利维斯与英国小说传统的重估
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摘要
在20世纪英国文学批评中,弗·雷·利维斯(F. R. Leavis, 1895-1978)占据着一个举足轻重的地位。在漫长的批评生涯中,他不仅为人们奉献了一部又一部有分量的批评论著,重新改写了英国诗歌史和英国小说史,而且通过他苦心创办的《细察》杂志,培养了一支稳定的评论队伍和一批忠实的读者,极大地扩展了严肃文学在现代社会的影响。
如果说利维斯早期的诗歌批评在理论上多少有所依循的话,那么,他对英国小说传统的重新评价,则更多地显示了他作为一个卓越批评家的思想锋芒和挑战精神。因此,作为一种研究策略,本文选择利维斯的小说批评为主要研究课题,力图通过对其小说批评实践的细致梳理,辨析其小说批评的基本概念,在充分肯定利维斯批评成就和启示意义的同时,也对他的种种缺憾作了分析和评价。本文力图表明,在文学研究日趋边缘化的时代,我们需要的正是利维斯这样的批评家,以便唤醒一种毫不含糊的甄别意识,重新认识伟大的文学传统在当今文化建设中的不可替代的作用。而作为对利维斯研究的一种补充,本文的附录部分则探讨了利维斯夫人的简·奥斯丁评论。
F. R. Leavis (1895-1978) occupies a predominant position in the 20th century English literary criticism. He had long taught at the University of Cambridge Downing College and is considered as a brilliant and maverick critic. In his long critical career, he has compiled countless critical works and founded with great efforts Scrutiny, the literary critical quarterly magazine, which cultivates a stable critical team and faithful readers, extends the influence of serious literature greatly in the modern society. In other words, Leavis’position in the 20th century English literary criticism can be parallel to that of Samuel Johnson in the 18th century English literature and that of Matthew Arnold in the 19th century English literature.
Leavis’early works, New Bearings in English Poetry (1932) and Reevaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry (1936), embody Leavis’evaluation of English poetry and its tradition, but his research focus in his later critical works——The Great Tradition (1948), D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, (1955), Dickens the Novelist, (with Q.D. Leavis, 1970) has turned to the studies on the history of English fiction. If we say Leavis has some previous practices to follow in the field of poetry criticism, he is actually a lonely pioneer in the kingdom of English fiction criticism. It is through those drastic revision that not only does Leavis reevaluate the great tradition of the English fiction but also arouse a sense of unambiguous and differentiable awareness. After a survey of Leavis’entire critical career, undoubtedly, we can find that fiction criticism which shows Leavis’thought abilities and challenging spirit as an excellent critic is more significant.
In addition to preface and conclusion, this paper consists of three chapters and an appendix. The basic contents are as follows: The first chapter is entitled Leavis on English novelists, the aim of it intends to comment on Leavis’main achievements in the field of fiction criticism. It is through the comments on the six novelists: Jane Austen, George Eliot, Charles Dickens, Henry James, Joseph Conrad and D. H. Lawrence that Leavis asserted that those writers inherit Shakespeare’s humanistic care and form the main line of evolution of English fiction tradition which calls for the writers to care about the current living condition of the human beings and replay the various possibilities of life in an art world vividly and convincingly through the superb language arts. Therefore, the novels by those great writers are also an expression of life affirmation; they motivate their readers to reflect on the society.
The purpose of the second chapter is to examine the basic concepts in Leavis’fiction criticism and analyze their rich implications. These basic concepts are also judgment standards of Leavis’fiction criticism, including“moral concern”“life affirmation”“the great tradition”“impersonality”and“maturity”. As the paper points out that the basic concepts above dominate leavis’whole critical practice although they aren’t given a clear and systematic definitions, which indicates that combing and clarifying these basic concepts commonly used in Leavis fiction criticism is undoubtedly of great significance for full understanding of Leavis’fiction criticism.
The third chapter entitled the weakness and insight of Leavis’fiction criticism is an overall assessment of Leavis’fiction criticism. On the one hand, this paper attempts to analyze the weakness existing in Leavis’fiction criticism; on the other hand, tries to explore the currently referential significance of Leavis’literary criticism. We tend to neglect the "moral concern" and "human consciousness" exhibiting in the great novels while talking about all kinds of "discourses", "functions", "perspectives" and other literary terms or immersing in the analysis of numerous narrative texts. Leavis’critical works full of humanistic care will draw our attention to the issues of relationships of“novel and life”and“novel and morality”.
The focus of the appendix part is put on Mrs. Leavis’remarks on Jane Austen’s writings, its main reference materials are based on A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s writing and her meticulous reading of Sense and Sensibility and Mansfield Parks. The reasons behind this are, on the one hand, to highlight Mrs. Leavis’prominent accomplishments as an excellent female critic; On the other hand, these comments are no doubt an important supplement to a full understanding of Leavis' literary criticism cause.
This paper seeks to show that in the times of the increasing marginalization of literary studies what we need urgently is the critics acting like Leavis who helps us arouse a sense of unambiguous and differentiable awareness and reacquaint the irreplaceable role of the great literary tradition in the present cultural construction.
如果说利维斯早期的诗歌批评在理论上多少有所依循的话,那么,他对英国小说传统的重新评价,则更多地显示了他作为一个卓越批评家的思想锋芒和挑战精神。因此,作为一种研究策略,本文选择利维斯的小说批评为主要研究课题,力图通过对其小说批评实践的细致梳理,辨析其小说批评的基本概念,在充分肯定利维斯批评成就和启示意义的同时,也对他的种种缺憾作了分析和评价。本文力图表明,在文学研究日趋边缘化的时代,我们需要的正是利维斯这样的批评家,以便唤醒一种毫不含糊的甄别意识,重新认识伟大的文学传统在当今文化建设中的不可替代的作用。而作为对利维斯研究的一种补充,本文的附录部分则探讨了利维斯夫人的简·奥斯丁评论。
F. R. Leavis (1895-1978) occupies a predominant position in the 20th century English literary criticism. He had long taught at the University of Cambridge Downing College and is considered as a brilliant and maverick critic. In his long critical career, he has compiled countless critical works and founded with great efforts Scrutiny, the literary critical quarterly magazine, which cultivates a stable critical team and faithful readers, extends the influence of serious literature greatly in the modern society. In other words, Leavis’position in the 20th century English literary criticism can be parallel to that of Samuel Johnson in the 18th century English literature and that of Matthew Arnold in the 19th century English literature.
Leavis’early works, New Bearings in English Poetry (1932) and Reevaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry (1936), embody Leavis’evaluation of English poetry and its tradition, but his research focus in his later critical works——The Great Tradition (1948), D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, (1955), Dickens the Novelist, (with Q.D. Leavis, 1970) has turned to the studies on the history of English fiction. If we say Leavis has some previous practices to follow in the field of poetry criticism, he is actually a lonely pioneer in the kingdom of English fiction criticism. It is through those drastic revision that not only does Leavis reevaluate the great tradition of the English fiction but also arouse a sense of unambiguous and differentiable awareness. After a survey of Leavis’entire critical career, undoubtedly, we can find that fiction criticism which shows Leavis’thought abilities and challenging spirit as an excellent critic is more significant.
In addition to preface and conclusion, this paper consists of three chapters and an appendix. The basic contents are as follows: The first chapter is entitled Leavis on English novelists, the aim of it intends to comment on Leavis’main achievements in the field of fiction criticism. It is through the comments on the six novelists: Jane Austen, George Eliot, Charles Dickens, Henry James, Joseph Conrad and D. H. Lawrence that Leavis asserted that those writers inherit Shakespeare’s humanistic care and form the main line of evolution of English fiction tradition which calls for the writers to care about the current living condition of the human beings and replay the various possibilities of life in an art world vividly and convincingly through the superb language arts. Therefore, the novels by those great writers are also an expression of life affirmation; they motivate their readers to reflect on the society.
The purpose of the second chapter is to examine the basic concepts in Leavis’fiction criticism and analyze their rich implications. These basic concepts are also judgment standards of Leavis’fiction criticism, including“moral concern”“life affirmation”“the great tradition”“impersonality”and“maturity”. As the paper points out that the basic concepts above dominate leavis’whole critical practice although they aren’t given a clear and systematic definitions, which indicates that combing and clarifying these basic concepts commonly used in Leavis fiction criticism is undoubtedly of great significance for full understanding of Leavis’fiction criticism.
The third chapter entitled the weakness and insight of Leavis’fiction criticism is an overall assessment of Leavis’fiction criticism. On the one hand, this paper attempts to analyze the weakness existing in Leavis’fiction criticism; on the other hand, tries to explore the currently referential significance of Leavis’literary criticism. We tend to neglect the "moral concern" and "human consciousness" exhibiting in the great novels while talking about all kinds of "discourses", "functions", "perspectives" and other literary terms or immersing in the analysis of numerous narrative texts. Leavis’critical works full of humanistic care will draw our attention to the issues of relationships of“novel and life”and“novel and morality”.
The focus of the appendix part is put on Mrs. Leavis’remarks on Jane Austen’s writings, its main reference materials are based on A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s writing and her meticulous reading of Sense and Sensibility and Mansfield Parks. The reasons behind this are, on the one hand, to highlight Mrs. Leavis’prominent accomplishments as an excellent female critic; On the other hand, these comments are no doubt an important supplement to a full understanding of Leavis' literary criticism cause.
This paper seeks to show that in the times of the increasing marginalization of literary studies what we need urgently is the critics acting like Leavis who helps us arouse a sense of unambiguous and differentiable awareness and reacquaint the irreplaceable role of the great literary tradition in the present cultural construction.
引文
[1] P. J. M. Robertson, The Leavises on Fiction, St. Martin’s Press, 1981, p. vii.
[1] George Steiner, F. R. Leavis, in David Lodge ed., 20th Century Literary Criticism, Longman Group limited, 1972, pp. 622-624.
[2] R. Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism, vol. 5, Yale University Press, 1986, p. 254.
[1] F. R. Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, Harmondsworth, 1964, p.19.
[1] F. R. Leavis, The Common Pursuit, Hammondsport, 1962, p. 200.
[1] R. P. Bilan, The Literary Criticism of F. R.Leavis, Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 6.
[1]聂珍钊:《剑桥学术传统与研究方法:从利维斯谈起》,见《外国文学研究》2004年第6期,第7页。
[2]刘雪岚:《回顾“伟大的传统”—弗·雷·利维斯的启示》,见《外国文学》1999年第5期,第47页。
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[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第203页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第206页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第215页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第228-229页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第209页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第248页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第213页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第276页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第376页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第28页。
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[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第297页。
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[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第317页。
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[1] T. S. Eliot,“Philip Massinger”, in Selected Essays, Faber And Faber Limited, 1932, p.212.
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[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 21.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 273.
[1] Robert Garis,“Dickens Criticism”, in Victorian Studies, VII, June, 1964, p. 378.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, preface ix.
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[2] Q. D. Leavis, Fiction And The Reading Public, Penguin Books Ltd, 1979, p. 156.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 220-221.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 27.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 29.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 163.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 171.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 172-173.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 288.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 214.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 265.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 265.
[1] Georg Lukacs, Writer and Critic, London : Merlin Press,1949.pp18-19.
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[1] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 17.
[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 18.
[1] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 25.
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[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 27.
[3] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, pp. 105-106.
[1] D. H. Lawrence,“Morality and the Novel”, in D. H. Lawrence, Selected Literary Criticism, p. 113.
[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 211.
[3] F. R. Leavis, For Continuity, Cambridge: Minority Press, 1933, p. 117.
[4] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 102.
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[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, pp. 21-22.
[1] Mark Spilka, D. H .Lawrence: A Collection of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963, p. 4.
[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 203.
[1] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 205.
[2] Roger Poole,“The Affirmation Is of Life: The Later Criticism of F. R. Leavis”, Universities Quarterly, XXIX, 1974, winter, p. 64.
[3]Mark Spilka, D. H .Lawrence: A Collection of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963, p. 5.
[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 15.
[2] F. R. Leavis, Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and thought in Lawrence, London: Chatto & Windus, 1976, p. 20.
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[3] David Lodge, The Language of Fiction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966, p. 68.
[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 11-12.
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[2] F. R .Leavis,“Johnson and Augustanism”, in The Common Pursuit, pp. 110-111.
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[1] F. R. Leavis,“James as Critic”, in Morris Shapira ed., Introduction to Henry James, Selected LiteraryCriticism, London: Willism Heinemann, 1963, p. xviii.
[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 14.
[3] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 5.
[4] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 84.
[1] Aldous Huxley ed., The Letters of D.H.Lawrence, London: William Heinemann, 1932, p. 68.
[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 120.
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[2] J. R. Harvey,“The Leavis’s Dickens, rev.of Dickens the Novelist,”in Cambridge Quarterly, 1972, 6, p. 89.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 285.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 285-286.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 287.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 296.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 297.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 301.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 334.
[2] Rene Wellek,“The Literary Criticism of Frank Raymond Leavis”, in Carol Camden ed., Literary Views: Critical and Historical Essays, p. 190.
[3] George Steiner, Language and Silence, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969, p. 230.
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[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 49.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第23页。
[3] Henry James,“Review of George Eliot’s Middlemarch”, in Leon Edel ed., The Future of the Novel, New York: Vintage Books, 1956, p. 89.
[4]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第24页。
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[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第28页。
[1] John Gross, The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969, p. 278.
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[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 145
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 356.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 358.
[3] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 145-146.
[4] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 145-146.
[1] F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English Poetry, London: Chatto & Windus, 1932, p. 19.
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第14页。
[2] T. S. Eliot,“Tradition and Individual Talent”, in Selected Essays, Faber and Faber Limited, 1932, p. 18.
[1] F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English Poetry, London: Chatto & Windus, 1932, p. 96.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第93页。
[1] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 180-181.
[2] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 180-181.
[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 11-12.
[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 11-12.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第54页。
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 291-292.
[2] F. R. Leavis, Introduction to Daniel Deronda, London: Panther, 1970, pp. 12-13.
[1] F. R. Leavis, Introduction to Daniel Deronda, London: Panther, 1970, pp. 12-13.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第282页。
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[2]代显梅:《传统与现代之间:亨利·詹姆斯的小说理论》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年,第111页。
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis,“Yeats: The Problem and the Challenge”, in Lectures in America, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, p. 75.
[4] F. R. Leavis, English Literature in Our time and the University, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, p. 144.
[1] F. R. Leavis, English Literature in Our time and the University, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, p. 139.
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[1] Bernard Bergonzi,“Literary Criticism and Humanist Morality”, in Blackfriars, 1962, vol. 43, pp. 14-15.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第149页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第155-156页。
[2] F. R. Leavis, Revaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry, London: Chatto & Windus, 1936, p. 14.
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[5]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第14页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第384页。
[2] Graham Hough, An Essay on Criticism, New York: W. W .Norton and Company, Inc., 1966, p. 38.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第79页。
[1] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 55.
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[1] J. M. Newton“,Review of Anna Karenina and Other Essays”, in The Cambridge Quarterly, vol. 3, 1957-1958, p. 362.
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[1] F. R. Leavis,“Henry James and the Function of Criticism”, in The Common Pursuit, p. 228.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第259页。
[3]雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》,杨自伍译,第五卷,上海译文出版社,2002年,第390页。
[1]雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》,杨自伍译,第五卷,上海译文出版社,2002年,第391页。
[2] G. Singh, F.R.Leavis: A Lliterary Biography with Q.D.Leavis‘Memoir’of F.R.Leavis, London: Duckworth, 1995, p. 1.
[1]乔治·斯坦纳:《弗·雷·李维斯》,见戴维·洛奇编《二十世纪文学评论》,下册,葛林等译,上海译文出版社,1993年,第433页。
[2] F. R. Leavis,“Towards Standards of Criticism”, in Wishart ed., Selections from The Calender of Modern Letters, London, 1933, preface.
[1]乔治·斯坦纳:《弗·雷·李维斯》,见戴维·洛奇编《二十世纪文学评论》,下册,葛林等译,上海译文出版社,1993年,第413页。
[2] F. R. Leavis, Mass Civilization and Minority Culture, Cambridge: Gordon Fraser, 1930, p. 30.
[1] Edmund Wilson, A Literary Chronicle: 1920-1950, New York, 1950, p. 304.
[2]艾德蒙·威尔逊:《漫谈奥斯汀》,见朱虹编《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第136页。
[1]乔·亨·刘易斯:《关于奥斯丁》,见朱虹编《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第33页。
[2]夏绿蒂·勃朗特:《关于奥斯汀的书简》,见《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第53页。
[3]瓦尔特·艾伦:《简·奥斯汀》,见《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第157页。
[1]奎·多·利维斯:《〈傲慢与偏见〉和奥斯丁早年的读书与写作》,见《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司, 1985年,第112-114页。
[1] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. 65.
[2]阿诺德·凯特尔:《简·奥斯汀:〈爱玛〉》,见朱虹编《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第247页。
[1] Andrew Wright, Jane Austen’s Novels, Harmondsworth, 1962, pp. 96-97.
[2] Marvin Mudrick, Jane Austen, University of California Press, 1952, pp. 91-93.
[3] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. 22.
[4] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. 22.
[1] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Sense and Sensibility, London,1958, p. xv.
[2] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Sense and Sensibility, London,1958, p. xviii.
[3] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Sense and Sensibility, London,1958, pp. x-xi.
[1] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p p. 59-61.
[1] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Mansfield, Macdonald 1957, pp. xiii-xiv.
[1] Lionel Trilling, Pelican Guide to English Literature, Harmondsworth, 1957, vol. v, p. 128.
[2] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942, Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. xv.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第8页。
[1] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942, Cambridge University Press, 1963, pp. xvi-xvii.
[1] F.R.Leavis, Mass Civilization and Minority Culture, Gordon Fraser, Cambridge, 1930.
[2] F.R.Leavis, D. H. Lawrence, Gordon Fraser, Cambridge, 1930.
[3] F.R.Leavis, New bearings in English Poetry: A study of the contemporary situation, Chatto&Windus, London, 1932.
[4] F.R.Leavis, How to Teach Reading: A prime for Ezra Pound, Gordon Fraser, Cambridge, 1932.
[5] F.R.Leavis, For Continuity, Minority Press, Cambridge, 1933.
[6] F.R.Leavis, Culture and Environment: The training of critical awareness, with Denys Thompson, Chatto&Windus, London; Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1933.
[7] F.R.Leavis, Towards Standards of Criticism: Selections from the Calendar of Modern Letters edited and introduced, Wishard, London, 1933.
[8] F.R.Leavis, Determinations: Critical Essays, ed., Chatto&Windus, London, 1934.
[9] F.R.Leavis, Reevaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry, Chatto & Windus, London; Macmillan, Toronto, 1936.
[10] F.R.Leavis, Education and the University: A sketch for an‘English School’, Chatto&Windus, London; Macmillan, Toronto, 1943.
[11] F.R.Leavis, The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad , Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1948.
[12] F.R.Leavis, The Common Pursuit, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1952.
[13] F.R.Leavis, D.H.Lawrence: Novelist, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin Toronto, 1955.
[14] F.R.Leavis, Two Cultures? The Significance of C .P. Snow with an essay by Michael Yudkin on Snow’s Rede Lecture of 1959, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1962 .
[15] F.R.Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1967.
[16] F.R.Leavis, A Selection from Scrutiny, 2vols, edited, Cambridge University Press ,Cambridge, 1968.
[17] F.R.Leavis, Lectures in America, with Q.D. Leavis, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1969.
[18] F.R.Leavis, English Literature in Our time and the University: The Clark Lectures 1967, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1969.
[19] F.R.Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, with Q.D. Leavis, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1970.
[20] F.R.Leavis, Nor Shall My Sword: Discourses on pluralism, compassion and social hope, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1972.
[21] F.R.Leavis, Letters in Criticism, edited by J·Tasker, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1974.
[22] F.R.Leavis, The Living Principle:‘English’as a principle of thought, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1975.
[23] F.R.Leavis, Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and thought in Lawrence, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1976.
[24] F.R.Leavis, The Critic as Anti-Philosopher: Essays and papers, edited by G.Singh, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1982.
[25] F.R.Leavis,‘Valuation in Criticism’and Other Essays, edited by G.Singh,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
[1]弗·雷·利维斯著:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002。
[1] Towards Standards of Criticism: Selection from‘The Calendar of modern Letters’1925-1927. Chosen and with and Introduction by F. R. Leavis. London: wishart.1933.
[2] Biaggini, E. G. English in Australia: Taste and Training in a modern Community. Foreword by F. R. Leavis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, in association with Oxford University Press, 1933.
[3] Determinations: Critical Essays. Introduction by F.R. Leavis. London: Chatto & Windus, June 1934.
[4] Biaggini, E. G. The reading and writing of English. Preface by F. R. Leavis London: Hutchinson, 1936.
[5] Mill on Bentham and Coleridge. Introduction by F. R. Leavis. London: Chatto & Windus, November 1950.
[6] Bewley, Marius. The Complex Fate: Hawthorne, Henry James and Some Other American Writers. Introduction and Two Interpolations by F. R. Leavis. London: Chatto & Windus, 1952.
[7] Twain, Mark. Pudd’nhead Wilson: A Tale. Introduction by F. R. Leavis. London: Zodiac Press, 1955.
[8] Conrad, Joseph. Nostromo: A Tale of the Seaboard. Foreword by F. R. Leavis. Signet Classics. New York: New American Library, 1960.
[9] Eliot, George. Daniel Deronda. Introduction by F. R.Leavis. New York: Harper, 1961.
[10] Eliot, George. Adam Bede. Foreword by F.R.Leavis. New York: New American Library, 1961.
[11] James, Henry. Selected Literary Criticism. Edited by Morris Shapira. Preface by F.R.Leavis.London; Heinemann, 1963.
[12] Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim’s Progress. Afterword by F. R Leavis. Everyman’s Library, London: Dent, 1964.
[13] Eliot, George. Felix Holt, the Radical. Introduction by F.R.Leavis. Everyman’s Library London: Dent, 1967.
[14] A Selection from‘Scrutiny’. Compiled by F.R.Leavis. Prefatory by F.R.Leavis. Two Volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
[1] Q.D.Leavis, A Critical Theory Of Jane Austen’s Writings, Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, X, 1941-42, Cambridge, At The University Press, 1963.
[2] Q.D.Leavis, The Discipline Of Letters’: A Sociological Note. Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, XII, 1944-45, Cambridge, At The University Press, 1963.
[3] Q.D.Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, with F·R·Leavis, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1970.
[4] Q.D.Leavis, Fiction And The Reading Public, Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England,1979.
[1] Baldick, Chris. The Social Mission of English Criticism 1848-1932. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
[2] Beach, Jpseph Warren. The Method of Henry James. Philadelphia: Albert Saifer, 1954.
[3] Bell, M., F.R.Leavis .Routledge, London and New York, 1988.
[4] Belsey, Catherine.‘Re-Reading the Great Tradition’, In Re-Reading English, pp. 121-135. Edited by Peter Widdowson. New Accents series. London: Methuen, 1982.
[5] Bergonzi, B.,‘Leavis and Eliot: the Long Road to Rejection’, in The Myth of Modernism and Twentieth Century Literature, Harvester, Brughton, 1986.
[6] Berland, Alwyn. Culture and Conduct in the Novels of Henry James. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
[7] Bilan, R.P., The Literary Criticism of F·R·Leavis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979.
[8] Boren, Lynda S. Eurydice Reclaimed: Language, Gender, and Voice in Henry James. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Research Press, 1989.
[9] Boton: G. K. Critical Essays on Henry James; the Late Novels. Hall&Co, 1987.
[10] Boyers, R., F.R.Leavis: Judgment and the Discipline of Thought, University of Missouri Press, Columbia, 1978.
[11] Bradbury, M., A Matter for Serious Scrutiny: F.R.Leavis in the 1950s, Andre Deutsch, London, 1987.
[12] Buckley, V., Poetry and Morality: Studies in the criticism of Matthew Arnold, T.S.Eliot and F.R.Leavis. Chatto&Windus, London, 1959.
[13] Cargill, Oscar. The Novels of Henry James. New York: Macmillan, 1961.
[14] Casey, J., The Language of Criticism. Methuen, London, 1966.
[15] Chatman, Seymour. The Late Style of Henry James. Westport, Greenwood Press, P publishers’, 1972.
[16] Cohn, Dorrit. Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
[17] Collini, Stefan. Public Moralists: Political Thought and intellectual Life in Britain.Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
[18] Cornelius, D.K., & E.St Vincent, Cultures in Conflict: Perspectives on the Snow-Leavis Controversy. Scott, Foresman, Chicago, 1964.
[19] Cowdery, Lawren T. The Nouvelle of Henry James in Theory and Practice. Ann Arbor: UMI Research P, 1986.
[20] Daugherty, Sarah B. The Literary Criticism of Henry James. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981.
[21] De La Mothe, John.C. P.Snow and the struggle of Modernity. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992.
[22] Doyle, Brian. English and Englishness. New Accents series. London: Routledge, 1989.
[23] Felprin, Howard.Beyond Deconstruction: The Uses and Abuses of Literary Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.[See Chapter One:‘Leavisism Revisited’]
[24] Fogel, Daniel Mark. Henry James and the Structure of the Romantic Imagination. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981.
[25] French, Philip. Three Honest Men: Edmund Wilson, F. R. Leavis, Lionel Trilling: a criticism mosaic. Machester; Carcanet New Press, 1980.
[26] Goode, John, ed. The Air of Reality; New Essays on Henry Hames. London: Methuen, 1972.
[27] Graham, Kenneth. Henry James, the Drama of Fulfillment: An Approach to the Novels. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.
[28] Greenwood, E., F.R.Leavis. Longman, London, 1978.
[29] Hayman, R., Leavis. Heinemann, London; Rowan Littlefield, Totowa, N.J., 1976.
[30] Hutchinson, Stuart. Henry James. London: Vision Press Limited, 1982.
[31] Inglis,F.,Radical Earnestness: English Social Theory 1880-1980,Martin Robertson, Oxford, 1982.
[32] Jacobson, Howard; Terry, Chris; and Jewel, P. J. Dr F. R. Leavis: The Ogre ofDowning Castle and other stories. Oxford: Oxonian Press, 1963.
[33] Kappeler, Sussane. Writing and Reading in Henry James. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1980.
[34] Kaston, Carren. Imagination and Desire in the Novels of Henry James. New Brunswick, N. J, Rutgers U P, 1984.
[35] Kinch, M.B., W. Baker and J.Kimber, F.R.Leavis and Q.D.Leavis: An Annotated Bibliography. Garland, London, New York, 1989.
[36] Kossman, Rudolph. Henry James: Dramatist. Groningen, Netherlands: Wolters-Noordhoff, 1969.
[37] MacKillop, Ian.‘F. R. Leavis’, A Life in Criticism. London: Allen Lane, 1995.
[38] Margolis, Anne T. Henry James and the Problem of Audience. Ann Arbor, Mich : UMI Research Press, 1985.
[39] Matthiessen, F .O. and Kenneth B. Murdock(ed). The Notebooks of Henry James. New York: Oxford U P, 1947.
[40] McCallum, P., Literature and Method: Towards a Critique of I.A.Richards, T.S.Eliot and F.R.Leavis. Gill and McMillan, Dublin, 1983.
[41] Mulhern, F., The Moment of‘Scrutiny’. New Left Books, London, 1979.
[42] O’Neill, Patrick. Fictions of Discourse: Reading Narrative Theory. Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1994.
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[23]约瑟夫·康拉德:《吉姆爷》,熊蕾译,北京:人民文学出版社, 2004年
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[1] George Steiner, F. R. Leavis, in David Lodge ed., 20th Century Literary Criticism, Longman Group limited, 1972, pp. 622-624.
[2] R. Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism, vol. 5, Yale University Press, 1986, p. 254.
[1] F. R. Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, Harmondsworth, 1964, p.19.
[1] F. R. Leavis, The Common Pursuit, Hammondsport, 1962, p. 200.
[1] R. P. Bilan, The Literary Criticism of F. R.Leavis, Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 6.
[1]聂珍钊:《剑桥学术传统与研究方法:从利维斯谈起》,见《外国文学研究》2004年第6期,第7页。
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[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第95页。
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[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第157页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第163页。
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[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第206页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第215页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第228-229页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第209页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第248页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第213页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第276页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第376页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第28页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第294页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第297页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第312页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第317页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第318-319页
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第326页。
[1] T. S. Eliot,“Philip Massinger”, in Selected Essays, Faber And Faber Limited, 1932, p.212.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第331页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第360页。
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[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第29页。
[2]加米尼·萨尔加多:《劳伦斯与浪漫主义》,见《劳伦斯评论集》,蒋炳贤编选,上海文艺出版社,1995年,第370页。
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[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第406页。
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 21.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 273.
[1] Robert Garis,“Dickens Criticism”, in Victorian Studies, VII, June, 1964, p. 378.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, preface ix.
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[2] Q. D. Leavis, Fiction And The Reading Public, Penguin Books Ltd, 1979, p. 156.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 220-221.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 27.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 29.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 163.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 171.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 172-173.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 288.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 214.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 265.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 265.
[1] Georg Lukacs, Writer and Critic, London : Merlin Press,1949.pp18-19.
[1]纳博科夫:《文学讲稿》。申慧辉等译,三联书店。2007.年,第111页。
[1] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 17.
[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 18.
[1] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 25.
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[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 27.
[3] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, pp. 105-106.
[1] D. H. Lawrence,“Morality and the Novel”, in D. H. Lawrence, Selected Literary Criticism, p. 113.
[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 211.
[3] F. R. Leavis, For Continuity, Cambridge: Minority Press, 1933, p. 117.
[4] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 102.
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[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, pp. 21-22.
[1] Mark Spilka, D. H .Lawrence: A Collection of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963, p. 4.
[2] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 203.
[1] F. R .Leavis, D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1955, p. 205.
[2] Roger Poole,“The Affirmation Is of Life: The Later Criticism of F. R. Leavis”, Universities Quarterly, XXIX, 1974, winter, p. 64.
[3]Mark Spilka, D. H .Lawrence: A Collection of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1963, p. 5.
[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 15.
[2] F. R. Leavis, Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and thought in Lawrence, London: Chatto & Windus, 1976, p. 20.
[1]侯维瑞:《现代英国小说史》,上海外语教育出版社,1996年,第136页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第11页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第14页。
[3] David Lodge, The Language of Fiction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966, p. 68.
[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 11-12.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第51-52页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第378页。
[2] A. D. Waldock,“The Status of Hard Times”, Southerly, 1948, 9, p. 33.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第232-233页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第251页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第350页。
[2] Graham Hough, The Dream and the Task, London: Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd, 1963, p. 50.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第26页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第95页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第100页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第52页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第52页。
[2] F. R .Leavis,“Johnson and Augustanism”, in The Common Pursuit, pp. 110-111.
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第3-4页。
[1] F. R. Leavis,“James as Critic”, in Morris Shapira ed., Introduction to Henry James, Selected LiteraryCriticism, London: Willism Heinemann, 1963, p. xviii.
[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 14.
[3] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 5.
[4] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 84.
[1] Aldous Huxley ed., The Letters of D.H.Lawrence, London: William Heinemann, 1932, p. 68.
[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 120.
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第332页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第389页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第384页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第387页。
[2] J. R. Harvey,“The Leavis’s Dickens, rev.of Dickens the Novelist,”in Cambridge Quarterly, 1972, 6, p. 89.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 285.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 285-286.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 287.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 296.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 297.
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 301.
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1972, p. 334.
[2] Rene Wellek,“The Literary Criticism of Frank Raymond Leavis”, in Carol Camden ed., Literary Views: Critical and Historical Essays, p. 190.
[3] George Steiner, Language and Silence, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969, p. 230.
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[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第8页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第12-13页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第14-15页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第15-16页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第17页。
[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 49.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第23页。
[3] Henry James,“Review of George Eliot’s Middlemarch”, in Leon Edel ed., The Future of the Novel, New York: Vintage Books, 1956, p. 89.
[4]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第24页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第25页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第27页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第28页。
[1] John Gross, The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969, p. 278.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第318页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第29页。
[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 145
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 356.
[2] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, p. 358.
[3] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 145-146.
[4] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 145-146.
[1] F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English Poetry, London: Chatto & Windus, 1932, p. 19.
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[2] T. S. Eliot,“Tradition and Individual Talent”, in Selected Essays, Faber and Faber Limited, 1932, p. 18.
[1] F. R. Leavis, New Bearings in English Poetry, London: Chatto & Windus, 1932, p. 96.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第93页。
[1] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 180-181.
[2] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 180-181.
[1] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 11-12.
[2] F. R. Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, pp. 11-12.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第54页。
[1] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, London: Chatto & Windus, 1970, pp. 291-292.
[2] F. R. Leavis, Introduction to Daniel Deronda, London: Panther, 1970, pp. 12-13.
[1] F. R. Leavis, Introduction to Daniel Deronda, London: Panther, 1970, pp. 12-13.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第282页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第279页。
[2]代显梅:《传统与现代之间:亨利·詹姆斯的小说理论》,社会科学文献出版社,2006年,第111页。
[3] F. R. Leavis and Q. D. Leavis,“Yeats: The Problem and the Challenge”, in Lectures in America, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, p. 75.
[4] F. R. Leavis, English Literature in Our time and the University, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, p. 144.
[1] F. R. Leavis, English Literature in Our time and the University, London: Chatto & Windus, 1969, p. 139.
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第66页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第70页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第71页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第92-93页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第135页。
[1] Bernard Bergonzi,“Literary Criticism and Humanist Morality”, in Blackfriars, 1962, vol. 43, pp. 14-15.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第149页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第155-156页。
[2] F. R. Leavis, Revaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry, London: Chatto & Windus, 1936, p. 14.
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第6-7页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第30页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第45页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第43页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第61页。
[4]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第63页。
[5]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第14页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第384页。
[2] Graham Hough, An Essay on Criticism, New York: W. W .Norton and Company, Inc., 1966, p. 38.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第79页。
[1] F. R. Leavis, Anna Karenina and Other Essays, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967, p. 55.
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第326页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第334页。
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第37页。
[1] J. M. Newton“,Review of Anna Karenina and Other Essays”, in The Cambridge Quarterly, vol. 3, 1957-1958, p. 362.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第260页。
[1]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第264页。
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第262页。
[1] F. R. Leavis,“Henry James and the Function of Criticism”, in The Common Pursuit, p. 228.
[2]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第259页。
[3]雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》,杨自伍译,第五卷,上海译文出版社,2002年,第390页。
[1]雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》,杨自伍译,第五卷,上海译文出版社,2002年,第391页。
[2] G. Singh, F.R.Leavis: A Lliterary Biography with Q.D.Leavis‘Memoir’of F.R.Leavis, London: Duckworth, 1995, p. 1.
[1]乔治·斯坦纳:《弗·雷·李维斯》,见戴维·洛奇编《二十世纪文学评论》,下册,葛林等译,上海译文出版社,1993年,第433页。
[2] F. R. Leavis,“Towards Standards of Criticism”, in Wishart ed., Selections from The Calender of Modern Letters, London, 1933, preface.
[1]乔治·斯坦纳:《弗·雷·李维斯》,见戴维·洛奇编《二十世纪文学评论》,下册,葛林等译,上海译文出版社,1993年,第413页。
[2] F. R. Leavis, Mass Civilization and Minority Culture, Cambridge: Gordon Fraser, 1930, p. 30.
[1] Edmund Wilson, A Literary Chronicle: 1920-1950, New York, 1950, p. 304.
[2]艾德蒙·威尔逊:《漫谈奥斯汀》,见朱虹编《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第136页。
[1]乔·亨·刘易斯:《关于奥斯丁》,见朱虹编《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第33页。
[2]夏绿蒂·勃朗特:《关于奥斯汀的书简》,见《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第53页。
[3]瓦尔特·艾伦:《简·奥斯汀》,见《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第157页。
[1]奎·多·利维斯:《〈傲慢与偏见〉和奥斯丁早年的读书与写作》,见《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司, 1985年,第112-114页。
[1] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. 65.
[2]阿诺德·凯特尔:《简·奥斯汀:〈爱玛〉》,见朱虹编《奥斯汀研究》,中国文联出版公司,1985年,第247页。
[1] Andrew Wright, Jane Austen’s Novels, Harmondsworth, 1962, pp. 96-97.
[2] Marvin Mudrick, Jane Austen, University of California Press, 1952, pp. 91-93.
[3] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. 22.
[4] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. 22.
[1] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Sense and Sensibility, London,1958, p. xv.
[2] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Sense and Sensibility, London,1958, p. xviii.
[3] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Sense and Sensibility, London,1958, pp. x-xi.
[1] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942. Cambridge University Press, 1963, p p. 59-61.
[1] Q. D. Leavis, Introduction to Mansfield, Macdonald 1957, pp. xiii-xiv.
[1] Lionel Trilling, Pelican Guide to English Literature, Harmondsworth, 1957, vol. v, p. 128.
[2] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942, Cambridge University Press, 1963, p. xv.
[3]利维斯:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,三联书店,2002年,第8页。
[1] Q. D. Leavis,“A Critical Theory of Jane Austen’s Writing”, in Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, x, 1941-1942, Cambridge University Press, 1963, pp. xvi-xvii.
[1] F.R.Leavis, Mass Civilization and Minority Culture, Gordon Fraser, Cambridge, 1930.
[2] F.R.Leavis, D. H. Lawrence, Gordon Fraser, Cambridge, 1930.
[3] F.R.Leavis, New bearings in English Poetry: A study of the contemporary situation, Chatto&Windus, London, 1932.
[4] F.R.Leavis, How to Teach Reading: A prime for Ezra Pound, Gordon Fraser, Cambridge, 1932.
[5] F.R.Leavis, For Continuity, Minority Press, Cambridge, 1933.
[6] F.R.Leavis, Culture and Environment: The training of critical awareness, with Denys Thompson, Chatto&Windus, London; Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1933.
[7] F.R.Leavis, Towards Standards of Criticism: Selections from the Calendar of Modern Letters edited and introduced, Wishard, London, 1933.
[8] F.R.Leavis, Determinations: Critical Essays, ed., Chatto&Windus, London, 1934.
[9] F.R.Leavis, Reevaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry, Chatto & Windus, London; Macmillan, Toronto, 1936.
[10] F.R.Leavis, Education and the University: A sketch for an‘English School’, Chatto&Windus, London; Macmillan, Toronto, 1943.
[11] F.R.Leavis, The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad , Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1948.
[12] F.R.Leavis, The Common Pursuit, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1952.
[13] F.R.Leavis, D.H.Lawrence: Novelist, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin Toronto, 1955.
[14] F.R.Leavis, Two Cultures? The Significance of C .P. Snow with an essay by Michael Yudkin on Snow’s Rede Lecture of 1959, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1962 .
[15] F.R.Leavis,‘Anna Karenina’and Other Essays, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1967.
[16] F.R.Leavis, A Selection from Scrutiny, 2vols, edited, Cambridge University Press ,Cambridge, 1968.
[17] F.R.Leavis, Lectures in America, with Q.D. Leavis, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1969.
[18] F.R.Leavis, English Literature in Our time and the University: The Clark Lectures 1967, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1969.
[19] F.R.Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, with Q.D. Leavis, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1970.
[20] F.R.Leavis, Nor Shall My Sword: Discourses on pluralism, compassion and social hope, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1972.
[21] F.R.Leavis, Letters in Criticism, edited by J·Tasker, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1974.
[22] F.R.Leavis, The Living Principle:‘English’as a principle of thought, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1975.
[23] F.R.Leavis, Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and thought in Lawrence, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1976.
[24] F.R.Leavis, The Critic as Anti-Philosopher: Essays and papers, edited by G.Singh, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1982.
[25] F.R.Leavis,‘Valuation in Criticism’and Other Essays, edited by G.Singh,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
[1]弗·雷·利维斯著:《伟大的传统》,袁伟译,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002。
[1] Towards Standards of Criticism: Selection from‘The Calendar of modern Letters’1925-1927. Chosen and with and Introduction by F. R. Leavis. London: wishart.1933.
[2] Biaggini, E. G. English in Australia: Taste and Training in a modern Community. Foreword by F. R. Leavis. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, in association with Oxford University Press, 1933.
[3] Determinations: Critical Essays. Introduction by F.R. Leavis. London: Chatto & Windus, June 1934.
[4] Biaggini, E. G. The reading and writing of English. Preface by F. R. Leavis London: Hutchinson, 1936.
[5] Mill on Bentham and Coleridge. Introduction by F. R. Leavis. London: Chatto & Windus, November 1950.
[6] Bewley, Marius. The Complex Fate: Hawthorne, Henry James and Some Other American Writers. Introduction and Two Interpolations by F. R. Leavis. London: Chatto & Windus, 1952.
[7] Twain, Mark. Pudd’nhead Wilson: A Tale. Introduction by F. R. Leavis. London: Zodiac Press, 1955.
[8] Conrad, Joseph. Nostromo: A Tale of the Seaboard. Foreword by F. R. Leavis. Signet Classics. New York: New American Library, 1960.
[9] Eliot, George. Daniel Deronda. Introduction by F. R.Leavis. New York: Harper, 1961.
[10] Eliot, George. Adam Bede. Foreword by F.R.Leavis. New York: New American Library, 1961.
[11] James, Henry. Selected Literary Criticism. Edited by Morris Shapira. Preface by F.R.Leavis.London; Heinemann, 1963.
[12] Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim’s Progress. Afterword by F. R Leavis. Everyman’s Library, London: Dent, 1964.
[13] Eliot, George. Felix Holt, the Radical. Introduction by F.R.Leavis. Everyman’s Library London: Dent, 1967.
[14] A Selection from‘Scrutiny’. Compiled by F.R.Leavis. Prefatory by F.R.Leavis. Two Volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
[1] Q.D.Leavis, A Critical Theory Of Jane Austen’s Writings, Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, X, 1941-42, Cambridge, At The University Press, 1963.
[2] Q.D.Leavis, The Discipline Of Letters’: A Sociological Note. Scrutiny, A Quarterly Review, XII, 1944-45, Cambridge, At The University Press, 1963.
[3] Q.D.Leavis, Dickens the Novelist, with F·R·Leavis, Chatto&Windus, London; Clarke, Irwin, Toronto, 1970.
[4] Q.D.Leavis, Fiction And The Reading Public, Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England,1979.
[1] Baldick, Chris. The Social Mission of English Criticism 1848-1932. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.
[2] Beach, Jpseph Warren. The Method of Henry James. Philadelphia: Albert Saifer, 1954.
[3] Bell, M., F.R.Leavis .Routledge, London and New York, 1988.
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