抑爆柴油的配制及影响因素研究
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摘要
抑爆柴油是指具有很高耐火性能,能够在各种杀伤武器的作用下保持高度稳定性,作为燃料使用时与普通柴油的燃烧性能基本接近,而在油箱被炮弹击中时不会引起着火而发生二次爆炸的一种柴油。目前抑爆柴油的制备主要是通过制备柴油微乳液的方法来实现。本研究中将柴油、乳化剂、助乳化剂和水混合,制备出澄清透明的柴油微乳液。并分别研究了体系内除柴油外的所有物质——乳化剂、助乳化剂和水对体系的影响。具体内容如下：
1、分别用阴离子型乳化剂和非离子型乳化剂制备了微乳液。研究并对比了两种乳化剂对微乳体系的增溶水量和理化性质的影响。结果表明,阴离子型乳化剂中亲油基团和反离子会对体系增溶水量和某些理化性质产生影响。与柴油分子相似的亲油基团油酸基团和体积小的反离子单乙醇胺离子对水的增溶效果好。而非离子型乳化剂中,随着其亲水基团聚氧乙烯单元数量增加,容易吸附亲油的醇并出现最大增溶水量。阴离子型乳化剂体系增溶水量和醇吸附量均大于非离子型体系；而非离子乳化剂型体系则需要有为更亲水的助表面活性剂。
2、用碳链长度从1到8的正构醇作为助乳化剂制备了柴油微乳液,并从体系最大增溶水量和理化性质两方面讨论了助乳化剂对体系的影响。结果表明,只有当助乳化剂醇的碳链具有适当长度时才能形成微乳液。随着其的增加,油酸单乙醇胺体系、Span-80/ATX-100体系和Span-80/ATX-114体系的增溶水量均呈现先增加再减小的趋势,而环烷酸体系的增溶水量减少。不同醇参与形成的体系理化性质不同。正构醇癸醇比带双键和苯环的松油醇吸附醇量小,增溶水量多。结构规整的醇做助乳化剂更高效。随着助乳化剂醇用量增多,体系凝点和粘度变化不大,闪点下降,稳定性提高。
3、配制了不同含水量的微乳化柴油,并表征了其常规理化性能和抑爆性能。结果表明,水量的变化对体系闪点和凝点的影响不大。随着含水量的增加,体系粒径和粘度增大。当含水量超过15%时,油料爆炸时间延迟。
Explosion proof diesel is studied due to its ability to reduce the possibility of explosion. It has high fire resistance and stability. As a fuel, the combustion performance of explosion proof diesel close to ordinary diesel. If the tank with explosion proof diesel hit by artillery shells, it couldn't explode for second and greatly reduce casualties. The main issue of explosion proof diesel is the microemulsion technology. Microemulsified diesel fuel generally include diesel surfactants, cosurfactant and water. In this study, the effect of surfactant, cosurfactant and water on microemulsified diesel was discussed. Details are as follows.
1. Anionic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant were used in this experiment to form microemulsified diesel. It was found that the lipopholic group and counterion had different influence to the formation of microeulsion. oleic acid monoethanolamine, compared another lipophilic group, has more efficient. The more polyoxyethylene group, the stronger hydrophilic. It was easy to absorbe lipophilic alcohol and has the maximum water content. Anionic surfactant systems had more water and alcohol content in microemulsions. Non-ionic surfactants tended to absorb hydrophilic cosurfactant
2. Alcohol with carbon chain length between one to eight were used to investigate the effect of cosurfactant on microemulsion systems. And the maximum water content of microemulsified diesel and their physical and chemical properties were discussed. The results showed that alcohol with appropriate carbon chain length can form microemulsion. With the increase of cosurfactant carbon chain length, the water content of oleic acid monoethanolamine system, Span-80/ATX-100 system and Span-80/ATX-114 system increased first and then decreased. The longer cosurfactant carbon chain length, the less water content in naphthenic acid system. Microemulsified diesel with different alcohols has different physical and chemical properties. N-decanol compared to terpineol, has less alcohol content, more water content. With the alcohol content increased, pour point and viscosity remained unchanged. Flash point declined and stability increased.
3. Microemulsified diesel with different water content was prepared and their physical and chemical properties and explosion proof properties were characterized. The results showed that there is little effect of water content on flash point and pour point in microemulsified diesel. Particle size and viscosity increased with the water content increasing. When the water content more than 15%, the explosion time of microemulsified diesel delayed.
1、分别用阴离子型乳化剂和非离子型乳化剂制备了微乳液。研究并对比了两种乳化剂对微乳体系的增溶水量和理化性质的影响。结果表明,阴离子型乳化剂中亲油基团和反离子会对体系增溶水量和某些理化性质产生影响。与柴油分子相似的亲油基团油酸基团和体积小的反离子单乙醇胺离子对水的增溶效果好。而非离子型乳化剂中,随着其亲水基团聚氧乙烯单元数量增加,容易吸附亲油的醇并出现最大增溶水量。阴离子型乳化剂体系增溶水量和醇吸附量均大于非离子型体系；而非离子乳化剂型体系则需要有为更亲水的助表面活性剂。
2、用碳链长度从1到8的正构醇作为助乳化剂制备了柴油微乳液,并从体系最大增溶水量和理化性质两方面讨论了助乳化剂对体系的影响。结果表明,只有当助乳化剂醇的碳链具有适当长度时才能形成微乳液。随着其的增加,油酸单乙醇胺体系、Span-80/ATX-100体系和Span-80/ATX-114体系的增溶水量均呈现先增加再减小的趋势,而环烷酸体系的增溶水量减少。不同醇参与形成的体系理化性质不同。正构醇癸醇比带双键和苯环的松油醇吸附醇量小,增溶水量多。结构规整的醇做助乳化剂更高效。随着助乳化剂醇用量增多,体系凝点和粘度变化不大,闪点下降,稳定性提高。
3、配制了不同含水量的微乳化柴油,并表征了其常规理化性能和抑爆性能。结果表明,水量的变化对体系闪点和凝点的影响不大。随着含水量的增加,体系粒径和粘度增大。当含水量超过15%时,油料爆炸时间延迟。
Explosion proof diesel is studied due to its ability to reduce the possibility of explosion. It has high fire resistance and stability. As a fuel, the combustion performance of explosion proof diesel close to ordinary diesel. If the tank with explosion proof diesel hit by artillery shells, it couldn't explode for second and greatly reduce casualties. The main issue of explosion proof diesel is the microemulsion technology. Microemulsified diesel fuel generally include diesel surfactants, cosurfactant and water. In this study, the effect of surfactant, cosurfactant and water on microemulsified diesel was discussed. Details are as follows.
1. Anionic surfactant and non-ionic surfactant were used in this experiment to form microemulsified diesel. It was found that the lipopholic group and counterion had different influence to the formation of microeulsion. oleic acid monoethanolamine, compared another lipophilic group, has more efficient. The more polyoxyethylene group, the stronger hydrophilic. It was easy to absorbe lipophilic alcohol and has the maximum water content. Anionic surfactant systems had more water and alcohol content in microemulsions. Non-ionic surfactants tended to absorb hydrophilic cosurfactant
2. Alcohol with carbon chain length between one to eight were used to investigate the effect of cosurfactant on microemulsion systems. And the maximum water content of microemulsified diesel and their physical and chemical properties were discussed. The results showed that alcohol with appropriate carbon chain length can form microemulsion. With the increase of cosurfactant carbon chain length, the water content of oleic acid monoethanolamine system, Span-80/ATX-100 system and Span-80/ATX-114 system increased first and then decreased. The longer cosurfactant carbon chain length, the less water content in naphthenic acid system. Microemulsified diesel with different alcohols has different physical and chemical properties. N-decanol compared to terpineol, has less alcohol content, more water content. With the alcohol content increased, pour point and viscosity remained unchanged. Flash point declined and stability increased.
3. Microemulsified diesel with different water content was prepared and their physical and chemical properties and explosion proof properties were characterized. The results showed that there is little effect of water content on flash point and pour point in microemulsified diesel. Particle size and viscosity increased with the water content increasing. When the water content more than 15%, the explosion time of microemulsified diesel delayed.
引文
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[2]李科,蒋剑春,李翔宇.乳化柴油的研究进展[J].生物质化学工程,2010,44(1)：44-50
[3]王桂香,韩恩山,许寒.微乳状液的理论研究进展[J].化学工程师,2007,12：30-32
[4]Yang, et al. Microemulsion containing oil field chemicals useful for oil and gas field applications [P]. US,7851414.2010-12-14
[5]Brock, et al. Microemulsion containing alkanolammonium salts of fatty alcohol sulfates and/or alkylpolyalkyleneglycoethersulfates[P]. US,7357922.2008-4-15
[6]吕霞,姚绍冈,杨立峰.一种微乳液组合物及其制备方法[P].中国专利,101889963A.2010-11-24
[7]罗勇,杨维成等.一种车用甲醇汽油微乳液及其制备方法[P].中国专利,101914396A.2010-12-15
[8]Hicks, et al. Microemulsion (nanotechnology) fuel additive composition[P]. US,7887604B. 2011-2-15
[9]G. R. Kanna, R. Anand, Experimental investigation on diesel engine with diestrol-water micro emulsions[J], energy,2011,36:1680-1687
[10]Javier Silvestre de los Reyes, Catherine Charcosset, Preparation of water-in-oil and ethanol-in-oil emulsions by membrane emulsification[J], fuel,2010,89:3482-3488
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