小型爆炸磁流体发电机实验装置研制
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摘要
爆炸磁流体发电机是将高能炸药在专用的爆炸室中爆轰生成高温、高压、高速等离子体,该等离子体在装有电极的通道中流动,快速切割通道中的磁场,由法拉第电磁感应定律,在电极间感生出脉冲电压,接在电极上的负载可获得高功率电脉冲的装置。爆炸磁流体发电机由爆炸等离子体发生器、成形炸药、强磁场、和发电通道组成,其特点是功率密度高、装置可重复使用、机组启动快、可直接向负载传递能量,无转动部件,易于维护。用高能炸药激励爆炸磁流体发电机是一种非常有前途的大功率脉冲电源。
本文以小型爆炸磁流体发电机实验装置研制为对象,通过对爆炸磁流体发电机理论的分析,研究了不同结构的成形炸药柱爆轰产物的流动特点,研究了可重复爆炸等离子体发生器结构形式、不同材料可重复发电通道的结构及特性,研制了高压电容放电产生强磁场的跑道型脉冲磁体,进行了装置集成与发电实验。
本文主要完成了以下工作:
1.实验是目前研究爆炸磁流体发电的最为重要的途径。建造可重复使用的爆炸磁流体发电机实验装置是开展爆炸磁流体发电研究工作的前提和基础。建成了国内第一套用于研究爆炸磁流体发电的实验装置,包括爆炸冲击压力测试系统以及发电等离子体速度测试系统,并利用该实验装置和测量系统,进行了爆炸磁流体发电实验。
2.可重复使用爆炸等离子体发生器是爆炸磁流体发电机的主要部件。本文在研制爆炸生成等离子体的过程中,将高能炸药爆轰和安全利用爆炸能量结合起来研究,发现容器直径与炸药柱直径比过大的容器不宜作为爆炸等离子体发生器。分析和实验表明,炸药柱在爆炸等离子体发生器中爆轰生成等离子体的过程是近壁爆轰,其必然对容器壁造成强烈的破坏,论文提出了“嵌套结构,夹层填充”的方法,基本解决了爆炸等离子体发生器的重复使用问题。填充缓冲吸能材料的嵌套结构和对内层进行增强热处理等措施是建造可重复使用爆炸等离子体发生器的可行办法。
3.研制成功可以承受24kV电压和74.3kA电流最高磁场可达8Tesla多次冲击的脉冲高场磁体。研究了整体型金属和非金属通道材料对通道中心脉冲磁场的
The explosive driven magnetohydrodynamic generator (ED-MHDG) is a device in which the high temperature, high pressure and high speed explosion plasma is produced in a special plasma producer, and then rushes into the MHD channel with electrodes and magnetic field. According to the Faraday's Law, the motion of the conductive detonation products through the magnetic field generates electrical potential differences at electrodes. These electrodes conduct current to an external load which receives the electrical energy from the system. The ED-MHD generator has the advantages of high power density, fast start-up, repetitive operating, and easy maintenance etc;it is suitable to be high pulse power source.Research and development of small ED-MHD generator have been investigated systematically. Based on the analyses of the theory of ED-MHD generator, the reusable explosion plasma producer has been developed;the MHD channel built with stainless steel and glass fibre reinforced plastic has been studied in detail;pulsed magnet and its test and control system have been developed, the completed system is integrated and some MHD power generation experiments are conducted.The main results from the research and development of the small ED-MHD generator are :1. At present, experiment is most important method to study ED-MHD generator. To build a reusable test device is the foundation for research on ED-MHD generator. The first experimental system for investigating the ED-MHD generator has been developed in China. The system includes a measuring unit which can monitor and record the output voltage and current of ED-MHD generator, pulsed pressures in explosion plasma producer and MHD channel, current in magnet coils, velocity of plasma in MHD channel, and can also measure the magnetic field in channel, and some power generation experiments were conducted.2. The reusable explosion plasma producer is the main device of repetitive explosive driven MHD generator. The vessel can be used as plasma producer must be
with the ratio of inner diameter to shaped charges less than 1.5. Analyses and experimental results show that the shaped charge blasting in explosion plasma producer is near wall detonation, which is certain to give breakage to plasma producer wall. Methods which can make the plasma producer reusable consists of nesting structure filling with energy absorbing material and applying heat treatment to inner chamber to improve the rigidity.3. A strong pulsed magnet has been developed, which can endure repetitious operation of 24kV pulsed voltage, 74.3kA current and high field of to 8 Tesla. Experimental results show that the pulsed magnet has the enough mechanical and thermal stability, and the magnet is sufficient to be used in ED-MHD generator research.4. The MHD channels built with glass fibre reinforced plastic and stainless steel materials have been developed successfully. The pulsed magnetic field in MHD channel with different materials has been studied. Analyses and experimental results show that the phase of current in magnet coils is the same as the magnetic field in glass fibre reinforced plastic channel;but in stainless steel channel, the current in coil and magnetic field in channel are different phase, and the amplitude of magnetic field is less than that in glass fibre reinforced plastic channel. The higher the conductance and permeability are, the smaller the amplitude of magnetic field and the more different the phase between the current in magnet coil and magnetic field in channel. With reinforcement, the intensity of glass fibre reinforced plastic channel meets the needs of experimental researches on ED-MHD generator.5. A set of test system for the studies on ED-MHD generator has been developed, which consists of pulsed pressure of explosion products testing system, pulsed magnetic field measurement system, high voltage isolation system.6. The primary experimental research on the integrated ED-MHD generators has been carried out, and results show that all key parts of the experimental device are all in a good condition after several detonations. The basic rules of experimental procedures have been investigated, and it is helpful for further safe and successful studies on ED-MHD generator.
本文以小型爆炸磁流体发电机实验装置研制为对象,通过对爆炸磁流体发电机理论的分析,研究了不同结构的成形炸药柱爆轰产物的流动特点,研究了可重复爆炸等离子体发生器结构形式、不同材料可重复发电通道的结构及特性,研制了高压电容放电产生强磁场的跑道型脉冲磁体,进行了装置集成与发电实验。
本文主要完成了以下工作:
1.实验是目前研究爆炸磁流体发电的最为重要的途径。建造可重复使用的爆炸磁流体发电机实验装置是开展爆炸磁流体发电研究工作的前提和基础。建成了国内第一套用于研究爆炸磁流体发电的实验装置,包括爆炸冲击压力测试系统以及发电等离子体速度测试系统,并利用该实验装置和测量系统,进行了爆炸磁流体发电实验。
2.可重复使用爆炸等离子体发生器是爆炸磁流体发电机的主要部件。本文在研制爆炸生成等离子体的过程中,将高能炸药爆轰和安全利用爆炸能量结合起来研究,发现容器直径与炸药柱直径比过大的容器不宜作为爆炸等离子体发生器。分析和实验表明,炸药柱在爆炸等离子体发生器中爆轰生成等离子体的过程是近壁爆轰,其必然对容器壁造成强烈的破坏,论文提出了“嵌套结构,夹层填充”的方法,基本解决了爆炸等离子体发生器的重复使用问题。填充缓冲吸能材料的嵌套结构和对内层进行增强热处理等措施是建造可重复使用爆炸等离子体发生器的可行办法。
3.研制成功可以承受24kV电压和74.3kA电流最高磁场可达8Tesla多次冲击的脉冲高场磁体。研究了整体型金属和非金属通道材料对通道中心脉冲磁场的
The explosive driven magnetohydrodynamic generator (ED-MHDG) is a device in which the high temperature, high pressure and high speed explosion plasma is produced in a special plasma producer, and then rushes into the MHD channel with electrodes and magnetic field. According to the Faraday's Law, the motion of the conductive detonation products through the magnetic field generates electrical potential differences at electrodes. These electrodes conduct current to an external load which receives the electrical energy from the system. The ED-MHD generator has the advantages of high power density, fast start-up, repetitive operating, and easy maintenance etc;it is suitable to be high pulse power source.Research and development of small ED-MHD generator have been investigated systematically. Based on the analyses of the theory of ED-MHD generator, the reusable explosion plasma producer has been developed;the MHD channel built with stainless steel and glass fibre reinforced plastic has been studied in detail;pulsed magnet and its test and control system have been developed, the completed system is integrated and some MHD power generation experiments are conducted.The main results from the research and development of the small ED-MHD generator are :1. At present, experiment is most important method to study ED-MHD generator. To build a reusable test device is the foundation for research on ED-MHD generator. The first experimental system for investigating the ED-MHD generator has been developed in China. The system includes a measuring unit which can monitor and record the output voltage and current of ED-MHD generator, pulsed pressures in explosion plasma producer and MHD channel, current in magnet coils, velocity of plasma in MHD channel, and can also measure the magnetic field in channel, and some power generation experiments were conducted.2. The reusable explosion plasma producer is the main device of repetitive explosive driven MHD generator. The vessel can be used as plasma producer must be
with the ratio of inner diameter to shaped charges less than 1.5. Analyses and experimental results show that the shaped charge blasting in explosion plasma producer is near wall detonation, which is certain to give breakage to plasma producer wall. Methods which can make the plasma producer reusable consists of nesting structure filling with energy absorbing material and applying heat treatment to inner chamber to improve the rigidity.3. A strong pulsed magnet has been developed, which can endure repetitious operation of 24kV pulsed voltage, 74.3kA current and high field of to 8 Tesla. Experimental results show that the pulsed magnet has the enough mechanical and thermal stability, and the magnet is sufficient to be used in ED-MHD generator research.4. The MHD channels built with glass fibre reinforced plastic and stainless steel materials have been developed successfully. The pulsed magnetic field in MHD channel with different materials has been studied. Analyses and experimental results show that the phase of current in magnet coils is the same as the magnetic field in glass fibre reinforced plastic channel;but in stainless steel channel, the current in coil and magnetic field in channel are different phase, and the amplitude of magnetic field is less than that in glass fibre reinforced plastic channel. The higher the conductance and permeability are, the smaller the amplitude of magnetic field and the more different the phase between the current in magnet coil and magnetic field in channel. With reinforcement, the intensity of glass fibre reinforced plastic channel meets the needs of experimental researches on ED-MHD generator.5. A set of test system for the studies on ED-MHD generator has been developed, which consists of pulsed pressure of explosion products testing system, pulsed magnetic field measurement system, high voltage isolation system.6. The primary experimental research on the integrated ED-MHD generators has been carried out, and results show that all key parts of the experimental device are all in a good condition after several detonations. The basic rules of experimental procedures have been investigated, and it is helpful for further safe and successful studies on ED-MHD generator.
引文
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2. 张洪起,高功率微波与武器.现代防御技术,1995.4:p.38-46.
3. The Future Battlefield:Ablast of Gigawatts. IEEE Spectrum, March, 1988.
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6. Zeigarnik, V.A. Pulsed MHD Generators. in 12th ICMHD. 1996. Japan.
7. Zeigarnik, V.A N., V.A.;Rickman, V.Yu.;. Pulsed MHDpower: state-of-the-art and prospects of development. in Pulsed Power Conference, 1997. Digest of Technical Papers. 1997 11th IEEE International. 1997.
8. Herlach, F., Strong and ultrastrong magnetic fields and their applications. 1985: Berlin;New York : Springer-Verlag.
9.王莹,高功率脉冲电源 1991,北京:原子能出版社.
10. M.S., J., Jr. and V. H. Blackman., Parametric studies of explosive driven MHD power generators. Proceedings International Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation, Pairs, July 1964.2: p. p803-816.
11. Jones, M.S., et al. Explosive Driven Linear MHD Generators. in Proceedings of the Conf. On Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation by Explosives. 1965. Frescati, Italy.
12. H.J. Schidt, e.a., The History and Future of Light Weight MHD Power Systems 1985.
13. Asinovskiy, E.I., et al. Investigation of Processes Determing the Efficiency of Energy Conversion in a Linear Explosive MHD Generator. in Proceedings of the 7th Int. Conf. On MHD Electrical Power Generation 1980. Cambridge, MA, USA,.
14. D.W. Baum, S.P.G., W. L. Shimmin and J. D. Watson High Power Pulsed Plasma MHD Experiments, Artec Associates Inc, AD-A 120526. 1982.
15. Forrest J. Agee, e.a., Explosively Driven Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator Studies. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, 1995.2: p. 1068-1073
16. Russian Generator Expldes, http://www.de.afrl.af.mil.
17.马寿齐、王炳成等,炸药能量利用的某些途径.爆炸与冲击,1984.4(3):p.87-96.
18.王大伦,黄常纲,爆炸磁流体发电机研究进展、关键问题及其技术方案.2003.
19.陈敬平,章冠人,经福谦,冲击压缩下稠密Ar等离子体温度测量.爆炸与冲击,1999.19(3):p.204-209.
20.孙承纬、卫玉章、周之奎,应用爆轰物理学.2000,北京:国防工业出版社.
21.克拉尔、特里维尔皮斯,等离子体物理学原理.1983,北京:原子能出版社.
22.邵福球,等离子体粒子模拟.2002,北京:科学出版社.
23.格罗斯等著,等离子体技术.1980,北京 科学出版社.
24.霍裕平等译,等离子体和流体:1996,北京 科学出版社.
25.陈敬平,章冠人,经福谦等,非理想等离子体Hugonit曲线研究,in核聚变与等离子体物理.1999.p.144-152.
26.罗沙著,R.J.,磁流体发电,南京工学院磁流体发电科研组译.1975:科学出版社.
27. H.J. Pain, P.R.S., Experiments on Power Generation from a moving Plasma, , in J.of Fluid Mechanics. 1951. p. 51-64.
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29.张守中主编,爆炸基本原理.1988:国防工业出版社.
30.鲍姆,斯达纽柯维奇,爆炸物理学.1963:科学出版社.
31.李有宽、陈栋泉,氢的高密度等离子体物态方程,in高压物理学报.2001.p.271-276.
32.王藩候、径福谦,应用Saha方程计算氩等离子体的Hugonit物态方程,in原子与分子物理学报.2001.p.285-288.
33.徐锡申、张万箱,实用物态方程引论.1986,北京:科学出版社.
34. G.A. Shvetsov, V.M.T. High Energy Electric Pulse Generation by Cumulative Explosion. in International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics (4th : 1986 : Santa Fe, N.M.) 1979. New York: Plenum Press.
35. Heinz, k., Pulsed High Magnetic Fields. 1970: North-Holland Publishing Company.
36.赵士达,爆炸容器,in爆炸与冲击(EXPLOSION AND SHOCK WAVES).1989.p.85-96.
37.邵国华,超高压容器设计.1983,上海:上海科学技术出版社.
38.马晓青,冲击动力学.1992,北京:北京理工大学出版社.
39. Glenn, A., Explosive containment with spherically tampedpowders. J. Appl. Phys., 1986. 60(10): p. 3482-3488.
40. R.V. harrowell, W.T.N., Some Aspects of the Design of Magnets for MHD Generators. p. 1035-1048.
41. Ronald J. Kaye, E.C.C., et al., Design and performance of Sandia's contactless Coilgun for 50 mm projectiles. IEEE Trans. on magnetics, 1993.29(1): p. 691-695.
42. Robert Kratz, P.W., Principles ofpulsed magnet design: Berlin;New York : Springer, c2002.
43.居滋象,吕友昌,荆伯弘,开环磁流体发电.1998,北京:北京工业大学出版社.
44.龚兴根,脉冲强磁场测量,in爆轰波与冲击波.2000.p.68-74.
45.龚兴根,脉冲大电流的测量,in爆轰波与冲击波.1999.p.158-169.
46.倪秋芽,高性能磁流体发电机发电通道的工程问题.电工电能新技术,1998.3:p.30-34,72.
47.冯慈璋主编,电磁场.1994:第二版,高等教育出版社,.
48.李维新,一维不定常流与冲击波.2003,北京:国防工业出版社.
49. M.W. Burnham, S.J.M., Pulsed Electrical Power from conventional Explosives. 1965.
50. Turchi, P.J. Megagauss physics and technology in International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics (2nd: 1979 : Washington, D.C.) 1980: New York: Plenum Press.
2. 张洪起,高功率微波与武器.现代防御技术,1995.4:p.38-46.
3. The Future Battlefield:Ablast of Gigawatts. IEEE Spectrum, March, 1988.
4.朱宝鎏,电磁脉冲弹—21世纪新概念武器之一.世界空军装备,2000.5:p.14-19.
5.王莹、马富学,新概念武器原理.1997:北京:兵器工业出版社.
6. Zeigarnik, V.A. Pulsed MHD Generators. in 12th ICMHD. 1996. Japan.
7. Zeigarnik, V.A N., V.A.;Rickman, V.Yu.;. Pulsed MHDpower: state-of-the-art and prospects of development. in Pulsed Power Conference, 1997. Digest of Technical Papers. 1997 11th IEEE International. 1997.
8. Herlach, F., Strong and ultrastrong magnetic fields and their applications. 1985: Berlin;New York : Springer-Verlag.
9.王莹,高功率脉冲电源 1991,北京:原子能出版社.
10. M.S., J., Jr. and V. H. Blackman., Parametric studies of explosive driven MHD power generators. Proceedings International Symposium on MHD Electrical Power Generation, Pairs, July 1964.2: p. p803-816.
11. Jones, M.S., et al. Explosive Driven Linear MHD Generators. in Proceedings of the Conf. On Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation by Explosives. 1965. Frescati, Italy.
12. H.J. Schidt, e.a., The History and Future of Light Weight MHD Power Systems 1985.
13. Asinovskiy, E.I., et al. Investigation of Processes Determing the Efficiency of Energy Conversion in a Linear Explosive MHD Generator. in Proceedings of the 7th Int. Conf. On MHD Electrical Power Generation 1980. Cambridge, MA, USA,.
14. D.W. Baum, S.P.G., W. L. Shimmin and J. D. Watson High Power Pulsed Plasma MHD Experiments, Artec Associates Inc, AD-A 120526. 1982.
15. Forrest J. Agee, e.a., Explosively Driven Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator Studies. Tenth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, 1995.2: p. 1068-1073
16. Russian Generator Expldes, http://www.de.afrl.af.mil.
17.马寿齐、王炳成等,炸药能量利用的某些途径.爆炸与冲击,1984.4(3):p.87-96.
18.王大伦,黄常纲,爆炸磁流体发电机研究进展、关键问题及其技术方案.2003.
19.陈敬平,章冠人,经福谦,冲击压缩下稠密Ar等离子体温度测量.爆炸与冲击,1999.19(3):p.204-209.
20.孙承纬、卫玉章、周之奎,应用爆轰物理学.2000,北京:国防工业出版社.
21.克拉尔、特里维尔皮斯,等离子体物理学原理.1983,北京:原子能出版社.
22.邵福球,等离子体粒子模拟.2002,北京:科学出版社.
23.格罗斯等著,等离子体技术.1980,北京 科学出版社.
24.霍裕平等译,等离子体和流体:1996,北京 科学出版社.
25.陈敬平,章冠人,经福谦等,非理想等离子体Hugonit曲线研究,in核聚变与等离子体物理.1999.p.144-152.
26.罗沙著,R.J.,磁流体发电,南京工学院磁流体发电科研组译.1975:科学出版社.
27. H.J. Pain, P.R.S., Experiments on Power Generation from a moving Plasma, , in J.of Fluid Mechanics. 1951. p. 51-64.
28.C.H.约翰逊,P.A.珀.,猛炸药爆轰学.《猛炸药爆轰学》译校组.1976:国防工业出版社.
29.张守中主编,爆炸基本原理.1988:国防工业出版社.
30.鲍姆,斯达纽柯维奇,爆炸物理学.1963:科学出版社.
31.李有宽、陈栋泉,氢的高密度等离子体物态方程,in高压物理学报.2001.p.271-276.
32.王藩候、径福谦,应用Saha方程计算氩等离子体的Hugonit物态方程,in原子与分子物理学报.2001.p.285-288.
33.徐锡申、张万箱,实用物态方程引论.1986,北京:科学出版社.
34. G.A. Shvetsov, V.M.T. High Energy Electric Pulse Generation by Cumulative Explosion. in International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics (4th : 1986 : Santa Fe, N.M.) 1979. New York: Plenum Press.
35. Heinz, k., Pulsed High Magnetic Fields. 1970: North-Holland Publishing Company.
36.赵士达,爆炸容器,in爆炸与冲击(EXPLOSION AND SHOCK WAVES).1989.p.85-96.
37.邵国华,超高压容器设计.1983,上海:上海科学技术出版社.
38.马晓青,冲击动力学.1992,北京:北京理工大学出版社.
39. Glenn, A., Explosive containment with spherically tampedpowders. J. Appl. Phys., 1986. 60(10): p. 3482-3488.
40. R.V. harrowell, W.T.N., Some Aspects of the Design of Magnets for MHD Generators. p. 1035-1048.
41. Ronald J. Kaye, E.C.C., et al., Design and performance of Sandia's contactless Coilgun for 50 mm projectiles. IEEE Trans. on magnetics, 1993.29(1): p. 691-695.
42. Robert Kratz, P.W., Principles ofpulsed magnet design: Berlin;New York : Springer, c2002.
43.居滋象,吕友昌,荆伯弘,开环磁流体发电.1998,北京:北京工业大学出版社.
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