盐城中央广场地下室机械排烟防火灾的数值模拟
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摘要
现在社会随着城市发展步伐的加快,特别是在一线城市可用的住房用地面积的日益减少,高层建筑层出不穷,为了缓解适用空间的不足,高层建筑都会设置地下室,地下室是一个使用功能很复杂的空间,这其中集中了水电,暖等相关的所有设备,通风空调大部分管线,特别是通风排烟管道,尺寸大,系统多,再加上车辆等易燃物品的堆放,带来的火灾隐患也相对升高。目前国内指导各种建筑防排烟设计的是各种规范,均为多年前编制。规范对地下室发生火灾后排烟的相关规定还不完善,存在不足之处。
本文对国内外研究现状以及不同研究方法进行总结,总结出各种不同的研究方法的优缺点。选用Airpak软件作为模拟使用的软件,重点分析了改变排烟单元特性对地下室内烟气排出效果的影响。
以盐城中央广场地下室机械排烟的工程背景为例,模拟发现,当适当增大风口间距和采用矩形风口代替正方形风口时,均有利于改善烟气控制效果。但是这个风口间距的扩大就意味着受火灾影响区域的会更大,故防排烟规范上有规定下风口离最远防烟分区边界有距离要求,对于风口间距的选择,在相关的防排烟设计中可以体现一个设计者设计理念及设计经验的标准。
In contemporary society, with the accelerated pace of urban development, especially in the first-tier cities, the available housing land area is decreasing. High-rise building after another, in order to alleviating the shortage of space for high-rise buildings,it will be set to the basement. the basement is a very complex use of functional space, Which focused on the water and heating all the related equipment, ventilation and air conditioning most of the pipeline. Especially the ventilation exhaust pipe, large size, the system and more, pluing the stacking of vehicles and other combustible materials, fire hazards caused by relatively increased. At present the guidance of architectural design is smoke norms, which is compiled many years ago. Specification of the basement after the fire of the relevant provisions of the smoke is not perfect, that is inadequate.
This paper summarizes the research situation and the different research methods, summarizes the various advantages and disadvantages of different research methods. Using Airpak software as simulations using the software, analyzed the changes in cell characteristics on effecting exhausting the basement smoke.
Basement of Central Square in Yancheng engineering background as an example mechanical exhaust.It found that increasing the air when the proper spacing and square instead of rectangular air outlet when the smoke control are conducive to improved results. However, the expansion of the air space means that the fire-affected areas will be greater. Therefore, there are provisions on the specification smoke downwind from the smoke partition borders are the furthest distance requirements. Air space for the choice of smoke in the relevant design embodies the concept of a designer and design experience in the design standards.
本文对国内外研究现状以及不同研究方法进行总结,总结出各种不同的研究方法的优缺点。选用Airpak软件作为模拟使用的软件,重点分析了改变排烟单元特性对地下室内烟气排出效果的影响。
以盐城中央广场地下室机械排烟的工程背景为例,模拟发现,当适当增大风口间距和采用矩形风口代替正方形风口时,均有利于改善烟气控制效果。但是这个风口间距的扩大就意味着受火灾影响区域的会更大,故防排烟规范上有规定下风口离最远防烟分区边界有距离要求,对于风口间距的选择,在相关的防排烟设计中可以体现一个设计者设计理念及设计经验的标准。
In contemporary society, with the accelerated pace of urban development, especially in the first-tier cities, the available housing land area is decreasing. High-rise building after another, in order to alleviating the shortage of space for high-rise buildings,it will be set to the basement. the basement is a very complex use of functional space, Which focused on the water and heating all the related equipment, ventilation and air conditioning most of the pipeline. Especially the ventilation exhaust pipe, large size, the system and more, pluing the stacking of vehicles and other combustible materials, fire hazards caused by relatively increased. At present the guidance of architectural design is smoke norms, which is compiled many years ago. Specification of the basement after the fire of the relevant provisions of the smoke is not perfect, that is inadequate.
This paper summarizes the research situation and the different research methods, summarizes the various advantages and disadvantages of different research methods. Using Airpak software as simulations using the software, analyzed the changes in cell characteristics on effecting exhausting the basement smoke.
Basement of Central Square in Yancheng engineering background as an example mechanical exhaust.It found that increasing the air when the proper spacing and square instead of rectangular air outlet when the smoke control are conducive to improved results. However, the expansion of the air space means that the fire-affected areas will be greater. Therefore, there are provisions on the specification smoke downwind from the smoke partition borders are the furthest distance requirements. Air space for the choice of smoke in the relevant design embodies the concept of a designer and design experience in the design standards.
引文
[1]中国消防安全网http://www.safety.com.cn/xiaofang/
[2]赵国凌.防排烟工程.天津科技翻译出版公司,1991
[3]兰彬,钱建民.国内外防排烟技术研究的现状和研究方向.消防科学与技术
[4]自然排烟与机械排烟的适用性研究,丁光明,安全文化网13-24
[5]P.J.Woodburn,R.E.Britter.CFD simulations of a tunnel fire-part II[J].Fire Safety Journal 1996,(26):63-90.
[6]Fletcher D F, Kent J H, Apte VP.Numerical simulation of smoke movement from a pool fire in a ventilated tunnel[J].Fire safety Journal.1994,23(3):305-325.
[7]Cox, G and S.Kumar. Field modeling of fire in force ventilated enclosures. Combustion Science and Technology.1987,52(7):25-45.
[8]邱旭东.高层建筑火灾过程的数值模拟[学位论文].：哈尔滨工业大学,2004
[9]G.C.Hedsten.Building and Stair Pressurization System.ASHRAE Journal. 1978,(7):32-35
[10]G.T.Tamura.The Performance of a Vestibule Pressurization System for theProtection of Escape Routes of a 17-story Hotel.ASHRAE Transactions. 1980,Part 1,593-603
[11]J.H.Klote.Stairwell Pressurization.ASHRAE Transactions.1980,Part 1,604-623
[12]M.Dillon.An Approach to Elevator Pressurization.ASHRAE Transactions. 1985,Part2B-2,1158-1166
[13]J.A.Clark,J.W.Harris.Stairwell Pressurization in a Cold Climate. ASHRAE Transactions.1989,Part 1,847-851
[14]G.T.Tamura. Stair Pressurization Systems for Smoke Control DesignConsiderations.ASHRAE Transactions.1989,Part 2,184-192
[15]G.T.Tamura.Field Tests of Stair Pressurization Systems with Overpressure Relief.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 1,951-958
[16]G.T.Tamura.Fire Tower Tests of Stair Pressurization Systems with Overpressure Relief.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 2,373-383
[17]G.T.Tamura.Fire Tower Tests of Stair Pressurization Systems with Mechanical Venting of the Fire Floor.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 2,384-392
[18]W.K.Chow,F.K.Wong,T.T.Lo,K.M.Lau.Field Tests on a Staircase Pressurization Systems Installed in a Commercial Building.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 2,393-398
[19]赵轶地铁火灾烟气数值模拟及通风控制[学位论文]：大连交通大学,2009
[20]邱旭东.高层建筑火灾过程的数值模拟[学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2004
[21]刘朝贤.防烟楼梯间及其前室(包括合用前室)两种加压防烟方案的可靠性探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(01)：1-6
[22]刘朝贤.防烟楼梯间及其前室加压防烟系统火灾疏散时开启门数量的探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(02)：6-10.
[23]刘朝贤.防烟楼梯间及其前室(包括合用前室)只对着火层前室加压防烟的探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(03)：1-4：
[24]刘朝贤.加压送风防烟有关问题的探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(04)：1-11
[25]刘朝贤.四种加压防烟方案气流通路数与防火门门洞处气流速度.制冷与空调(四川).1999,(03)：1-8
[26]刘朝贤,徐亚娟.高层建筑只对着火层前室加压送风口全开时风量分配的研究.制冷与空调.2002,(1)：5-10
[27]刘朝贤,徐亚娟.高层建筑只对着火层前室加压送风防烟漏风的研究.制冷与空调.2002,(2)：5-1017
[28]高甫生,王砚玲,邱旭东.高层建筑加压送风系统的试验研究.暖通空调.2003,33(4)：31-35
[29]肖淑衡,梁栋地下车库火灾烟气运动的数值模拟安全与环境工程Vol.12No.2 2005
[30]霍然,董华等.大空间火灾烟气填充过程的盐水模拟研究中国科学技术大学学报,1999.2,29(1)：38-42
[31]麻柏坤,张人杰.受限空间烟气运动的盐水模拟原理.火灾科学,1994,3：52-56
[32]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2003
[33]王静,王恩元.浅谈大空间火灾烟气运动规律的计算机模拟.消防科学与技术. 2005.3,24：4--5
[34]Sagout P. Large eddy simulation for in compressible flows. Springer,2001
[35]Airpak 2.1 User's &Tutorial Guide[M].Beijing:FLUENT Inc.2002
[36]范维澄,孙金华等.火灾风险评估方法学.北京：科学出版社,2004
[37]王福军.计算流体力动力学分析——CFD软件原理与应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[38]陶文铨.计算传热学近代进展.北京：科学出版社,2001：19-97
[39]陈军华高层建筑楼梯间及前室烟气控的数值模拟研究[学位论文]：哈尔滨工业大学,2006
[40]王江丽地下娱乐建筑烟气扩散CFO模拟与烟气控制研究[学位论文]：哈尔滨工业大学,2007
[41]上海市《建筑防排烟技术规程》DGJ08-88-2006
[42]黄志刚.巷道中火灾烟气的流场研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学.
[43]傅祝满,范维澄.建筑火灾区域模拟燃烧及组分浓度的计算,[J].燃烧科学与技术,1997,3(2)：163-168
[35]陶文铨.数值传热学.西安交通大学出版社.1988：333-338
[36]S.V. Patanker,D.B. Spalding A Calculation Processure for Heat,Mass and Momentum Transfer in Three-dimensional Parabolic flows. Int J Heat Mass
[39]J.G.Wissink.DNS of Separating Low Reynolds Numerber Flow in a Turbine Cascade with Incoming Wakes.International Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2002,(458):419-441
[40]Y.Lee.A Study and Improvement of Large Eddy Simulation for Practical Applications.Ph.D Dissertation,Texas A&M University,USA,1992
[41]P.Rollet-Miet,D.Laurence.LES and RANS of Turbulent Flow in TubeBundles. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.1999,(3):241-254
[42]程远平,陈亮,张孟君.火灾过程羽流模型及其评价[J].火灾科学,2002,11(3)：132-136
[43]傅祝满,范维澄.建筑火灾区域模拟燃烧及组分浓度的计算,[J].燃烧科学 与技术,1997,3(2)：163-168
[44]帕坦卡SV著。传热和流体流动的数值解法(M)。郭宽良译。合肥；安徽科技出版社,1984
[45]陈汉中,计算流体力学(M).北京：水利电力出版社,1995.
[46]施微高层建筑走廊排烟方式的数值模拟研究[学位论文]：哈尔滨工业大学,2006
[47]王江丽地下娱乐建筑烟气扩散CFO模拟与烟气控制研究[学位论文]哈尔滨工业大学,2007
[48]杨愉会展中心火灾烟气控制的数值模拟研究[学位论文]：重庆大学,2006
[2]赵国凌.防排烟工程.天津科技翻译出版公司,1991
[3]兰彬,钱建民.国内外防排烟技术研究的现状和研究方向.消防科学与技术
[4]自然排烟与机械排烟的适用性研究,丁光明,安全文化网13-24
[5]P.J.Woodburn,R.E.Britter.CFD simulations of a tunnel fire-part II[J].Fire Safety Journal 1996,(26):63-90.
[6]Fletcher D F, Kent J H, Apte VP.Numerical simulation of smoke movement from a pool fire in a ventilated tunnel[J].Fire safety Journal.1994,23(3):305-325.
[7]Cox, G and S.Kumar. Field modeling of fire in force ventilated enclosures. Combustion Science and Technology.1987,52(7):25-45.
[8]邱旭东.高层建筑火灾过程的数值模拟[学位论文].：哈尔滨工业大学,2004
[9]G.C.Hedsten.Building and Stair Pressurization System.ASHRAE Journal. 1978,(7):32-35
[10]G.T.Tamura.The Performance of a Vestibule Pressurization System for theProtection of Escape Routes of a 17-story Hotel.ASHRAE Transactions. 1980,Part 1,593-603
[11]J.H.Klote.Stairwell Pressurization.ASHRAE Transactions.1980,Part 1,604-623
[12]M.Dillon.An Approach to Elevator Pressurization.ASHRAE Transactions. 1985,Part2B-2,1158-1166
[13]J.A.Clark,J.W.Harris.Stairwell Pressurization in a Cold Climate. ASHRAE Transactions.1989,Part 1,847-851
[14]G.T.Tamura. Stair Pressurization Systems for Smoke Control DesignConsiderations.ASHRAE Transactions.1989,Part 2,184-192
[15]G.T.Tamura.Field Tests of Stair Pressurization Systems with Overpressure Relief.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 1,951-958
[16]G.T.Tamura.Fire Tower Tests of Stair Pressurization Systems with Overpressure Relief.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 2,373-383
[17]G.T.Tamura.Fire Tower Tests of Stair Pressurization Systems with Mechanical Venting of the Fire Floor.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 2,384-392
[18]W.K.Chow,F.K.Wong,T.T.Lo,K.M.Lau.Field Tests on a Staircase Pressurization Systems Installed in a Commercial Building.ASHRAE Transactions.1990,Part 2,393-398
[19]赵轶地铁火灾烟气数值模拟及通风控制[学位论文]：大连交通大学,2009
[20]邱旭东.高层建筑火灾过程的数值模拟[学位论文].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2004
[21]刘朝贤.防烟楼梯间及其前室(包括合用前室)两种加压防烟方案的可靠性探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(01)：1-6
[22]刘朝贤.防烟楼梯间及其前室加压防烟系统火灾疏散时开启门数量的探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(02)：6-10.
[23]刘朝贤.防烟楼梯间及其前室(包括合用前室)只对着火层前室加压防烟的探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(03)：1-4：
[24]刘朝贤.加压送风防烟有关问题的探讨.制冷与空调(四川).1998,(04)：1-11
[25]刘朝贤.四种加压防烟方案气流通路数与防火门门洞处气流速度.制冷与空调(四川).1999,(03)：1-8
[26]刘朝贤,徐亚娟.高层建筑只对着火层前室加压送风口全开时风量分配的研究.制冷与空调.2002,(1)：5-10
[27]刘朝贤,徐亚娟.高层建筑只对着火层前室加压送风防烟漏风的研究.制冷与空调.2002,(2)：5-1017
[28]高甫生,王砚玲,邱旭东.高层建筑加压送风系统的试验研究.暖通空调.2003,33(4)：31-35
[29]肖淑衡,梁栋地下车库火灾烟气运动的数值模拟安全与环境工程Vol.12No.2 2005
[30]霍然,董华等.大空间火灾烟气填充过程的盐水模拟研究中国科学技术大学学报,1999.2,29(1)：38-42
[31]麻柏坤,张人杰.受限空间烟气运动的盐水模拟原理.火灾科学,1994,3：52-56
[32]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设计.安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2003
[33]王静,王恩元.浅谈大空间火灾烟气运动规律的计算机模拟.消防科学与技术. 2005.3,24：4--5
[34]Sagout P. Large eddy simulation for in compressible flows. Springer,2001
[35]Airpak 2.1 User's &Tutorial Guide[M].Beijing:FLUENT Inc.2002
[36]范维澄,孙金华等.火灾风险评估方法学.北京：科学出版社,2004
[37]王福军.计算流体力动力学分析——CFD软件原理与应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2004
[38]陶文铨.计算传热学近代进展.北京：科学出版社,2001：19-97
[39]陈军华高层建筑楼梯间及前室烟气控的数值模拟研究[学位论文]：哈尔滨工业大学,2006
[40]王江丽地下娱乐建筑烟气扩散CFO模拟与烟气控制研究[学位论文]：哈尔滨工业大学,2007
[41]上海市《建筑防排烟技术规程》DGJ08-88-2006
[42]黄志刚.巷道中火灾烟气的流场研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学.
[43]傅祝满,范维澄.建筑火灾区域模拟燃烧及组分浓度的计算,[J].燃烧科学与技术,1997,3(2)：163-168
[35]陶文铨.数值传热学.西安交通大学出版社.1988：333-338
[36]S.V. Patanker,D.B. Spalding A Calculation Processure for Heat,Mass and Momentum Transfer in Three-dimensional Parabolic flows. Int J Heat Mass
[39]J.G.Wissink.DNS of Separating Low Reynolds Numerber Flow in a Turbine Cascade with Incoming Wakes.International Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2002,(458):419-441
[40]Y.Lee.A Study and Improvement of Large Eddy Simulation for Practical Applications.Ph.D Dissertation,Texas A&M University,USA,1992
[41]P.Rollet-Miet,D.Laurence.LES and RANS of Turbulent Flow in TubeBundles. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow.1999,(3):241-254
[42]程远平,陈亮,张孟君.火灾过程羽流模型及其评价[J].火灾科学,2002,11(3)：132-136
[43]傅祝满,范维澄.建筑火灾区域模拟燃烧及组分浓度的计算,[J].燃烧科学 与技术,1997,3(2)：163-168
[44]帕坦卡SV著。传热和流体流动的数值解法(M)。郭宽良译。合肥；安徽科技出版社,1984
[45]陈汉中,计算流体力学(M).北京：水利电力出版社,1995.
[46]施微高层建筑走廊排烟方式的数值模拟研究[学位论文]：哈尔滨工业大学,2006
[47]王江丽地下娱乐建筑烟气扩散CFO模拟与烟气控制研究[学位论文]哈尔滨工业大学,2007
[48]杨愉会展中心火灾烟气控制的数值模拟研究[学位论文]：重庆大学,2006