生物添加剂对先进汽油机性能的影响研究
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摘要
能源短缺和环境污染是世界汽车工业面对的两大挑战,内燃机必需通过技术创新来寻求发展。在燃油中加入添加剂以提高油品的质量是提高内燃机燃油经济性和降低有害排放的有效途径之一,但是传统的添加剂对人体或发动机部件有危害。本文主要研究一种生物基汽油添加剂对目前先进的汽油发动机性能的影响。已有的研究表明这种生物添加剂能够促进燃烧,缩短燃烧持续期,使燃烧进行得更快更完全,因此能有效地提高发动机燃油经济性,同时降低尾气排放。这些研究为开发新一代绿色添加剂奠定了基础。
近年,VVT等技术广泛应用,内燃机综合性能大幅提升,国家发布关于燃油的新法规。因此,有必要研究在性能优良的先进汽油机上生物添加剂所起的作用。研究中通过台架试验考查了生物添加剂对高性能汽油发动机燃油经济性、排放性以及动力性的影响。
发动机台架试验表明:在具有较高燃油经济性汽的油机上,生物添加剂仍然有发挥作用的空间,93#汽油中加入添加剂后在2000r/min和3500r/min下最大能减少燃油消耗8.24%和10.2%;排放方面, NOx有所降低,HC则略有升高,对CO影响不明显;通过对两个转速下油门全开时功率的比较发现,加入生物添加剂后发动机动力性有轻微的提升。
乙醇汽油在我国的使用范围不断扩大,因此试验中也将乙醇汽油作为基础燃油之一进行加剂对比试验。结果表明:生物添加剂同样能提高乙醇汽油品质,一定程度上弥补了乙醇汽油在经济性方面的劣势;生物添加剂对乙醇汽油排放性的影响,除NOx变化不大以外,其它规律与93#检测用油时基本一致。
分析发现在影响生物添加剂作用效果的因素较多。不同的油品具有不同的最佳加剂比例,同一加剂比例时不同的发动机运行工况效果也有差异。但是生物添加剂对发动机燃油经济性的提高作用具有普遍性。
With the challenges of energy sources shortage and environment pollution in global vehicle industry, the development of internal combustion engine depends on the innovation of technologies. Using additive is one of the most effective methods to change the character of fuel in order to improve fuel economy and emission performance of engine. However, traditional additives are harmful to human beings or engine components. In this paper the influence of a bio-additive on an advanced gasoline engine nowadays is studied.
Preexistent researches indicate that the bio-additive can improve fuel combustion, shorten combustion duration period, make the combustion faster and more complete. So this bio-additive can improve the fuel economy and emission performance. These researches lay a foundation for the development of new green bio-additive.
Because the performance of engine have been improved largely by new technologies and new regulation of fuel have been issued , it needs to be confirmed that whether bio-additive can take effect on advanced gasoline engine whose comprehensive performance is excellent already . The influence of bio-additive on engine was tested by bench tests, including fuel economy, emission performance and power performance.
The bench tests showed that the bio-additive can improve the fuel economy obviously, though the engine has excellent fuel economy already. When bio-additive was added to 93# gasoline, the fuel consumption can be reduced 8.24% and 10.2% at most respectively when engine speed is 2000r/min and 3500r/min. According to the tests of exhaust emissions, NOx emissions decreased, CO emission keeps the same level, but HC emission has small increase. By comparing the maximal powers of the two speeds it was found that the bio-additive had a minor effect to the power performance of engine.
Because the use of gasohol becomes wider in our country we added bio-additive into gasohol to take comparative experiment. The results show that bio-additive can improve the character of gasohol too. So it can compensate for the loss of fuel economy to a certain extent. The main emissions have a same trend as 93# gasoline except NOx emission. The NOx emission is affected by bio-additive slightly.
According to the results of bench tests, it is found that the effects of bio-additive have relation to the percent of bio-additive, power, speed, the type of engine and the component of fuel. So it needs to take account of these factors when the optimalt percent of bio-additive is chosen.
近年,VVT等技术广泛应用,内燃机综合性能大幅提升,国家发布关于燃油的新法规。因此,有必要研究在性能优良的先进汽油机上生物添加剂所起的作用。研究中通过台架试验考查了生物添加剂对高性能汽油发动机燃油经济性、排放性以及动力性的影响。
发动机台架试验表明:在具有较高燃油经济性汽的油机上,生物添加剂仍然有发挥作用的空间,93#汽油中加入添加剂后在2000r/min和3500r/min下最大能减少燃油消耗8.24%和10.2%;排放方面, NOx有所降低,HC则略有升高,对CO影响不明显;通过对两个转速下油门全开时功率的比较发现,加入生物添加剂后发动机动力性有轻微的提升。
乙醇汽油在我国的使用范围不断扩大,因此试验中也将乙醇汽油作为基础燃油之一进行加剂对比试验。结果表明:生物添加剂同样能提高乙醇汽油品质,一定程度上弥补了乙醇汽油在经济性方面的劣势;生物添加剂对乙醇汽油排放性的影响,除NOx变化不大以外,其它规律与93#检测用油时基本一致。
分析发现在影响生物添加剂作用效果的因素较多。不同的油品具有不同的最佳加剂比例,同一加剂比例时不同的发动机运行工况效果也有差异。但是生物添加剂对发动机燃油经济性的提高作用具有普遍性。
With the challenges of energy sources shortage and environment pollution in global vehicle industry, the development of internal combustion engine depends on the innovation of technologies. Using additive is one of the most effective methods to change the character of fuel in order to improve fuel economy and emission performance of engine. However, traditional additives are harmful to human beings or engine components. In this paper the influence of a bio-additive on an advanced gasoline engine nowadays is studied.
Preexistent researches indicate that the bio-additive can improve fuel combustion, shorten combustion duration period, make the combustion faster and more complete. So this bio-additive can improve the fuel economy and emission performance. These researches lay a foundation for the development of new green bio-additive.
Because the performance of engine have been improved largely by new technologies and new regulation of fuel have been issued , it needs to be confirmed that whether bio-additive can take effect on advanced gasoline engine whose comprehensive performance is excellent already . The influence of bio-additive on engine was tested by bench tests, including fuel economy, emission performance and power performance.
The bench tests showed that the bio-additive can improve the fuel economy obviously, though the engine has excellent fuel economy already. When bio-additive was added to 93# gasoline, the fuel consumption can be reduced 8.24% and 10.2% at most respectively when engine speed is 2000r/min and 3500r/min. According to the tests of exhaust emissions, NOx emissions decreased, CO emission keeps the same level, but HC emission has small increase. By comparing the maximal powers of the two speeds it was found that the bio-additive had a minor effect to the power performance of engine.
Because the use of gasohol becomes wider in our country we added bio-additive into gasohol to take comparative experiment. The results show that bio-additive can improve the character of gasohol too. So it can compensate for the loss of fuel economy to a certain extent. The main emissions have a same trend as 93# gasoline except NOx emission. The NOx emission is affected by bio-additive slightly.
According to the results of bench tests, it is found that the effects of bio-additive have relation to the percent of bio-additive, power, speed, the type of engine and the component of fuel. So it needs to take account of these factors when the optimalt percent of bio-additive is chosen.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国交通部公路司,汽车排放污染物控制实用技术,北京:人民交通出版社,2000
[2]简弃非,梁荣光,翁仪壁,等,燃油添加剂对降低汽油机油耗和有害排放物的试验研究,华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 1999,27(7):97～100.
[3]庞晓华,2008年美国燃料添加剂市场将达到84亿美元,精细石油化工进展, 2005,6(1):54
[4]袁大辉,汽油添加剂的应用现状与开发,江苏化工,2000,28(10):22～24
[5]卢艳彬,生物基汽油添加剂对汽油机性能的影响研究,[硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2004.
[6]刘永长,内燃机原理,武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001.6
[7] Xiao-ming Shen, Sheng-hu Wu, Chong-huai Yan, Impacts of low-level lead exposure on development of children: recent studies in China, Clinica Chimica Acta, 2001,313:217～220.
[8]钱伯章,王祖纲,燃料添加剂现状和发展趋势,润滑油与燃料,2004,14(68)
[9]沙钝,梁海燕,王刚,汽油中含氧化合物组分的技术进展,化工进展, 1998(2):5～9.
[10]程伟,江桂斌.无铅汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚的环境化学行为及其分析方法发展.环境污染治理技术与设备,2001,2(3):48～55
[11]徐怡珊,甲基叔丁基醚的研究进展,化工环保,2004,24(6):416～420
[12] Stump FD, Knapp KT, Ray WD, Seasonal impact of blending oxygenated organics with gasoline on motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions, J Air Waste Mgmt Ass, 1990,40(6):872～880.
[13] Osman,M.M,Matar,M.S,Ko, reish,S, Effect of methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE)as a gasoline additive on engine performance and exhaust emissions, Fuel Science and Technology International, 1993,11(10):1331～1343.
[14] Eeva-Liisa Viskari, Matti Vartiainen, Pertti Pasanen, Seasonal and diurnal variation in formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations along a highway in Eastern Finland, Atmospheric environment, 2003,34:917～923.
[15] S.Poulopoulos, C.Philippopoulos, Influence of MTBE addition into gasoline on automotive exhaust emissions, Atmospheric environment, 2000,34:4781～4786.
[16] Hartley W R,Englande A J,Harrington D J,Health risk assessment of groundwater contaminated with Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Water Science Technology,1999,39(10～l1):305～3l0.
[17]于晓章,汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的危害性,生态科学,2003,22(3):257～260
[18] Pamela M.Franklin, Catherine P.Koshland, Donald Lucas, et al, Evaluation of combustion by-products of MTBE as a component of reformulated gasoline, Chemosphere, 2001,42:861～872
[19] EPA Issues ANPR to Eliminate or Limit MTBE as a Fuel Additive in Gasoline, International Environmental Monitor, 2000
[20]殷长龙,夏道宏,汽油辛烷值改进剂研究进展,石油大学学报(自然科学版), 1998,22(6):130～132
[21] JoseR Moreira, Jose Goldemberg, The alcohol program, Energy Policy, 1997,27:229～245
[22]刘铁男,关于我国燃料乙醇产业发展的几点思考,宏观经济管理, 2002(4):7～11
[23]曹湘洪,我国发展燃料乙醇和乙醇汽油应注意的若干问题,石油炼制与化工, 2001,32(6):8～10
[24] Hamdan MA, Jubran BA, The effect of ethanol addition on the performance of diesel and gasoline engines, Dirasat, 1986,13(10):229～244
[25] EL-Kassaby MM, Effect of using differential ethanol-gasoline blends at different compression ratio on SI engine, Alexandria Engng J, 1993,32(3):A135～142
[26] Bata RV, Roan VP, Effects of ethanol and/or methanol in alcohol-gasoline blends on exhaust emission, J Engng Gas Turb Power,Trans ASME, 1989,111(3):432～438
[27] Taljaard HC, Jaardaan CFP, Both JJ, The effect of oxygen content in different oxygenates gasoline blends on performance and emission in a single cylinder,spark ignition engine, SAE paper 91037, 1991
[28]顾洁,杜德兴,汽油机燃用汽油-乙醇混合燃料的试验研究,小型内燃机与摩托车, 2003,32(2):42～45
[29]何邦全,王建昕,郝吉明,等,乙醇-汽油燃料电喷汽油机的排放及催化性能,内燃机学报, 2002,20(6):529～533
[30]何邦全,闫小光,王建昕,等,电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究,内燃机学报, 2002,20(5):399～402
[31]钟洪权,王亚明,张松,甲醇汽油的技术进展及应用前景,云南化工,2006,33(5):51～54
[32]金理力,管飞,李桂云等,廉价清洁的汽车代用燃料--甲醇汽油,市场观察,2006,(6):47～51
[33]何学良,詹永厚,李疏松,内燃机燃料,北京:中国石化出版社,1999
[34]冀星,我国生物柴油产业发展展望,中国能源, 2002
[35]何学良,李疏松,内燃机燃烧学,北京:机械工业出版社,1990
[36]李琦,生物添加剂对汽油机性能影响及其作用机理的研究,[博士士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2006
[37]姚春德,吉庆,李琦,汽油生物添加剂对发动机燃油经济性及排放的影响,汽车工艺与材料,2005,(2):25～28
[38]姚春德,卢艳彬,刘增勇等,生物基汽油添加剂对我国93号汽油适应性的研究,石油炼制与化工,2004,35(8):64～66
[39]姚春德,李琦,吉庆等,生物基添加剂对乙醇汽油性能影响的研究,自然科学进展,2005,15(1):125～128
[40]李菁,含氧添加剂对汽油燃料特性的影响及作用机理的研究, [硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2006
[41]姚春德,李琦,吉庆,同步辐射分析MTBE汽油预混火焰中的成分,内燃机学报,2006,24(2):104～109
[42]姚春德,黄钰,周红秀等,生物基汽油添加剂摩擦性能实验研究,润滑与密封,2006,12(12): 143～145
[43]王艳霞,改性生物基添加剂发动机性能与燃烧特性的研究, [硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2006
[44]汪卫东,经济型车引领中国轿车市场飙升——2006年1～4月份轿车各排量区间段细分市场分析,汽车情报,2006(17):13～15
[45]李勤,现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[46]杭州奕科公司, FCM瞬态油耗测量仪用户手册,1995
[47]周龙保,刘巽俊,高宗英,内燃机学,北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[2]简弃非,梁荣光,翁仪壁,等,燃油添加剂对降低汽油机油耗和有害排放物的试验研究,华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 1999,27(7):97～100.
[3]庞晓华,2008年美国燃料添加剂市场将达到84亿美元,精细石油化工进展, 2005,6(1):54
[4]袁大辉,汽油添加剂的应用现状与开发,江苏化工,2000,28(10):22～24
[5]卢艳彬,生物基汽油添加剂对汽油机性能的影响研究,[硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2004.
[6]刘永长,内燃机原理,武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001.6
[7] Xiao-ming Shen, Sheng-hu Wu, Chong-huai Yan, Impacts of low-level lead exposure on development of children: recent studies in China, Clinica Chimica Acta, 2001,313:217～220.
[8]钱伯章,王祖纲,燃料添加剂现状和发展趋势,润滑油与燃料,2004,14(68)
[9]沙钝,梁海燕,王刚,汽油中含氧化合物组分的技术进展,化工进展, 1998(2):5～9.
[10]程伟,江桂斌.无铅汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚的环境化学行为及其分析方法发展.环境污染治理技术与设备,2001,2(3):48～55
[11]徐怡珊,甲基叔丁基醚的研究进展,化工环保,2004,24(6):416～420
[12] Stump FD, Knapp KT, Ray WD, Seasonal impact of blending oxygenated organics with gasoline on motor vehicle tailpipe and evaporative emissions, J Air Waste Mgmt Ass, 1990,40(6):872～880.
[13] Osman,M.M,Matar,M.S,Ko, reish,S, Effect of methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE)as a gasoline additive on engine performance and exhaust emissions, Fuel Science and Technology International, 1993,11(10):1331～1343.
[14] Eeva-Liisa Viskari, Matti Vartiainen, Pertti Pasanen, Seasonal and diurnal variation in formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations along a highway in Eastern Finland, Atmospheric environment, 2003,34:917～923.
[15] S.Poulopoulos, C.Philippopoulos, Influence of MTBE addition into gasoline on automotive exhaust emissions, Atmospheric environment, 2000,34:4781～4786.
[16] Hartley W R,Englande A J,Harrington D J,Health risk assessment of groundwater contaminated with Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), Water Science Technology,1999,39(10～l1):305～3l0.
[17]于晓章,汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)对环境的危害性,生态科学,2003,22(3):257～260
[18] Pamela M.Franklin, Catherine P.Koshland, Donald Lucas, et al, Evaluation of combustion by-products of MTBE as a component of reformulated gasoline, Chemosphere, 2001,42:861～872
[19] EPA Issues ANPR to Eliminate or Limit MTBE as a Fuel Additive in Gasoline, International Environmental Monitor, 2000
[20]殷长龙,夏道宏,汽油辛烷值改进剂研究进展,石油大学学报(自然科学版), 1998,22(6):130～132
[21] JoseR Moreira, Jose Goldemberg, The alcohol program, Energy Policy, 1997,27:229～245
[22]刘铁男,关于我国燃料乙醇产业发展的几点思考,宏观经济管理, 2002(4):7～11
[23]曹湘洪,我国发展燃料乙醇和乙醇汽油应注意的若干问题,石油炼制与化工, 2001,32(6):8～10
[24] Hamdan MA, Jubran BA, The effect of ethanol addition on the performance of diesel and gasoline engines, Dirasat, 1986,13(10):229～244
[25] EL-Kassaby MM, Effect of using differential ethanol-gasoline blends at different compression ratio on SI engine, Alexandria Engng J, 1993,32(3):A135～142
[26] Bata RV, Roan VP, Effects of ethanol and/or methanol in alcohol-gasoline blends on exhaust emission, J Engng Gas Turb Power,Trans ASME, 1989,111(3):432～438
[27] Taljaard HC, Jaardaan CFP, Both JJ, The effect of oxygen content in different oxygenates gasoline blends on performance and emission in a single cylinder,spark ignition engine, SAE paper 91037, 1991
[28]顾洁,杜德兴,汽油机燃用汽油-乙醇混合燃料的试验研究,小型内燃机与摩托车, 2003,32(2):42～45
[29]何邦全,王建昕,郝吉明,等,乙醇-汽油燃料电喷汽油机的排放及催化性能,内燃机学报, 2002,20(6):529～533
[30]何邦全,闫小光,王建昕,等,电喷汽油机燃用乙醇-汽油燃料的排放性能研究,内燃机学报, 2002,20(5):399～402
[31]钟洪权,王亚明,张松,甲醇汽油的技术进展及应用前景,云南化工,2006,33(5):51～54
[32]金理力,管飞,李桂云等,廉价清洁的汽车代用燃料--甲醇汽油,市场观察,2006,(6):47～51
[33]何学良,詹永厚,李疏松,内燃机燃料,北京:中国石化出版社,1999
[34]冀星,我国生物柴油产业发展展望,中国能源, 2002
[35]何学良,李疏松,内燃机燃烧学,北京:机械工业出版社,1990
[36]李琦,生物添加剂对汽油机性能影响及其作用机理的研究,[博士士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2006
[37]姚春德,吉庆,李琦,汽油生物添加剂对发动机燃油经济性及排放的影响,汽车工艺与材料,2005,(2):25～28
[38]姚春德,卢艳彬,刘增勇等,生物基汽油添加剂对我国93号汽油适应性的研究,石油炼制与化工,2004,35(8):64～66
[39]姚春德,李琦,吉庆等,生物基添加剂对乙醇汽油性能影响的研究,自然科学进展,2005,15(1):125～128
[40]李菁,含氧添加剂对汽油燃料特性的影响及作用机理的研究, [硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2006
[41]姚春德,李琦,吉庆,同步辐射分析MTBE汽油预混火焰中的成分,内燃机学报,2006,24(2):104～109
[42]姚春德,黄钰,周红秀等,生物基汽油添加剂摩擦性能实验研究,润滑与密封,2006,12(12): 143～145
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