高温微粒红外辐射特性测量技术研究
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摘要
在化工、冶金、动力、建筑、医药、生物、食品、航天及大气科学等领域,存在大量粒子态物质。典型的含粒子介质包括:含炭黑及飞灰的火焰,催化反应器内反应物,射流及固体火箭尾喷焰等。固体火箭发动机喷焰内含有大量高温粒子Al_2O_3、MgO、ZrO_2和发射性气体H_2O、CO_2、CO。研究喷焰的红外特征,必须掌握高温粒子的光谱参数。粒子的光学常数(复折射率)属于基本物性参数,与其组份、温度、表面状况有关。由于粒子的比表面积比其块状物质大得多,且高温粒子易聚集成团,导致粒子表面状况复杂,因此,粒子的光学常数并不等同于构成粒子材料的光学常数。粒子的复折射率不能直接通过实验测量(没有直接测量的仪器),须由实验测定其它量,然后结合相应的理论模型反求,属反问题研究。目前国内尚未开展高温粒子复折射率的研究。本课题来源于国家自然科学基金重点项目(编号:50336010),红外辐射特性及传输的多尺度多参数分析项目的一部分,其目的是研制高温粒子光谱辐射特性测量装置,对高温粒子进行在线测量,通过该装置实现对高温粒子的光学特性的理论和实验研究,提供不同温度下的粒子的光学特性测量数据库。
论文研究围绕建立高温粒子光谱辐射特性测量装置及其实验测量这一特殊性要求,对该测量装置研制中所涉及的粒子辐射特性测量原理、测量方法、光散射理论、测量模型参数优化及测量不确定度评价方法等内容进行了深入的研究,主要完成了以下几方面的研究工作:
1.建立了高温粒子光谱辐射特性测量装置,并调试完善了该实验装置。在国内率先开展高温下光谱复折射率的实验,实验平台能兼顾粒子与块状材料测量。实现了对多(微)粒子的悬浮和加热,实现了不同温度与浓度的准稳定粒子空间分布场,为粒子辐射奠定了实验基础。
2.研究利用粒子系透射率光谱,结合精确Mie散射理论及色散K-K关系式的均一系粒子光谱复折射率反演模型,建立了高温粒子的光谱复折射率反演模型,并对反演的单值性和多值性进行了分析,同时分析了测量误差对反演模型的影响。
3.为了比照粒子的复折射率的求解结果,并在实验中更好地对粒子系的浓度和平均粒径进行有效的检测,本文基于Mie光散射理论及Lambert-Beer光透射定律,利用遗传算法反演粒子系粒径分布。并在Matlab环境下仿真,仿真验证粒子辐射特性的一些关键参数,得出该求解方法是合理的。
4.针对粒径分布反演传统算法收敛精度不高、易陷入局部最优的缺点,根据粒子群的激光透射模型,提出一种基于随机微粒群算法(SPSO)反演粒子系粒径分布的快速有效方法,对于非独立模式下的R-R分布、正态分布、对数正态分布等粒子粒径分布情况进行了反演计算,获得了合理的粒径分布。
5.在介绍了FT-IR光谱仪使用和FT-IR响应函数确定的基础上,描述了采用Al_2O_3压片的粒子透射率实验和Al_2O_3弥散粒子的透射率测量试验,结合高温粒子复折射率反演模型反演得到不同温度下的Al_2O_3粒子的复折射率,并对实验系统不确定度进行了详尽的分析。
本论文的研究内容为不同温度下粒子光学常数测量数据库的建立奠定了坚实的理论和技术基础。
Many materials in the fields of chemical, metallurgical, power, construction, medicine, biology, food, aerospace, military and atmospheric sciences, and other fields, are in state of particle. Typical particle medium include: the flame of contain carbon black and fly ash, reactant in catalytic reactor, jet stream and the plume of a solid propellant rocket. The plume of a solid propellant rocket engine is full of high temperature particles which include Al_2O_3、MgO、ZrO_2and emission gases which include H_2O、CO_2、CO. Inorder to research the spectral properties of the plume of a solid rocket, we must master spectral property of high temperature particle.
The optical constant (complex refractive index) of the material is a basic physical property that is related to the composition, temperature and surface condition. Since the surface of the particle material is much bigger than that of the bulk material, moreover, since the high temperature particles are easy to accumulate into a mass, Thus the surface of the high temperature particle is very complicated and the complex refractive index of particle is big different from that of bulk material. The complex refrative index of particles can not directly measure through experiment (not have directly measure instrument), must survey other quantity from experiment, then combination corresponding theoretical model to inverse, it belongs to the conversion problem research. But now, our country has not developed high temperature complex refractive index of particle. This program is from nation natural science fund major project (serial number:50336010), is a part of item of multiple-dimensioned and multiparameter analyze in infrared radiation characteristic and radiation transfer. It’s purpose is to develop high temperature particle spectral radiation property measurement equipment, carries out online measurement on high temperature particle, realizes the theoretical and experimental research on high temperature particle optical property, offers different temperature optical property measurement data base.
Based on the specific aspect of set up high temperature particle spectral radiation property measurement equipment and the particle spectral radiation property measurement under different temperature, combining the development of the spectral radiation property measurement instrument, the thesis elaborates the radation transfer theory deeply, optical property measurement method, light scattering theory, module parameter optimizing and the evaluation method of the measure uncertainty. The finished research works are as follows:
1. Set up high temperature particle spectral radiation property measurement equipment, debug and well measurement equipment. Domestically, first to take off experiment of high temperature spectral complex refractive index, which can consider both particle and piece form material measurement. It realized multiform particle levitation and heat up; realized the quasi-stationary particle space distributing field of different temperature and density; established experiment foundation for particle radiation.
2. Research on inversion model which use the precise Mie theory and the Kramers-Kronig relation and transmittance to solve complex refractive index of monodispersion particl. We establish inversion model of complex refractive index of high temperature particl, analyse monodrome and multiple valued of inversion model, analyse influence of measurement error to inversion model.
3. In order to contrast result of complex refractive index of particle, better detect density andt average diameter of particl in experiment, based on the Mie theory and the Lambert-Beer transmittance law, we use genetic algorithms to inverse particle distribution. Under Matlab environment, we emulate and verify some crucial parameters of particle radiation property, prove the method is reasonable.
4. To resolve the problems that the traditional algorithm of particle size distribution inversion has no good convergence accuracy and is apt to be trapped in local optima, a stochastic particle swarm optimizer(SPSO) algorithm, which is based on laser transmitting model, is proposed to estimate the size distribution of particles.The novel SPSO-based method is proved to be available to retrieve the reasonable particle size distribution such as R-R distribution, normal distribution and lognormal distribution for the independent model.
5. Base on introduction using of FT-IR spectrometer and define of response function of FT-IR spectrometer, we proceed the preform transmission experiment and dispersion transmission experiment of Al_2O_3particles, we inverse the complex refractive index of Al_2O_3 particles under different temperature and analyse the uncertainty of experiment system.
The studied contents of the thesis establish a strong technical and theoretical foundation for the complex refractive index of particle database under different temperature.
论文研究围绕建立高温粒子光谱辐射特性测量装置及其实验测量这一特殊性要求,对该测量装置研制中所涉及的粒子辐射特性测量原理、测量方法、光散射理论、测量模型参数优化及测量不确定度评价方法等内容进行了深入的研究,主要完成了以下几方面的研究工作:
1.建立了高温粒子光谱辐射特性测量装置,并调试完善了该实验装置。在国内率先开展高温下光谱复折射率的实验,实验平台能兼顾粒子与块状材料测量。实现了对多(微)粒子的悬浮和加热,实现了不同温度与浓度的准稳定粒子空间分布场,为粒子辐射奠定了实验基础。
2.研究利用粒子系透射率光谱,结合精确Mie散射理论及色散K-K关系式的均一系粒子光谱复折射率反演模型,建立了高温粒子的光谱复折射率反演模型,并对反演的单值性和多值性进行了分析,同时分析了测量误差对反演模型的影响。
3.为了比照粒子的复折射率的求解结果,并在实验中更好地对粒子系的浓度和平均粒径进行有效的检测,本文基于Mie光散射理论及Lambert-Beer光透射定律,利用遗传算法反演粒子系粒径分布。并在Matlab环境下仿真,仿真验证粒子辐射特性的一些关键参数,得出该求解方法是合理的。
4.针对粒径分布反演传统算法收敛精度不高、易陷入局部最优的缺点,根据粒子群的激光透射模型,提出一种基于随机微粒群算法(SPSO)反演粒子系粒径分布的快速有效方法,对于非独立模式下的R-R分布、正态分布、对数正态分布等粒子粒径分布情况进行了反演计算,获得了合理的粒径分布。
5.在介绍了FT-IR光谱仪使用和FT-IR响应函数确定的基础上,描述了采用Al_2O_3压片的粒子透射率实验和Al_2O_3弥散粒子的透射率测量试验,结合高温粒子复折射率反演模型反演得到不同温度下的Al_2O_3粒子的复折射率,并对实验系统不确定度进行了详尽的分析。
本论文的研究内容为不同温度下粒子光学常数测量数据库的建立奠定了坚实的理论和技术基础。
Many materials in the fields of chemical, metallurgical, power, construction, medicine, biology, food, aerospace, military and atmospheric sciences, and other fields, are in state of particle. Typical particle medium include: the flame of contain carbon black and fly ash, reactant in catalytic reactor, jet stream and the plume of a solid propellant rocket. The plume of a solid propellant rocket engine is full of high temperature particles which include Al_2O_3、MgO、ZrO_2and emission gases which include H_2O、CO_2、CO. Inorder to research the spectral properties of the plume of a solid rocket, we must master spectral property of high temperature particle.
The optical constant (complex refractive index) of the material is a basic physical property that is related to the composition, temperature and surface condition. Since the surface of the particle material is much bigger than that of the bulk material, moreover, since the high temperature particles are easy to accumulate into a mass, Thus the surface of the high temperature particle is very complicated and the complex refractive index of particle is big different from that of bulk material. The complex refrative index of particles can not directly measure through experiment (not have directly measure instrument), must survey other quantity from experiment, then combination corresponding theoretical model to inverse, it belongs to the conversion problem research. But now, our country has not developed high temperature complex refractive index of particle. This program is from nation natural science fund major project (serial number:50336010), is a part of item of multiple-dimensioned and multiparameter analyze in infrared radiation characteristic and radiation transfer. It’s purpose is to develop high temperature particle spectral radiation property measurement equipment, carries out online measurement on high temperature particle, realizes the theoretical and experimental research on high temperature particle optical property, offers different temperature optical property measurement data base.
Based on the specific aspect of set up high temperature particle spectral radiation property measurement equipment and the particle spectral radiation property measurement under different temperature, combining the development of the spectral radiation property measurement instrument, the thesis elaborates the radation transfer theory deeply, optical property measurement method, light scattering theory, module parameter optimizing and the evaluation method of the measure uncertainty. The finished research works are as follows:
1. Set up high temperature particle spectral radiation property measurement equipment, debug and well measurement equipment. Domestically, first to take off experiment of high temperature spectral complex refractive index, which can consider both particle and piece form material measurement. It realized multiform particle levitation and heat up; realized the quasi-stationary particle space distributing field of different temperature and density; established experiment foundation for particle radiation.
2. Research on inversion model which use the precise Mie theory and the Kramers-Kronig relation and transmittance to solve complex refractive index of monodispersion particl. We establish inversion model of complex refractive index of high temperature particl, analyse monodrome and multiple valued of inversion model, analyse influence of measurement error to inversion model.
3. In order to contrast result of complex refractive index of particle, better detect density andt average diameter of particl in experiment, based on the Mie theory and the Lambert-Beer transmittance law, we use genetic algorithms to inverse particle distribution. Under Matlab environment, we emulate and verify some crucial parameters of particle radiation property, prove the method is reasonable.
4. To resolve the problems that the traditional algorithm of particle size distribution inversion has no good convergence accuracy and is apt to be trapped in local optima, a stochastic particle swarm optimizer(SPSO) algorithm, which is based on laser transmitting model, is proposed to estimate the size distribution of particles.The novel SPSO-based method is proved to be available to retrieve the reasonable particle size distribution such as R-R distribution, normal distribution and lognormal distribution for the independent model.
5. Base on introduction using of FT-IR spectrometer and define of response function of FT-IR spectrometer, we proceed the preform transmission experiment and dispersion transmission experiment of Al_2O_3particles, we inverse the complex refractive index of Al_2O_3 particles under different temperature and analyse the uncertainty of experiment system.
The studied contents of the thesis establish a strong technical and theoretical foundation for the complex refractive index of particle database under different temperature.
引文
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