涛,刘汉范等,微波辐照下铂纳米颗粒的形貌控制合成[J],化学与生物工程,2009,26(3):19-21
[65] WadaY.,Karacoto H.,Mori H.,SueidaT., KitaeuraT.,Yanagida S., chem.lett.,1999:607
[66]罗杨合,蒋治良,刘凤志,铂纳米微粒的微波高压液相合成及光谱特性研究[J],贵金属,2003 ,24(2):19-23
[67]赵鹏,姚燕燕,田晓珍等,微波加热制备尺寸各向异性纳米金属钌颗粒[J],功能材料,2004,35:3108-3111
[68]刘福相,滕朝辉,史世林等,微波法制备的Pt/C催化剂对甲醇和CO的电催化氧化[J],化学工程师,2007,139(4):3-5
[69]陈卫祥,韩贵,LEE J Y等,Pt/CNT纳米铂催化剂的微波快速合成及其对甲醇电化学氧化的电催化性能[J].高等学校化学学报,2003,24(12):2285-2287
[70]田植群,沈培康,古国榜,等,交替微波加热法制备Pt/ C催化剂的研究,2004,34(3):204-206
[71] Shou-Heng Liu, Wen-Yueh Yu,Ching-Hsiang Chen,et al, Fabrication and Characterizationof Well-Dispersed and HighlyStable PtRu Nanoparticles on Carbon Mesoporous Materialfor Applications in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell.J. Chem.Mater.2008, 20:1622–1628
[72] Zhen-Bo Wang, Peng-Jian Zuo, Guang-Jin Wang ,et al,Effect of Ni on PtRu/C CatalystPerformance for Ethanol Electrooxidation in Acidic Medium,J.Phys.Chem.C.2008, 112:6582-6587
[73] Mitsuru Wakisaka, Satoshi Mitsui, Yoshikazu Hirose, et al, Electronic Structures of Pt-Coand Pt-Ru Alloys for CO-Tolerant Anode Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel CellsStudied byEC-XPS,J.Phys.Chem.B.2006,110:23489-23496
[74]赵杰,黄思玉,陈卫祥,PtRu/C和PtNi/C催化剂合成及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能[J],浙江大学学报(工学版),2009,43(5):962-967
[75]梁营,廖代伟,pH值对微波协助乙二醇法制备PtRu/C催化剂的影响[J],物理化学学报,2008,24(2):317-322
[76] Bing Joe Hwang, Sakkarapalayam Murugesan Senthil Kumar, Ching-Hsiang Chen,et al,An Investigation of Structure-Catalytic ActivityRelationship for Pt-Co/C BimetallicNanoparticles toward the Oxygen Reduction Reaction,J.Phys.Chem.C,2007,111:15267-15276
[77] Lai F.-J., Sarma L.K., Chou H.-L., et al ,J. Phys. Chem. C,2009, 113:12674
[78]刘莹丽,常照荣,王海江等,交替微波加热法制备PtAuSn/C催化剂的研究[J],电源技术,2009,33(4):340-341
[79]杜娟,原鲜霞,余江虹等,微波法合成PtMox/C催化剂及其甲醇电氧化催化性能[J],电源技术,2007,31(11):873-876
[80] A.Sarkar, A.Vadivel Murugan, A. Manthiram, Pt-Encapsulated Pd-Co NanoalloyElectrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells, J.Langmuir,2010,26(4):2894–2903
[81] Iijima, S. Nature, 1991, 354: 56
[82]徐吉勇,范旭,董伟等,碳纳米管的纯化及其在聚乙烯醇中的分散[J],光谱实验室2008,25(6):1035
[83]张丽霞,齐鲁,多壁碳纳米管分散性研究[J],合成纤维,2008,6:32
[84] Jianfeng Shen, Yizhe Hu, Chen Li,et al, Pt-Co supported on single-walled carbonnanotubes as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells.J. Electrochimica Acta, 2008,53: 7276–7280
[85]刘洋,赵杰,改性碳纳米管负载贵金属Pt纳米粒子及其对甲醇电催化氧化[J],科学技术与工程,2008,8(12):3106-3109,3158
[86]钟起玲,张兵,丁月敏,等,微波法在碳纳米管上负载铂纳米粒子[J],物理化学学报,2007,23(3):429-432
[87]丁正新,微波辐射对TiO2制备及光催化过程的影响,福州大学博士学位毕业论文,2005,5:16-18
[88]蔡汉成,方云,夏咏梅,等,一种新的催化方法:微波辐射-酶耦合催化有机合成[J],有机化学,2003,23(3):298-304
[1]俞贵艳,陈卫祥,赵杰, Pt/ C纳米复合材料的合成和表征[J],浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40(2):330-333
[2] Jie Zhao,Peng Wang,Weixiang Chen, Microwave synthesis and characterization ofacetate-stabilized Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon for methanol electro-oxidation,Journal of Power Sources ,2006, 160, 563-569
[3] Jianhuang Zeng, Jim Yang Lee, Weijiang Zhou, Activities of Pt/C catalysts prepared bylow temperature chemical reduction methods, Applied Catalysis A: General 2006,308,99-104
[4] Yu W Y,Tu W X,Liu H F. Synthesis of Nanoscale platinum Colloids by MicrowaveDielectric Heating. Langmuir,1999,15(1):6-9
[5] Xiang Li , Wei-Xiang Chen, Jie Zhao,Microwave polyol synthesis of Pt/CNTs catalysts:Effects of pH on particle size and electrocatalytic activityfor methanol electrooxidization,Carbon, 2005(43):2168-2174
[6]唐亚文,张玲玲,李钢,等,不同载量Pt/C催化剂制备及其对甲醇氧化的电催化活性[J],应用化学,2004,24(9):991-995
[7]吕卓艳,徐岩,陆天虹,等,碳黑预处理对Pt/C催化剂对甲醇氧化电催化活性的影响,化学学报,2007,65(16):1583-1587
[8]赵杰,直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的合成、表征及其电催化性能研究,浙江大学博士毕业论文,2007,4:45-46,52-53,71-72,80-81
[9]吴东晓,郭丽萍,张大同,探讨用SEM-EDS分析材料的碳含量[J],电子显微学报,2003,22(6):532
[10] Yang J,Deivaraj T C,Too H–P,Lee J Y,Acetate Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles and ItsRole in the Preparation of Metal NanoParticles in Ethylene Glycol.Langmuir,2004,20(10):4241-4245
[1] Yongyan Mu, Hanpu Liang,Jinsong Hu,Controllable Pt Nanoparticle Deposition on CarbonNanotubes as an Anode Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells,J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005,109, 22212-22216
[2] Jianfeng Shen, Yizhe Hu, Chen Li,Pt–Co supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes as ananode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells,Electrochimica.Acta. 2008, 53, 7276-7280
[3] Vaithilingam Selvaraj, Mari Vinoba, Muthukaruppan Alagar, Electrocatalytic oxidation ofethylene glycol on Pt and Pt–Ru nanoparticles modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes,Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2008,322,537-544
[4]韩小斐,陈卫祥,赵杰,等,微波合成PtRu/CNTs催化剂及其电催化性能[J],浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(12):1871-1874
[5]陈胜洲,叶飞,刘自力,等,Pt/ CNTs电催化剂制备的UV-Vis、FTIR和XRD光谱分析[J],光谱学与光谱分析,2009,29(3):840-843
[6]傅小波,余皓,彭峰,等,碳纳米管负载高分散Pt纳米颗粒的制备及表征[J],无机化学学报,2006,22(6):1148-1154
[7] C.Y. Du, T.S. Zhao, Z.X. Liang, Sulfonation of carbon-nanotube supported platinumcatalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 176,9-15
[8] Jason M. Tang, Kurt Jensen, Mahesh Waje,High Performance Hydrogen Fuel Cells withUltralow Pt Loading Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. C ,2007, 111,17901-17904
[9] Yan-Juan Gu,Wing-Tak Wong,Nanostructure PtRu/MWNTs as AnodeCatalysts Prepared in aVacuum for Direct Methanol Oxidation,Langmuir,2006,22 (26), 11447-11452
[10] Xinxian Zhong, Xiaohua Zhang,Xinping Sun,etal, Pt and Pt-Ru Nanoparticles Dispersed onEthylenediamine Grafted Carbon Nanotubes as New Electrocatalysts: Preparation andElectrocatalytic Properties for Ethanol Electrooxidation.J. Chinese Journal of Chemistry,2009, 27:56-62
[1]仵海东,纳米金属材料研究进展[J],热加工工艺,2001,3:55-58
[2] Li-Feng Liu a, Wei-Ya Zhou a, Si-Shen Xie,Microstructure and temperature-dependentmagnetic properties of Co/Pt multilayered nanowires,Chemical Physics Letters,2008,466,165-169
[3] Sergio Rojas, Francisco J. García-García, Sven J?ras,et al, Preparation of carbon supported Ptand PtRu nanoparticles from microemulsion,Electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications,AppliedCatalysis A: General 2005,285, 24–35
[4] Xin Zhang, Feng Zhang , Ren-Feng Guan,Preparation of Pt-Ru-Ni ternarynanoparticles bymicroemulsion and electrocatalytic activityfor methanol oxidation, Materials ResearchBulletin,2007,42,327–333
[5] L.Xiong,A.Manthiram, Catalytic activityof Pt-Ru alloys synthesized by a microemulsionmethod in direct methanol fuel cells, Solid State Ionics, 2005,176,385-392
[6]Xin Zhang, Kwong-Yu Chan,Water-in-Oil Microemulsion Synthesis of Platinum-RutheniumNanoparticles, Their Characterization and Electrocatalytic Properties, Chem. Mater. 2003, 15,451-459
[7] Nicolás M. Bertero, Andrés F. Trasarti , Bernard Moraweck ,Selective liquid-phasehydrogenation of citral over supported bimetallic Pt–Co catalysts, Applied Catalysis A:General,2009,358,32-41
[8] William D. King,James D. Corn,Oliver J. Murphy,Pt-Ru and Pt-Ru-P/CarbonNanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Unexpected Performance as DirectMethanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Anode Catalysts, J. Phys. Chem. B ,2003, 107, 5467-5474
[9] Deborah L. Boxall, Gregg A. Deluga, Edward A. Kenik, Rapid Synthesis of a Pt1Ru1/CarbonNanocomposite Using Microwave Irradiation: A DMFC Anode Catalyst of High RelativePerformance, Chem. Mater., 2001, 13, 891-900
[10] Ermete Antolini, Formation of carbon-supported PtM alloys for low temperature fuel cells:a review,Materials ChemistryandPhysics, 2003,78,563-573
[11]王振波,尹鸽平,史鹏飞,DMFC阳极催化剂的制备与性能影响因素研究[J],哈尔滨工业大学学报,2006,38,(4):541-545
[12] Panakkattu K. Babu, Hee Soo Kim, Seung Taek Kuk, Activation of Nanoparticle Pt-Ru FuelCell Catalysts by Heat Treatment: A195Pt NMR and Electrochemical Study,J. Phys. Chem.B ,2005, 109, 17192-17196
[13]潘海敏,杨伯伦,李萌萌,等基于相图法的W/O型微乳液体系稳定性分析[J],高校化学工程学报,2006,20(5):679-684
[14]侯长军,范小花,唐一科,等,CTAB反相微乳液体系稳定性的影响因素[J],重庆大学学报,2007,30(3):109-112
[15] Ming Shen, Yukou Du,Ping Yang, Morphologycontrol of the fabricated hydrophobic goldnanostructuresin W/O microemulsion under microwave irradiation, Journal of Physics andChemistryof Solids,2005,66,1628-1634