城市岩体开挖爆破振动效应及安全控制研究
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摘要
许多岩土工程都使用爆破进行石方开挖,爆破在能够带来便捷的同时也产生了一些灾害效应,爆破振动灾害效应便是其中之一。在城市中使用爆破进行岩体开挖,爆破振动不仅对建构筑物造成破坏,还使人们的心理受到伤害,因此必须予以控制。鉴于此,本文采用理论研究和现场试验相结合的方法,对岩体爆破振动效应、爆破振动安全判据和爆破振动安全控制进行了深入的研究,具体进行了以下研究:
①分析了爆破地震波的产生机理和其所具有的特征,讨论了爆破振动与自然地震的区别,分析了不同装药结构的炮孔内壁上最大压力的计算方法。
②分析了单个柱状药包和球形药包在岩体中起爆引起的岩体振动效应,针对以前爆破振动模型的不足,改变作用在炮孔内壁上的动压力,将岩体体系简化为单自由度体系,运用结构动力学建立了单个柱状药包和球形药包在岩体中起爆引起岩体振动的模型。采用经验方法和理论方法对群药包同时起爆引起的岩体振动效应进行了分析,得到了爆破振动强度的分布规律。
③研究了爆破地震波在结构强面和结构弱面处的反射与透射,通过算例,分析了反、透射波的位移振幅随入射角的变化规律,以及爆破地震波的传播效果随入射角的变化规律。推导出了结构面临界入射波位移振幅和临界安全振速的表达式,建立了计算结构弱面两侧岩体滑动位移差的公式,分析了结构弱面两侧岩体相互错动程度随入射角的变化规律。建立了爆破地震波通过软弱夹层的应力衰减模型,并通过一算例进行了计算,得到了软弱夹层厚度及距爆源距离与爆破地震波应力及能量衰减的关系。
④进行了岩体爆破振动速度的现场监测试验,对建立的单个柱状药包和球形药包起爆引起岩体振动的模型进行了验证。进行了最大振速预测试验,提出了一种监测点布置方法。进行了软弱夹层影响爆破振动信号的试验,得到了软弱夹层对爆破振动信号的影响规律,依据影响规律提出了采用爆破振动信号来识别软弱夹层的近似简便方法。
⑤分析了爆破振动三要素、爆破振动累积效应以及建构筑物本身物理特性对建构筑物在爆破振动作用下的破坏机理的影响,对已有爆破振动安全判据进行了评价。针对已有安全判据的不足之处,在建构筑物爆破振动破坏机理的基础上建立了新的安全判据,并通过现场试验对所建立的安全判据进行了验证。
⑥按照岩体完整性系数将爆破地震波传播途经的地质条件进行量化,并纳入相关因素变量,采用灰色关联方法得出了影响爆破振动效应因素的重要度顺序。根据影响因素的重要度顺序,制定了六点安全控制措施,并通过现场试验验证了安全控制措施的实效性。
Blasting is used for excavating rock in many geotechnical engineerings, which brings convenience while some disaster effects ,such as blasting vibration is created. Using blasting to excavate rock in the city,blasting vibration not only damages architectural structures but also harms people psychologically, therefore it must be controlled.In view of this, blasting vibration effect ,safety criterion and blasting vibration effect safety controlling are researched deeply by combining theoretical study and field test in this paper, the following specific aspects are researched:
①The mechanism and characteristics of blasting seismic wave are analyzed,the difference between blasting vibration and natural earthquake are discussed and the methods of calculating the maximum pressure on hole wall in different charging structures are analyzed.
②The vibration effect caused by a single cylindrical charge and spherical charge explosion in rock are analyzed, for the lack of previous blasting vibration models,the dynamic pressure on the wall of hole is changed and rock is simplified as single DOF system,then the rock vibration models caused by a cylindrical charge and spherical charge explosion in rock are established by using structural dynamics. The distribution of blasting vibration intensity are obtained through the study on vibration that is caused by charges simultaneous blasting empirically and theoretically.
③The blasting seismic wave’s reflection and transmission in high-intensity structural plane and low-intensity structural plane are researched,through the examples, the displacement amplitude’s variation of reflected and transmitted wave with the incident angle,and the variation of blasting seismic wave propagation effect with the incident angle are analyzed.And the expressions of critical displacement amplitude of incident wave and critical safety vibration velocity in structural plane are deduced,also the formula that can calculate sliding displacement difference of the rock in the both sides of low-intensity structural plane is established, and the variation of mutual dislocation’s degree of the rock in the both sides of low-intensity structural plane with incident angle is analyzed. The stress attenuation model of blasting seismic wave through soft interlayer is established, and then the relationship between the stress and energy attenuation of blasting seismic wave and thickness of soft interlayer and distance from soft interlayer to explosion source are obtained with example - calculating.
④With field monitoring tests of rock blasting vibration velocity and the established rock vibration models caused by a single cylindrical charge and spherical charge explosion in rock are verified.And one method of arranging measurement points is proposed in doing the predicting– peak - velocity experiments. The experiments that how soft interlayer impacts on blasting signal were did, the law about soft interlayer affects blasting vibration signal is obtained,according to the law,the approximate and simple method that soft interlayer can be identify by blasting vibration signal is proposed.
⑤The damage mechanism of architectural structures under blasting vibration influenced by three factors of blasting vibration, accumulated vibration effects and physical characteristics of architectural structures itself are analyzed, the existing blasting safety criterion are evaluated. Towards the inadequacies of these safety criterion, a new one is established based on the damage mechanism of architectural structures under blasting vibration, and which is verified by field tests.
⑥Taking the rock mass completeness modulus as a standard, quantifying the geological conditions that the blasting seismic wave passes through and making it as a related factor,the importance order of the factors that affect blasting effect are obtained by using grey relation method.According to the importance order of these factors,six measures for safety controlling are brought forward and their effectiveness are verified by field tests.
①分析了爆破地震波的产生机理和其所具有的特征,讨论了爆破振动与自然地震的区别,分析了不同装药结构的炮孔内壁上最大压力的计算方法。
②分析了单个柱状药包和球形药包在岩体中起爆引起的岩体振动效应,针对以前爆破振动模型的不足,改变作用在炮孔内壁上的动压力,将岩体体系简化为单自由度体系,运用结构动力学建立了单个柱状药包和球形药包在岩体中起爆引起岩体振动的模型。采用经验方法和理论方法对群药包同时起爆引起的岩体振动效应进行了分析,得到了爆破振动强度的分布规律。
③研究了爆破地震波在结构强面和结构弱面处的反射与透射,通过算例,分析了反、透射波的位移振幅随入射角的变化规律,以及爆破地震波的传播效果随入射角的变化规律。推导出了结构面临界入射波位移振幅和临界安全振速的表达式,建立了计算结构弱面两侧岩体滑动位移差的公式,分析了结构弱面两侧岩体相互错动程度随入射角的变化规律。建立了爆破地震波通过软弱夹层的应力衰减模型,并通过一算例进行了计算,得到了软弱夹层厚度及距爆源距离与爆破地震波应力及能量衰减的关系。
④进行了岩体爆破振动速度的现场监测试验,对建立的单个柱状药包和球形药包起爆引起岩体振动的模型进行了验证。进行了最大振速预测试验,提出了一种监测点布置方法。进行了软弱夹层影响爆破振动信号的试验,得到了软弱夹层对爆破振动信号的影响规律,依据影响规律提出了采用爆破振动信号来识别软弱夹层的近似简便方法。
⑤分析了爆破振动三要素、爆破振动累积效应以及建构筑物本身物理特性对建构筑物在爆破振动作用下的破坏机理的影响,对已有爆破振动安全判据进行了评价。针对已有安全判据的不足之处,在建构筑物爆破振动破坏机理的基础上建立了新的安全判据,并通过现场试验对所建立的安全判据进行了验证。
⑥按照岩体完整性系数将爆破地震波传播途经的地质条件进行量化,并纳入相关因素变量,采用灰色关联方法得出了影响爆破振动效应因素的重要度顺序。根据影响因素的重要度顺序,制定了六点安全控制措施,并通过现场试验验证了安全控制措施的实效性。
Blasting is used for excavating rock in many geotechnical engineerings, which brings convenience while some disaster effects ,such as blasting vibration is created. Using blasting to excavate rock in the city,blasting vibration not only damages architectural structures but also harms people psychologically, therefore it must be controlled.In view of this, blasting vibration effect ,safety criterion and blasting vibration effect safety controlling are researched deeply by combining theoretical study and field test in this paper, the following specific aspects are researched:
①The mechanism and characteristics of blasting seismic wave are analyzed,the difference between blasting vibration and natural earthquake are discussed and the methods of calculating the maximum pressure on hole wall in different charging structures are analyzed.
②The vibration effect caused by a single cylindrical charge and spherical charge explosion in rock are analyzed, for the lack of previous blasting vibration models,the dynamic pressure on the wall of hole is changed and rock is simplified as single DOF system,then the rock vibration models caused by a cylindrical charge and spherical charge explosion in rock are established by using structural dynamics. The distribution of blasting vibration intensity are obtained through the study on vibration that is caused by charges simultaneous blasting empirically and theoretically.
③The blasting seismic wave’s reflection and transmission in high-intensity structural plane and low-intensity structural plane are researched,through the examples, the displacement amplitude’s variation of reflected and transmitted wave with the incident angle,and the variation of blasting seismic wave propagation effect with the incident angle are analyzed.And the expressions of critical displacement amplitude of incident wave and critical safety vibration velocity in structural plane are deduced,also the formula that can calculate sliding displacement difference of the rock in the both sides of low-intensity structural plane is established, and the variation of mutual dislocation’s degree of the rock in the both sides of low-intensity structural plane with incident angle is analyzed. The stress attenuation model of blasting seismic wave through soft interlayer is established, and then the relationship between the stress and energy attenuation of blasting seismic wave and thickness of soft interlayer and distance from soft interlayer to explosion source are obtained with example - calculating.
④With field monitoring tests of rock blasting vibration velocity and the established rock vibration models caused by a single cylindrical charge and spherical charge explosion in rock are verified.And one method of arranging measurement points is proposed in doing the predicting– peak - velocity experiments. The experiments that how soft interlayer impacts on blasting signal were did, the law about soft interlayer affects blasting vibration signal is obtained,according to the law,the approximate and simple method that soft interlayer can be identify by blasting vibration signal is proposed.
⑤The damage mechanism of architectural structures under blasting vibration influenced by three factors of blasting vibration, accumulated vibration effects and physical characteristics of architectural structures itself are analyzed, the existing blasting safety criterion are evaluated. Towards the inadequacies of these safety criterion, a new one is established based on the damage mechanism of architectural structures under blasting vibration, and which is verified by field tests.
⑥Taking the rock mass completeness modulus as a standard, quantifying the geological conditions that the blasting seismic wave passes through and making it as a related factor,the importance order of the factors that affect blasting effect are obtained by using grey relation method.According to the importance order of these factors,six measures for safety controlling are brought forward and their effectiveness are verified by field tests.
引文
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