树脂—牙本质作用机理与粘接强度影响因素的研究
摘要
对牙硬组织的粘接包括对牙釉质和牙本质的粘接。粘接剂能够与牙釉质的羟基磷灰石形成坚固的微机械粘接;在牙本质粘接中,粘接力主要是由混合层和树脂突形成的机械固位,同时存在一定的化学作用。牙本质由于存在成牙本质细胞突起和牙本质小管等结构,易受到各种因素的影响而不易获得成功的粘接。本研究从以下方面对树脂-牙本质界面性能与结构进行表征:首次运用FT-Raman光谱技术,对粘接剂与牙本质的化学作用进行研究,证实它们之间存在氢键的作用。通过力学性能的测试,证实在短期内热循环对牙本质粘接强度无显著影响,同一颗牙的咬合面和邻面其牙本质的粘接强度无显著差异。率先对氟牙症牙本质粘接进行力学性能测试和CLSM观察,结果表明氟牙症的粘接强度显著低于正常牙;微形态学表现为,Single Bond2与氟牙症所形成的混合层和树脂突与正常牙相比存在一定的差异,讨论了粘接强度影响因素,阐述了粘接树脂-牙本质作用机理,为临床修复治疗提供一定的理论基础。
Adhesion to dental hard tissues is included to bonding to both enamel anddentin .Enamel is composed of 96% hydroxyapatite. Following acid etchingenamel, strong micromachanical bond can be achieved between adhesive resinand enamel. The dentin substrate is physiologically and morphologicallydifferent from enamel. Dentin contains 60% organic components and water,40% mineral components, and fluid liquid in dentin tubule. All these factorsmay compromise bond strength between resin adhesive and dentin, result inrestoration falling off and failure of therapy in clinical practice.
The properties of resin-dentin interface are affected by many factors, suchas the structure and surface properties of dentin, treatment methods, choices ofadhesive, and environment of oral. This research is focus on four fields relatedclosely with clinical situation, and some uncertain and controversial argumentsalso exist in these fields. These investigations are: FT-Raman spectroscopicstudy of interaction between adhesive and dentin;effects of thermal cycles anddifferent locations on shear bonding strength;under the same treatment withdentin investigation the difference of microstructure and shear bondingstrength between sound dentin and dental fluorosis dentin using confocal laser
scanning microscope. The purpose of this investigation is further to exploremechanism and affecting factors for interaction between resin and dentin.Interaction mechanism between resin and dentin is generally explained bymechanical theory or mechanical-chemical theory. The former consider thatbonding force comes from mechanical retention of resin with dentin. Themechanical-chemical theory thinks except the existence of mechanicalretention, chemical interaction between resin and dentin may also occur.Five adhesives in two bonding systems are applied on the dental surface.The disks absorbed adhesive are washed with solvent to remove extra adhesivefrom the surface. As a surface scattering technique, FT-Raman could detectsurface situation of samples without modification, so FT-Raman spectra wererecorded at each step to study the interaction between resin and dentin. It wasobserved that carbonyl stretching mode of HEMA was moved to 24cm-1 lower,considering effects of polymerization, actual shift of carbonyl was 26-34cm-1,which indicates that hydrogen bonding exist between adhesive and dentin.This conclusion supports that except the existence of mechanical retention,chemical interaction between resin and dentin may also occur.Temperature in oral often changes. Because of the different thermalexpansion coefficients between dental bonding agents and dental hard tissues,change of temperature will result in stress on the interface of resin and dentin.Thermal cycling machine is used to stimulate oral temperature change in vitro.In this paper, times of cycle is set no more than 1000. Two adhesives areapplied. Following shear bond test, the fracture surface of specimen is viewedusing scanning electron microscope to investigate the affecting factors ofthermal cycles on shear bond strength in short term . Applying Single Bond orAdper Prompt, no statistically significant differences were found in shearbonding strength based on different thermal cycles. Shear bond strength of
each thermal treatment is significantly lower in Adper Prompt groups than inSingle Bond groups. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the quantitiesof resin tags are less in Adper Prompt groups than these in Single Bond groups.Gaps can be found between dentin tubule and resin tags in Adper Promptgroups. Resin tags are located in superfacial region of composite resin.Occlusal surface is the highest incidence of restoration and the less isproximal surface. And the restoration durability on occlusal surface aredifferent from restoration on proximal surface. Occlusal force imposingthroughout dentin is changed with the location of dentin. Structuralcomponents of dentin are not homology in different locations. The structure ofdentin is tubule, intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin. Fluid liquid within thetubule and odontoblastic are structural components of dentin tubule .Thesestructure of dentin directly affect bond strength. Studies confirmed that dentinwith tubules running parallel to dental surface has more amount of peritubulardentin than that in dentin with tubules running perpendicular, which will resultin a lesser area of intertubular dentin to form hybrid layer and a lower bondingstrength. To evaluate bonding strength of occlusal and proximal surface in thesame tooth, shear bond test is carried out. Morphology of resin-dentininterface was observed with scanning electron microscope. Shear bondstrength are no statistically significant difference between occlusal surface andproximal surface. Thickness of hybrid layer and resin tags in two locations ofdentin is homology. No statistically significant differences were observedbetween applying Primer & Bond and applying Xenon Ⅲ . Significantdifference of hybrid layer and morphology of resin tags was observed betweenPrimer & Bond and XenonⅢ. Thickness of hybrid layer was thinner andlength of resin tags was shorter in Primer & Bond. The results shown that the
thickness of hybrid layer and morphology of resin tags are not basic factorsaffect bond strength, may be other mechanism. There are few reports on theinfluence of different location. This research compared bonding strength onocclusal surface with that on proximal surface while the microstructure onboth surfaces was observed by scanning electron microscope. Experimentalresults shown that there was no significant difference of bonding strengths onocclusal and proximal surface even some difference in hybrid layers and tagswere observed by scanning electron microscope on both surface. Thisexperimental result is consisted with conclusion that emphasizes that qualityof hybrid layer is a key factor for bonding strength.Researches so far have been carried out on sound dentin. However, fewstudies have been conducted to focus on dental fluorosis to gain a betterunderstanding of bonding to dental fluorosis dentin. Chronic fluoride ingestionon formation and mineralization stage, of which tooth formation andmineralization results in dysphasic enamel and abnormal mineralization.Lesion involves in both enamel and dentin with hypo calcified and hyperactivecalcified. Studies for aesthetic restoration to dental fluorosis were carried outon bonding to enamel instead of dentin. Micro tensile test and shear bondingtest was carried out on moderate dental fluorosis dentin, which is classified byDean's Index of Fluorosis, from same region with normal dentin as control.Two different adhesives were used. Microstructure of dental fluorosis wasobserved by confocal laser scanning microscope. And applying Single Bond2or XenoⅢ, experimental results shown that shear bond and microtensilestrength of dental fluorosis dentin were significantly lower than these ofnormal tooth. No statistically significant differences were found in eachadhesive group which bond to normal dentin or dental fluorosis dentin.The effects of thermal cycles and different locations of dentin on shear
bonding strength were investigate, then scanning electron microscope is usedto analyze the affecting factors in this study. FT-Raman was firstly introducedto study mechanism of five adhesive systems bonding to dentin. Thenmicrostructure and shear bonding strength of dental fluorosis dentin werestudied. All these results could be a theory reference in clinical performance.
Adhesion to dental hard tissues is included to bonding to both enamel anddentin .Enamel is composed of 96% hydroxyapatite. Following acid etchingenamel, strong micromachanical bond can be achieved between adhesive resinand enamel. The dentin substrate is physiologically and morphologicallydifferent from enamel. Dentin contains 60% organic components and water,40% mineral components, and fluid liquid in dentin tubule. All these factorsmay compromise bond strength between resin adhesive and dentin, result inrestoration falling off and failure of therapy in clinical practice.
The properties of resin-dentin interface are affected by many factors, suchas the structure and surface properties of dentin, treatment methods, choices ofadhesive, and environment of oral. This research is focus on four fields relatedclosely with clinical situation, and some uncertain and controversial argumentsalso exist in these fields. These investigations are: FT-Raman spectroscopicstudy of interaction between adhesive and dentin;effects of thermal cycles anddifferent locations on shear bonding strength;under the same treatment withdentin investigation the difference of microstructure and shear bondingstrength between sound dentin and dental fluorosis dentin using confocal laser
scanning microscope. The purpose of this investigation is further to exploremechanism and affecting factors for interaction between resin and dentin.Interaction mechanism between resin and dentin is generally explained bymechanical theory or mechanical-chemical theory. The former consider thatbonding force comes from mechanical retention of resin with dentin. Themechanical-chemical theory thinks except the existence of mechanicalretention, chemical interaction between resin and dentin may also occur.Five adhesives in two bonding systems are applied on the dental surface.The disks absorbed adhesive are washed with solvent to remove extra adhesivefrom the surface. As a surface scattering technique, FT-Raman could detectsurface situation of samples without modification, so FT-Raman spectra wererecorded at each step to study the interaction between resin and dentin. It wasobserved that carbonyl stretching mode of HEMA was moved to 24cm-1 lower,considering effects of polymerization, actual shift of carbonyl was 26-34cm-1,which indicates that hydrogen bonding exist between adhesive and dentin.This conclusion supports that except the existence of mechanical retention,chemical interaction between resin and dentin may also occur.Temperature in oral often changes. Because of the different thermalexpansion coefficients between dental bonding agents and dental hard tissues,change of temperature will result in stress on the interface of resin and dentin.Thermal cycling machine is used to stimulate oral temperature change in vitro.In this paper, times of cycle is set no more than 1000. Two adhesives areapplied. Following shear bond test, the fracture surface of specimen is viewedusing scanning electron microscope to investigate the affecting factors ofthermal cycles on shear bond strength in short term . Applying Single Bond orAdper Prompt, no statistically significant differences were found in shearbonding strength based on different thermal cycles. Shear bond strength of
each thermal treatment is significantly lower in Adper Prompt groups than inSingle Bond groups. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the quantitiesof resin tags are less in Adper Prompt groups than these in Single Bond groups.Gaps can be found between dentin tubule and resin tags in Adper Promptgroups. Resin tags are located in superfacial region of composite resin.Occlusal surface is the highest incidence of restoration and the less isproximal surface. And the restoration durability on occlusal surface aredifferent from restoration on proximal surface. Occlusal force imposingthroughout dentin is changed with the location of dentin. Structuralcomponents of dentin are not homology in different locations. The structure ofdentin is tubule, intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin. Fluid liquid within thetubule and odontoblastic are structural components of dentin tubule .Thesestructure of dentin directly affect bond strength. Studies confirmed that dentinwith tubules running parallel to dental surface has more amount of peritubulardentin than that in dentin with tubules running perpendicular, which will resultin a lesser area of intertubular dentin to form hybrid layer and a lower bondingstrength. To evaluate bonding strength of occlusal and proximal surface in thesame tooth, shear bond test is carried out. Morphology of resin-dentininterface was observed with scanning electron microscope. Shear bondstrength are no statistically significant difference between occlusal surface andproximal surface. Thickness of hybrid layer and resin tags in two locations ofdentin is homology. No statistically significant differences were observedbetween applying Primer & Bond and applying Xenon Ⅲ . Significantdifference of hybrid layer and morphology of resin tags was observed betweenPrimer & Bond and XenonⅢ. Thickness of hybrid layer was thinner andlength of resin tags was shorter in Primer & Bond. The results shown that the
thickness of hybrid layer and morphology of resin tags are not basic factorsaffect bond strength, may be other mechanism. There are few reports on theinfluence of different location. This research compared bonding strength onocclusal surface with that on proximal surface while the microstructure onboth surfaces was observed by scanning electron microscope. Experimentalresults shown that there was no significant difference of bonding strengths onocclusal and proximal surface even some difference in hybrid layers and tagswere observed by scanning electron microscope on both surface. Thisexperimental result is consisted with conclusion that emphasizes that qualityof hybrid layer is a key factor for bonding strength.Researches so far have been carried out on sound dentin. However, fewstudies have been conducted to focus on dental fluorosis to gain a betterunderstanding of bonding to dental fluorosis dentin. Chronic fluoride ingestionon formation and mineralization stage, of which tooth formation andmineralization results in dysphasic enamel and abnormal mineralization.Lesion involves in both enamel and dentin with hypo calcified and hyperactivecalcified. Studies for aesthetic restoration to dental fluorosis were carried outon bonding to enamel instead of dentin. Micro tensile test and shear bondingtest was carried out on moderate dental fluorosis dentin, which is classified byDean's Index of Fluorosis, from same region with normal dentin as control.Two different adhesives were used. Microstructure of dental fluorosis wasobserved by confocal laser scanning microscope. And applying Single Bond2or XenoⅢ, experimental results shown that shear bond and microtensilestrength of dental fluorosis dentin were significantly lower than these ofnormal tooth. No statistically significant differences were found in eachadhesive group which bond to normal dentin or dental fluorosis dentin.The effects of thermal cycles and different locations of dentin on shear
bonding strength were investigate, then scanning electron microscope is usedto analyze the affecting factors in this study. FT-Raman was firstly introducedto study mechanism of five adhesive systems bonding to dentin. Thenmicrostructure and shear bonding strength of dental fluorosis dentin werestudied. All these results could be a theory reference in clinical performance.
引文
1. Van Meerbeek B, Perdig?o J, Lambrechts P, et al. The clinical performance of adhesives. J Dent,1998;26(1):1-20.
2. Pashley DH, Sano H, Ciucchi B, et al. Adhesion testing of dentin bonding agents:a review. Dent Mater,1995;11(2):117-125.
3. Kanca J. Effect of resin primer solvents and surface wetness on resin composite bond strength to dentin .Am J Dent,1992;5(4):213-215.
4. 陈治清。口腔生物材料学。化学工业出版社。2004,第一版,267-273。
5. Van Meerbeek B, Inokoshi S, Braem M, et al. Morphological aspects of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone with different adhesive systems. J Dent Res, 1992;71(8):1530-1540.
6. Inokoshi S, Hosoda H, Harnirattisai C,et al. Interfacial structure between dentin and seven dentin bonding systems revealed using argon ion beam etching. Oper Dent, 1993;18(1):8-16.
7. Li Y, Swartz ML, Philips RW, et al. Effect of filler content and size on properties of composites . J Dent Res ,1985;64(12):1396-1401.
8. Armstrong SR, Keller JC, Boyer DB.The influence of water storage and C-factor on the dentin-resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin . Dent Mater ,2001;17(3):268-276.
9. Pashley DH, Carvalho RM. Dentine permeability and dentine adhesion .J Dent, 1997;25(5):355-372.
10. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Aggressiveness of contemporary self-etching systems. Β:Depth of penetration beyond dentin smear layers .Dent Mater,2001;17(4),296-308.
11. Nakabayashi N, Saimi Y. Bonding to intact dentin .J Dent Res,1996;75(9):1706-1715.
12. Watanabe I, Nakabayashi N, Pashley DH. Bonding to ground dentin by a Phenyl-P self -etching primer .J Dent Res,1994;73(6):1212-1220.
13. Salz U, Zimmermann J, Zeuner F, et al. Hydrolytic stability of self –etching adhesive systems. J Adhes Dent,2005;7(6):107-116 .
14. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Garcia -Godoy, et al .Single -step ,self-etch adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization . Part Χ .Silver tracer penetration evidence . Am J Dent ,2004;17(5):315-322.
15. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Suh BI, et al. Single-step adhesives are permeable membranes. J Dent ,2002;30(7-8):371-382.
16. Moszner N, Salz U, Zimmermann J. Chemical aspects of self-etching enamel-dentin adhesives: A systematic review. Dent Mater,2005;21(10):895-910.
17. Harashima I, Hirasawa T. Adsorption of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate on dentin from aqueous solution. Dent Mater J , 1990;9(1):36-46.
18. Nakabayashi N, Takarada K. Effect of HEMA on bonding to dentin .Dent Mater ,1992;8(2):125-130.
19. Norbert Moszner, Ulrich Salz, J?rg Zimmermann. Chemical aspects of self-etching enamel-dentin adhesives:A systematic review.Dent Mater,2005;21(10):895-910.
20. Lee SY, Greener EH, Covey DA,et al. Effects of food /oral simulating fluids on microstructure and strength of dentine bonding agents .J Oral Rehabil, 1996;23(5):353-361.
21. Sano H, Yoshikawa T, Peireira PNR, et al. Long –term durability of dentin bonds made with self -etching primer ,in vivo. J Dent Res,1999;78 (4):906-911.
22. Carvalho RM, Tay F, Sano H, et al. Long -term mechanical properties of EDTA-demineralized dentin matrix. J Adhes Dent, 2000;2(3);193-199.
23. Pioch T,Stotz S,Buff E,et al.Influence of different etching times on hybrid layer formation and tensile bond strength. Am J Dent, 1998;11(5):202-206.
24. Gwinnett AJ,Tay FR ,Pang KM,et al.Quantitative contribution of the collagen network in dentin hybridization .Am J Dent ,1996;9(4):140-144.
25. Prati C,Chersoni S,Mongiorgi R,et al. Resin-infiltrated dentin layer formation of new bonding systems. Oper Dent,1998;23(4):185-194.
26. Nakabayashi N, Kojima K, Masuhara E. The Promotion of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth substrates. J Biomed Mater Res ,1982;16 :265-273.
27. Marshall GW. Dentin: microstructure and characterization .Quintessence Int , 1993;24(9):606-617.
28. Burrow MF, Takakura H, Nakajima M, et al. The influence of age and depth of dentin on bonding . Dent Mater, 1994;10(7):241-246.
29. Swift EJ, Perdig?o J, Heymann HO. Bonding to enamel and dentin :a brief history and state of the art. Quintessence Int ,1995;26(2):95-110.
30. Walshaw PR, McComb D. Clinical considerations for optimal dentinal bonding Quintessence Int ,1996;27(9):619-625.
31. Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, Wei SHY. Ultra structure of the resin-dentin interface following reversible and irreversible rewetting .Am J Dent,1997(2);10:77-82.
32. Miyazaki M, Onose H, Moore , B.K. Analysis of the dentin-resin interface by use of laser Raman spectroscopy. Dent Mater, 2002;18(8):576-580 .
33. Uno S, Finger WJ. Function of the hybrid zone as a stress-absorbing layer in resin-dentin bonding .Quintessence Int,1995;26(10):733-738.
34. Perdig?o J, Ramos JC, Lambrechts P. In vitro interfacial relationship between human dentin and one-bottle dental adhesives .Dent Mater,1997;13(4):218-227.
35. Van Meerbeek B, Dhem A, Goret-NicaiseM,et al. Comparative SEM and TEM examination of the ultrastructure of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone. J Dent Res , 1993;72(2):495-501.
36. Kemp-Scholte CM, Davidson CL. Complete marginal seal of class V resin composite restorations effected by increased flexibility .J Dent Res,1990;69(6):1240-1243.
37. Van MeerbeekB, Willems G, Celis JP, et al. Assessment by nano-indentation of the hardness and elasticity of the resin-dentin bonding area. J Dent Res,1993;72(10):1434-1442.
38. Pashley DH, Ciucchi B, Sano H, et al. Bond strength versus dentine structure : a modeling approach .Arch Oral Biol, 1995;40(12):1109-1118.
39. Sano H, Takatsu T, Ciucci B et al.Nanoleakage: leakage within the hybrid layer. Oper Dent , 1995;20(1):18-25.
40. Spencer P, Swafford JR. Unprotected protein at the dentin-adhesive interface .Quintessence Int , 1999;30(7):501-507.
41. Jacobsen T, S?derholm KJ. Some effects of water on dentin bonding . Dent Mater , 1995;11(2):132-136.
42. Hilton TJ, Schwartz RS. The effect of air thinning on dentin adhesive bond strength . Oper Dent , 1995;20(4):133-137.
43. Ruyter IE. Unpolymerized surface layers on sealants .Acta Odontol Scand 1981;39(1):27-32.
44. Rueggeberg FA, Margeson DH. The effect of oxygen inhibition on an unfilled/filled composite system. J Dent Res, 1990;69(10):1652-1658.
45. Miyazaki M, Onose H, Iida N, et al. Determination of residual double bonds in resin-dentin interface by Raman spectroscopy .Dent Mater,2003;19(3):245-251 .
46. Nomoto R, Hirasawa T. Residual monomer and pentant methacrylate group in light -cured composite resins. Dent Mater J ,1992;11(2):177-188.
47. Prati C, Chersoni S, Montebugnoli L, et al. Effect of air ,dentin and resin-based composite thickness on light intensity reduction. Am J Dent, 1999;12(5):231-234.
48. Ferracane JL.Elution of leachable components of composites .J Oral Rehabil ,1994;21(4):441-452.
49. Sano H, Takatsu T, Ciucchi B, et al . Nanoleakage :leakage within the hybrid layer. Oper Dent, 1995;20(1):18-25.
50. Sano H, Yoshiyama M, Ebisu S, et al. Comparative SEM and TEM observations of nanoleakage within the hybrid layer. Oper Dent, 1995;20(4):160-167.
51. Paul SJ,Weter DA,Ghazi M, et al. Nanoleakage at the dentin adhesive interface vs microtensile bond strength .Oper Dent ,1999;24(3):181-188.
52. Li H, Burrow MF, Tyas MJ . Nanoleakage of cervical restorations.J Adhes Dent, 2000;2(1):57-65.
53. Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Lambrechts P, et al. A TEM study of two water -based adhesive systems bonded to dry and wet dentin. J Dent Res,1998;77(1):50-59.
54. Sano H, Yoshikawa T, Pereira PNR, et al .Long-term durability of dentin bonds made with a self-etching primer in vivo. J Dent Res ,1999;78(4):906-911 .
55. Akimoto N, Yokoyama G, Ohmori K et al . Remineralization across the resin-dentin interface:in vivo evaluation with nanoindentation measurements,EDS, and SEM. Quintessence Int, 2001;32(7):561-570.
56. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Yoshiyama M. Two modes of nanoleakage expression in single-step adhesives. J Dent Res, 2002;81(7):472-476.
57. Tay FR, King NM, Chan KM, et al. How can nanoleakage occur in self-etching adhesive systems that demineralize and infiltrate simultaneously. J Adhes Dent,2002;4(4):255-269.
58. Li H, Burrow MF, Tyas MJ. The effect of thermocycling regimens on the nanoleakage of dentin bonding systems. Dent Mater, 2002;18(3):189-196 .
59. Okuda M, Pereia PN, NakaJima M, et al. Relationship between nanoleakage and long-term durability of dentin bonds. Oper Dent,2001;26(5):482-490.
60. Ciucchi B, Bouillaguet S, Holz J, et al. Dentinal fluid dynamics in human teeth ,in vivo. J Endod 1995;21(4):191-194.
61. Pashley EL, Tao L, Mackert Jr JR, et al.Comparison of in vivo vs. in vitro bonding of composite resin to the dentin of canine teeth. J Dent Res, 1988;67(2):467-470.
62. Pameijer CH, Louw NP. Significance of pulpal pressure during clinical bonding procedures. Am J Dent ,1997;10(5):214-218 .
63. Stanley HR, Pereira JC, Speigel E, et al. The detection and prevalence of reactive and physiologic sclerotic dentin, reparative dentin ,and dead tracts beneath various types of dental lesions according to tooth surface and age .J Oral Pathol ,1983;12(4):257-289.
64. Van Meerbeek B, Braem M, Lambrechts P, et al. Morphological characterization of the interface between resin and sclerotic dentin. J Dent ,1994;22(3):141-146.
65. Duke ES, Lindemuth J.Polymeric adhesion to dentin: Contrasting substrates. Am J Dent, 1990;3(6):264-270.
66. Harnirattisai C, Inokoshi S, Shimada Y, et al. Adhesive interface between resin and etched dentin of cervical erosion /abrasion lesions. Oper Dent , 1993;18(4):138-143.
67. Harnirattisai C, Inokoshi S, Shimada Y, et al. Adhesive interface between resin and etched dentin of cervical erosion/abrasion lesions. Oper Dent, 1993;18(4):138-143 .
68. Tagami J, Hosoda H ,Burrow MF,et al.Effect of aging and carious on dentin permieability .Proc Finn Dent Assoc ,1992;88(Suppl 1):149-154.
69. Eick JD, Wilko RA, Anderson CH, et al. Scanning electron microscopy of cut tooth surfaces and identification of debris by use of the electron microprobe . J Dent Res, 1970;49(6): 1359-1368 .
70. Bertolotti RL. Conditioning of the Dentin substrate. Oper Dent,1992;Suppl 5:131-136.
71. Pashley DH, Carvalho RM. Dentine permeability and dentine adhesion. J Dent, 1997;25(5):355-372.
72. Pashley DH. Smear layer: physiological considerations. Oper Dent, 1984;3(Suppl):13-29.
73. McInnes PM, Wendt Jr SL, Retief DH .Effect of dentin surface roughness on shear bond strength .Dent Mater ,1990;6(3)204-207.
74. Finger WJ, Manabe A, Alker B. Dentin surface roughness vs. bond strength of dentin adhesives. Dent Mater,1989;5(5)319-323.
75. Tao L, Pashely DH, Boyd L. Effect of different types of smear layers on dentin and enamel shear bond strengths. Dent Mater, 1988;4(4):208-216.
76. Pereira PN, Okuda M, Sano H. Effect of intrinsic wetness and regional difference on dentin bond strength. Dent Mater ,1999;15(1):46-53.
77. Tay FR, Sano H, Carvalho R, et al. An ultrastructural study of the influence of acidity of self-etching primers and smear layer thickness on bonding to intact dentin .J Adhes Dent ,2000;2(2):83-98.
78. Koibuchi H, Yasuda N, Nakabayashi N. Bonding to dentin with a self-etching primer: the effect of smear layers. Dent Mater, 2001;17(2)122-126.
79. Oliveira SS, Pugach MK, Hilton JF.The influence of the dentin smear layer on adhesion : a self -etching primer vs. a total-etch system. Dent Mater 2003;19(8):758-767.
80. Pioch T, Stotz S, Buff E,et al. Influence of different etching times on hybrid layer formation and tensile bond strength. Am J Dent,1998;11(5):202-206.
81. Uno S, Finger WJ. Effect of acidic conditioners on dentine demineralization and dimension of hybrid layers .J Dent, 1996;24(3):211-216.
82. Camps J,Pashley DH.Buffering action of human dentin in vitro .J Adhes Dent, 2000;2(1):39-50.
83. Sardella TN, de Castro FL, Sanabe ME, et al. Shortening of primary dentin etching time and its implication on bond strength .J Dent ,2005;33(5):355-362.
84. Hosoya Y, Marshall SJ, Watanable LG, et al. Micro-hardness of carious deciduous dentine. Oper Dent, 2000;25(2):81-89.
85. Mahoney E, Holt A, Swain M, et al. The hardness and modulus of elasticity of primary molar teeth : an ultramicro-indentation study. J Dent, 2000;28(8):589-594.
86. Tay FR, Gwinnett JA, Wei SHY. Relation between water content in acetone /alcohol-based primer and interfacial ultrastructure .J Dent, 1998;26(2):156-174.
87. Armstrong SR, Keller JC, Boyer DB. The influence of water storage and C-factor on the dentin-resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin . Dent Mater , 2001;17(3):268-276.
88. Retief DH, Wendt SL, Bradley EL,et al. The effect of storage media and duration of storage of extracted teeth on the shear bond strength of Scotchbond 2/Silux to dentin.Am J Dent,1989;2(5):269-273.
89. 郑铁丽,黄翠。离体牙储存方法对牙本质及牙本质粘结的影响。国外医学口腔医学分册,2004;31(3):207-211.
90. Titley KC,Chemecky R,Rossouw PE,et al.The effect of storage methods and media on shear –bond strengths of dental composite resin to bovine dentine .Arch Oral Biol ,1998;43(4):305-311.
91. ISO. Guidance on testing of adhesion to teeth structure .International Organization for Standardization .TR 11405,1-14.1994,Switzerland.
92. 樊明文,边专,赵怡芳等。口腔医学新进展。湖北科学技术出版社。2000,第二版,185-188。
93. Matsuya S, Maeda T, Ohta M, et al. IR and NMR analyses of hardening and maturation of glass-ionomer cement .J Dent Res , 1996;75(12): 1920-1927.
94. Wang Y, Spencer P. Physicochemical interactions at the interfaces between self-etch adhesive systems and dentine .J Dent,2004;32(7):567-579.
95. Xu J, Stangel I, Bulter IS,et al. An FT-Raman spectroscopic investigation of dentin and collagen surface modified by 2-hydroxyethymethacrylate. Dent Res, 1997;76(1):596-701.
96. Xu J, Stangel I,Bulter IS,et al. High pressure infrared and FT-Raman investigationof a dental composite. Biomater , 1997;18(24):1653-1657.
97. Yoshida Y, Van Meerbeek B, Nakayama Y, et al. Adhesion to and decalcification of hydroxyapatite by carboxylic acid . J Dent Res, 2001,80(6):1400-1401.
98. Fu B, Sun X ,Qian W ,et al. Evidence of chemical bonding to hydroxyapatite by phosphoric acid easters. Biomater, 2005;26(25):5104-5110.
99. Li H, Burrow MF, Tyas MJ .The effect of thermal cycling regimens on the nanoleakage of dentin bonding systems .J Dent Mater,2002;18(3):189-196.
100. Yoshida K,Kamada K,Atsuta M. Effect of two silane coupling agents,a bonding agents,and thermal cycling on bond strength of a CAD/CAM composite material cemented with two resin luting agents. Prost Dent,2001;85(2):184-189.
101. AKB Bedran-de-Castro,PEC Cardoso,GMB Ambrosano,et al.Thermal and mechanical load cycling on microleakage and shear bond strength to dentin. Oper Dent ,2004;29(1):42-48.
102. Yoshida K,Kamada K,Taira Y,et al. Effect of three adhesive primers on the bond strengths of four light-activated opaque resins to noble alloy .J Oral Rehab 2001;28(2):168-173.
103. International Organization for Standardization .ISO TR 11405;Dental materials-guidance on testing of adhesion to tooth structure ,1994.
104. Schilke R, Lisson JA,Bauss O,Geuttsen W, et al. Comparison of the number and diameter of dentinal tubules in human and bovine dentine by scanning electron microscopic investigation . Arch Oral Biol ,2004;5(5):355-361.
105. Olsson S, ?ilo G, Adamczak E. The structure of dentin surfaces exposed for bond strength measurements. Scand J Dent Res,1993;101(3):180-184.
106. Duke ES, Lindemuth J. Polymeric adhesion to dentin :Contrasting substrates. Am J Dent ,1990;3(6):264-270.
107. Yoshiyama M, Carvaho R,Sano H,et al. Interfacial morphology and strength of bonds made to superfacial versus deep dentin .Am J Dent,1995,8(6):297-302.
108. Tam LE, Chan GP,Yim D.In vitro caries inhibition effects by conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations.Oper Dent 1997;22(1):4-14 .
109. Tao L,Tagami J,Pashley DH. Pulpal pressure and bond strengths of SuperBond and Gluma.American Journal of Dentistry1991;4(2):73-6.
110. Schupbach P, Krejci I, Lutz F. Dentin bonding :effect of tubule orientation on hybrid-layer formation .Eur J of Oral Sci ,1997;105(4):344-352
111. Phrukkanon S,Burrow MF,Tyas MJ .The effect of dentine location and tubule orientation on the bond strengths between resin and dentine. J Dent,1999;27(4):265-274.
112. Peutzfeldt A, Asmussen E. Determinants of in vitro gap formation of resin composites .J Dent ,2004;32(2):109-115.
113. Zidan O, Asmussen E,Jorgensen KD.Correlation between tensile and bond strength of composite resins.Scand J Dent Res,1980;88(4):348-351.
114. Tay FR,Pashley DH ,Yiu CKY,et al. Factors contributing to the incompatibibility between simplifyied-step adhesives and chemically cured or dual-cured composites .PartI .Single-step self-etching adhesive .J Adhes Dent,2003;5(1):27-40.
115. Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A, Sahafi A. Bonding of resin cements to post materials: influence of surface energy characteristics. J Adhes Dent,2005;7(3):231-234.
116. Dehoff PH, Anusavice KJ, Wang Z. Three -dimensional finite element analysis of shear bond test . Dent Mater,1995;11(2):126-131.
117. Appleton J. Formation and structure of dentine in the rat incisor after chronic exposure to sodium fluoride .Scanning Microsc,1994;8(3):711-719.
118. Appleton J. Dentinogenesis and the calciotraumatic response to the injection of lead or fluoride ions.Scanning Microsc,1992,6(4):1073-1080.
119. Appleton J,Chesters J,Kierdorf U,et al. Changes in the structure of dentine from cheek teeth of deer chronically exposed to high levels of Environmental fluoride. Cells Tissues Organs ,2000;167(4):266-272.
120.Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, Pang KM, et al. Structural evidence of a sealed tissue interface with total-etch wet bonding technique in vivo. J Dent Res ,1994;73:629-636.
121. Yoshiyama M, Carvalho R, Sano H, et al. Regional bond strengths of resins to human root dentin .J Dent Res ,1996;24:435-442.
122. Spencer P, Wang Y, Walker MP, et al. International chemistry of the dentin/adhesive bond. J Dent Res 2000;79:1458-1463.
123. Awliya WY. Akpata ES.Effect of fluorosis on shear bond strength of ionomerbased restorative materials to dentin .J Prosthet Dent ,1999,81(3):290.
124. Sano H, Shono T, Sonoda H, et al. Relationshiop between surface area for adhesion and tensile bond strength –evaluation of a micro –tensile bond test. Dent Mater ,1994;10:236-240.
125. Pashley DH, Sano H, Ciucchi B, et al. Adhesion testing of dentin bonding agents : A review . Dent Mater, 1995;11(2):117-125.
126. Goracci C,Sadek FT, Monticelli F, et al. Influence of substrate, shape ,and thickness on microtensile specimens' structural integrity and their measured bond strengths. Dent Mater, 2004;20(7):643-654.
127. PHrukkanon S, Burrow MF,Tyas MJ. The influence of cross-sectional shape and surface area on the microtensile bond test. Dent Mater ,1998;14(3):212-221.
128. Armstrong SR,Keller JC,Boyer DB.The influence of water storage and c-factor on the dentin-resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin .Dent Mater2001;1(3)7:268-276.
129. Sadek FT, Cury AH, Monticelli F, et al. The influence of the cutting speed on bond strength and integrity of microtensile specimens . Dent Mater, 2005;21(12):1144-1149.
130.李潇,施长溪,朱光第。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在牙本质粘接界面研究中的应用。国外医学口腔医学分册,2003;30(4):292-294.
131.李潇,施长溪,赵信义等。牙本质表面状态对粘结界面影响的激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究。实用口腔医学,2005;21(1):71-74 .
2. Pashley DH, Sano H, Ciucchi B, et al. Adhesion testing of dentin bonding agents:a review. Dent Mater,1995;11(2):117-125.
3. Kanca J. Effect of resin primer solvents and surface wetness on resin composite bond strength to dentin .Am J Dent,1992;5(4):213-215.
4. 陈治清。口腔生物材料学。化学工业出版社。2004,第一版,267-273。
5. Van Meerbeek B, Inokoshi S, Braem M, et al. Morphological aspects of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone with different adhesive systems. J Dent Res, 1992;71(8):1530-1540.
6. Inokoshi S, Hosoda H, Harnirattisai C,et al. Interfacial structure between dentin and seven dentin bonding systems revealed using argon ion beam etching. Oper Dent, 1993;18(1):8-16.
7. Li Y, Swartz ML, Philips RW, et al. Effect of filler content and size on properties of composites . J Dent Res ,1985;64(12):1396-1401.
8. Armstrong SR, Keller JC, Boyer DB.The influence of water storage and C-factor on the dentin-resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin . Dent Mater ,2001;17(3):268-276.
9. Pashley DH, Carvalho RM. Dentine permeability and dentine adhesion .J Dent, 1997;25(5):355-372.
10. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Aggressiveness of contemporary self-etching systems. Β:Depth of penetration beyond dentin smear layers .Dent Mater,2001;17(4),296-308.
11. Nakabayashi N, Saimi Y. Bonding to intact dentin .J Dent Res,1996;75(9):1706-1715.
12. Watanabe I, Nakabayashi N, Pashley DH. Bonding to ground dentin by a Phenyl-P self -etching primer .J Dent Res,1994;73(6):1212-1220.
13. Salz U, Zimmermann J, Zeuner F, et al. Hydrolytic stability of self –etching adhesive systems. J Adhes Dent,2005;7(6):107-116 .
14. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Garcia -Godoy, et al .Single -step ,self-etch adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization . Part Χ .Silver tracer penetration evidence . Am J Dent ,2004;17(5):315-322.
15. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Suh BI, et al. Single-step adhesives are permeable membranes. J Dent ,2002;30(7-8):371-382.
16. Moszner N, Salz U, Zimmermann J. Chemical aspects of self-etching enamel-dentin adhesives: A systematic review. Dent Mater,2005;21(10):895-910.
17. Harashima I, Hirasawa T. Adsorption of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate on dentin from aqueous solution. Dent Mater J , 1990;9(1):36-46.
18. Nakabayashi N, Takarada K. Effect of HEMA on bonding to dentin .Dent Mater ,1992;8(2):125-130.
19. Norbert Moszner, Ulrich Salz, J?rg Zimmermann. Chemical aspects of self-etching enamel-dentin adhesives:A systematic review.Dent Mater,2005;21(10):895-910.
20. Lee SY, Greener EH, Covey DA,et al. Effects of food /oral simulating fluids on microstructure and strength of dentine bonding agents .J Oral Rehabil, 1996;23(5):353-361.
21. Sano H, Yoshikawa T, Peireira PNR, et al. Long –term durability of dentin bonds made with self -etching primer ,in vivo. J Dent Res,1999;78 (4):906-911.
22. Carvalho RM, Tay F, Sano H, et al. Long -term mechanical properties of EDTA-demineralized dentin matrix. J Adhes Dent, 2000;2(3);193-199.
23. Pioch T,Stotz S,Buff E,et al.Influence of different etching times on hybrid layer formation and tensile bond strength. Am J Dent, 1998;11(5):202-206.
24. Gwinnett AJ,Tay FR ,Pang KM,et al.Quantitative contribution of the collagen network in dentin hybridization .Am J Dent ,1996;9(4):140-144.
25. Prati C,Chersoni S,Mongiorgi R,et al. Resin-infiltrated dentin layer formation of new bonding systems. Oper Dent,1998;23(4):185-194.
26. Nakabayashi N, Kojima K, Masuhara E. The Promotion of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth substrates. J Biomed Mater Res ,1982;16 :265-273.
27. Marshall GW. Dentin: microstructure and characterization .Quintessence Int , 1993;24(9):606-617.
28. Burrow MF, Takakura H, Nakajima M, et al. The influence of age and depth of dentin on bonding . Dent Mater, 1994;10(7):241-246.
29. Swift EJ, Perdig?o J, Heymann HO. Bonding to enamel and dentin :a brief history and state of the art. Quintessence Int ,1995;26(2):95-110.
30. Walshaw PR, McComb D. Clinical considerations for optimal dentinal bonding Quintessence Int ,1996;27(9):619-625.
31. Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, Wei SHY. Ultra structure of the resin-dentin interface following reversible and irreversible rewetting .Am J Dent,1997(2);10:77-82.
32. Miyazaki M, Onose H, Moore , B.K. Analysis of the dentin-resin interface by use of laser Raman spectroscopy. Dent Mater, 2002;18(8):576-580 .
33. Uno S, Finger WJ. Function of the hybrid zone as a stress-absorbing layer in resin-dentin bonding .Quintessence Int,1995;26(10):733-738.
34. Perdig?o J, Ramos JC, Lambrechts P. In vitro interfacial relationship between human dentin and one-bottle dental adhesives .Dent Mater,1997;13(4):218-227.
35. Van Meerbeek B, Dhem A, Goret-NicaiseM,et al. Comparative SEM and TEM examination of the ultrastructure of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone. J Dent Res , 1993;72(2):495-501.
36. Kemp-Scholte CM, Davidson CL. Complete marginal seal of class V resin composite restorations effected by increased flexibility .J Dent Res,1990;69(6):1240-1243.
37. Van MeerbeekB, Willems G, Celis JP, et al. Assessment by nano-indentation of the hardness and elasticity of the resin-dentin bonding area. J Dent Res,1993;72(10):1434-1442.
38. Pashley DH, Ciucchi B, Sano H, et al. Bond strength versus dentine structure : a modeling approach .Arch Oral Biol, 1995;40(12):1109-1118.
39. Sano H, Takatsu T, Ciucci B et al.Nanoleakage: leakage within the hybrid layer. Oper Dent , 1995;20(1):18-25.
40. Spencer P, Swafford JR. Unprotected protein at the dentin-adhesive interface .Quintessence Int , 1999;30(7):501-507.
41. Jacobsen T, S?derholm KJ. Some effects of water on dentin bonding . Dent Mater , 1995;11(2):132-136.
42. Hilton TJ, Schwartz RS. The effect of air thinning on dentin adhesive bond strength . Oper Dent , 1995;20(4):133-137.
43. Ruyter IE. Unpolymerized surface layers on sealants .Acta Odontol Scand 1981;39(1):27-32.
44. Rueggeberg FA, Margeson DH. The effect of oxygen inhibition on an unfilled/filled composite system. J Dent Res, 1990;69(10):1652-1658.
45. Miyazaki M, Onose H, Iida N, et al. Determination of residual double bonds in resin-dentin interface by Raman spectroscopy .Dent Mater,2003;19(3):245-251 .
46. Nomoto R, Hirasawa T. Residual monomer and pentant methacrylate group in light -cured composite resins. Dent Mater J ,1992;11(2):177-188.
47. Prati C, Chersoni S, Montebugnoli L, et al. Effect of air ,dentin and resin-based composite thickness on light intensity reduction. Am J Dent, 1999;12(5):231-234.
48. Ferracane JL.Elution of leachable components of composites .J Oral Rehabil ,1994;21(4):441-452.
49. Sano H, Takatsu T, Ciucchi B, et al . Nanoleakage :leakage within the hybrid layer. Oper Dent, 1995;20(1):18-25.
50. Sano H, Yoshiyama M, Ebisu S, et al. Comparative SEM and TEM observations of nanoleakage within the hybrid layer. Oper Dent, 1995;20(4):160-167.
51. Paul SJ,Weter DA,Ghazi M, et al. Nanoleakage at the dentin adhesive interface vs microtensile bond strength .Oper Dent ,1999;24(3):181-188.
52. Li H, Burrow MF, Tyas MJ . Nanoleakage of cervical restorations.J Adhes Dent, 2000;2(1):57-65.
53. Van Meerbeek B, Yoshida Y, Lambrechts P, et al. A TEM study of two water -based adhesive systems bonded to dry and wet dentin. J Dent Res,1998;77(1):50-59.
54. Sano H, Yoshikawa T, Pereira PNR, et al .Long-term durability of dentin bonds made with a self-etching primer in vivo. J Dent Res ,1999;78(4):906-911 .
55. Akimoto N, Yokoyama G, Ohmori K et al . Remineralization across the resin-dentin interface:in vivo evaluation with nanoindentation measurements,EDS, and SEM. Quintessence Int, 2001;32(7):561-570.
56. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Yoshiyama M. Two modes of nanoleakage expression in single-step adhesives. J Dent Res, 2002;81(7):472-476.
57. Tay FR, King NM, Chan KM, et al. How can nanoleakage occur in self-etching adhesive systems that demineralize and infiltrate simultaneously. J Adhes Dent,2002;4(4):255-269.
58. Li H, Burrow MF, Tyas MJ. The effect of thermocycling regimens on the nanoleakage of dentin bonding systems. Dent Mater, 2002;18(3):189-196 .
59. Okuda M, Pereia PN, NakaJima M, et al. Relationship between nanoleakage and long-term durability of dentin bonds. Oper Dent,2001;26(5):482-490.
60. Ciucchi B, Bouillaguet S, Holz J, et al. Dentinal fluid dynamics in human teeth ,in vivo. J Endod 1995;21(4):191-194.
61. Pashley EL, Tao L, Mackert Jr JR, et al.Comparison of in vivo vs. in vitro bonding of composite resin to the dentin of canine teeth. J Dent Res, 1988;67(2):467-470.
62. Pameijer CH, Louw NP. Significance of pulpal pressure during clinical bonding procedures. Am J Dent ,1997;10(5):214-218 .
63. Stanley HR, Pereira JC, Speigel E, et al. The detection and prevalence of reactive and physiologic sclerotic dentin, reparative dentin ,and dead tracts beneath various types of dental lesions according to tooth surface and age .J Oral Pathol ,1983;12(4):257-289.
64. Van Meerbeek B, Braem M, Lambrechts P, et al. Morphological characterization of the interface between resin and sclerotic dentin. J Dent ,1994;22(3):141-146.
65. Duke ES, Lindemuth J.Polymeric adhesion to dentin: Contrasting substrates. Am J Dent, 1990;3(6):264-270.
66. Harnirattisai C, Inokoshi S, Shimada Y, et al. Adhesive interface between resin and etched dentin of cervical erosion /abrasion lesions. Oper Dent , 1993;18(4):138-143.
67. Harnirattisai C, Inokoshi S, Shimada Y, et al. Adhesive interface between resin and etched dentin of cervical erosion/abrasion lesions. Oper Dent, 1993;18(4):138-143 .
68. Tagami J, Hosoda H ,Burrow MF,et al.Effect of aging and carious on dentin permieability .Proc Finn Dent Assoc ,1992;88(Suppl 1):149-154.
69. Eick JD, Wilko RA, Anderson CH, et al. Scanning electron microscopy of cut tooth surfaces and identification of debris by use of the electron microprobe . J Dent Res, 1970;49(6): 1359-1368 .
70. Bertolotti RL. Conditioning of the Dentin substrate. Oper Dent,1992;Suppl 5:131-136.
71. Pashley DH, Carvalho RM. Dentine permeability and dentine adhesion. J Dent, 1997;25(5):355-372.
72. Pashley DH. Smear layer: physiological considerations. Oper Dent, 1984;3(Suppl):13-29.
73. McInnes PM, Wendt Jr SL, Retief DH .Effect of dentin surface roughness on shear bond strength .Dent Mater ,1990;6(3)204-207.
74. Finger WJ, Manabe A, Alker B. Dentin surface roughness vs. bond strength of dentin adhesives. Dent Mater,1989;5(5)319-323.
75. Tao L, Pashely DH, Boyd L. Effect of different types of smear layers on dentin and enamel shear bond strengths. Dent Mater, 1988;4(4):208-216.
76. Pereira PN, Okuda M, Sano H. Effect of intrinsic wetness and regional difference on dentin bond strength. Dent Mater ,1999;15(1):46-53.
77. Tay FR, Sano H, Carvalho R, et al. An ultrastructural study of the influence of acidity of self-etching primers and smear layer thickness on bonding to intact dentin .J Adhes Dent ,2000;2(2):83-98.
78. Koibuchi H, Yasuda N, Nakabayashi N. Bonding to dentin with a self-etching primer: the effect of smear layers. Dent Mater, 2001;17(2)122-126.
79. Oliveira SS, Pugach MK, Hilton JF.The influence of the dentin smear layer on adhesion : a self -etching primer vs. a total-etch system. Dent Mater 2003;19(8):758-767.
80. Pioch T, Stotz S, Buff E,et al. Influence of different etching times on hybrid layer formation and tensile bond strength. Am J Dent,1998;11(5):202-206.
81. Uno S, Finger WJ. Effect of acidic conditioners on dentine demineralization and dimension of hybrid layers .J Dent, 1996;24(3):211-216.
82. Camps J,Pashley DH.Buffering action of human dentin in vitro .J Adhes Dent, 2000;2(1):39-50.
83. Sardella TN, de Castro FL, Sanabe ME, et al. Shortening of primary dentin etching time and its implication on bond strength .J Dent ,2005;33(5):355-362.
84. Hosoya Y, Marshall SJ, Watanable LG, et al. Micro-hardness of carious deciduous dentine. Oper Dent, 2000;25(2):81-89.
85. Mahoney E, Holt A, Swain M, et al. The hardness and modulus of elasticity of primary molar teeth : an ultramicro-indentation study. J Dent, 2000;28(8):589-594.
86. Tay FR, Gwinnett JA, Wei SHY. Relation between water content in acetone /alcohol-based primer and interfacial ultrastructure .J Dent, 1998;26(2):156-174.
87. Armstrong SR, Keller JC, Boyer DB. The influence of water storage and C-factor on the dentin-resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin . Dent Mater , 2001;17(3):268-276.
88. Retief DH, Wendt SL, Bradley EL,et al. The effect of storage media and duration of storage of extracted teeth on the shear bond strength of Scotchbond 2/Silux to dentin.Am J Dent,1989;2(5):269-273.
89. 郑铁丽,黄翠。离体牙储存方法对牙本质及牙本质粘结的影响。国外医学口腔医学分册,2004;31(3):207-211.
90. Titley KC,Chemecky R,Rossouw PE,et al.The effect of storage methods and media on shear –bond strengths of dental composite resin to bovine dentine .Arch Oral Biol ,1998;43(4):305-311.
91. ISO. Guidance on testing of adhesion to teeth structure .International Organization for Standardization .TR 11405,1-14.1994,Switzerland.
92. 樊明文,边专,赵怡芳等。口腔医学新进展。湖北科学技术出版社。2000,第二版,185-188。
93. Matsuya S, Maeda T, Ohta M, et al. IR and NMR analyses of hardening and maturation of glass-ionomer cement .J Dent Res , 1996;75(12): 1920-1927.
94. Wang Y, Spencer P. Physicochemical interactions at the interfaces between self-etch adhesive systems and dentine .J Dent,2004;32(7):567-579.
95. Xu J, Stangel I, Bulter IS,et al. An FT-Raman spectroscopic investigation of dentin and collagen surface modified by 2-hydroxyethymethacrylate. Dent Res, 1997;76(1):596-701.
96. Xu J, Stangel I,Bulter IS,et al. High pressure infrared and FT-Raman investigationof a dental composite. Biomater , 1997;18(24):1653-1657.
97. Yoshida Y, Van Meerbeek B, Nakayama Y, et al. Adhesion to and decalcification of hydroxyapatite by carboxylic acid . J Dent Res, 2001,80(6):1400-1401.
98. Fu B, Sun X ,Qian W ,et al. Evidence of chemical bonding to hydroxyapatite by phosphoric acid easters. Biomater, 2005;26(25):5104-5110.
99. Li H, Burrow MF, Tyas MJ .The effect of thermal cycling regimens on the nanoleakage of dentin bonding systems .J Dent Mater,2002;18(3):189-196.
100. Yoshida K,Kamada K,Atsuta M. Effect of two silane coupling agents,a bonding agents,and thermal cycling on bond strength of a CAD/CAM composite material cemented with two resin luting agents. Prost Dent,2001;85(2):184-189.
101. AKB Bedran-de-Castro,PEC Cardoso,GMB Ambrosano,et al.Thermal and mechanical load cycling on microleakage and shear bond strength to dentin. Oper Dent ,2004;29(1):42-48.
102. Yoshida K,Kamada K,Taira Y,et al. Effect of three adhesive primers on the bond strengths of four light-activated opaque resins to noble alloy .J Oral Rehab 2001;28(2):168-173.
103. International Organization for Standardization .ISO TR 11405;Dental materials-guidance on testing of adhesion to tooth structure ,1994.
104. Schilke R, Lisson JA,Bauss O,Geuttsen W, et al. Comparison of the number and diameter of dentinal tubules in human and bovine dentine by scanning electron microscopic investigation . Arch Oral Biol ,2004;5(5):355-361.
105. Olsson S, ?ilo G, Adamczak E. The structure of dentin surfaces exposed for bond strength measurements. Scand J Dent Res,1993;101(3):180-184.
106. Duke ES, Lindemuth J. Polymeric adhesion to dentin :Contrasting substrates. Am J Dent ,1990;3(6):264-270.
107. Yoshiyama M, Carvaho R,Sano H,et al. Interfacial morphology and strength of bonds made to superfacial versus deep dentin .Am J Dent,1995,8(6):297-302.
108. Tam LE, Chan GP,Yim D.In vitro caries inhibition effects by conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations.Oper Dent 1997;22(1):4-14 .
109. Tao L,Tagami J,Pashley DH. Pulpal pressure and bond strengths of SuperBond and Gluma.American Journal of Dentistry1991;4(2):73-6.
110. Schupbach P, Krejci I, Lutz F. Dentin bonding :effect of tubule orientation on hybrid-layer formation .Eur J of Oral Sci ,1997;105(4):344-352
111. Phrukkanon S,Burrow MF,Tyas MJ .The effect of dentine location and tubule orientation on the bond strengths between resin and dentine. J Dent,1999;27(4):265-274.
112. Peutzfeldt A, Asmussen E. Determinants of in vitro gap formation of resin composites .J Dent ,2004;32(2):109-115.
113. Zidan O, Asmussen E,Jorgensen KD.Correlation between tensile and bond strength of composite resins.Scand J Dent Res,1980;88(4):348-351.
114. Tay FR,Pashley DH ,Yiu CKY,et al. Factors contributing to the incompatibibility between simplifyied-step adhesives and chemically cured or dual-cured composites .PartI .Single-step self-etching adhesive .J Adhes Dent,2003;5(1):27-40.
115. Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A, Sahafi A. Bonding of resin cements to post materials: influence of surface energy characteristics. J Adhes Dent,2005;7(3):231-234.
116. Dehoff PH, Anusavice KJ, Wang Z. Three -dimensional finite element analysis of shear bond test . Dent Mater,1995;11(2):126-131.
117. Appleton J. Formation and structure of dentine in the rat incisor after chronic exposure to sodium fluoride .Scanning Microsc,1994;8(3):711-719.
118. Appleton J. Dentinogenesis and the calciotraumatic response to the injection of lead or fluoride ions.Scanning Microsc,1992,6(4):1073-1080.
119. Appleton J,Chesters J,Kierdorf U,et al. Changes in the structure of dentine from cheek teeth of deer chronically exposed to high levels of Environmental fluoride. Cells Tissues Organs ,2000;167(4):266-272.
120.Tay FR, Gwinnett AJ, Pang KM, et al. Structural evidence of a sealed tissue interface with total-etch wet bonding technique in vivo. J Dent Res ,1994;73:629-636.
121. Yoshiyama M, Carvalho R, Sano H, et al. Regional bond strengths of resins to human root dentin .J Dent Res ,1996;24:435-442.
122. Spencer P, Wang Y, Walker MP, et al. International chemistry of the dentin/adhesive bond. J Dent Res 2000;79:1458-1463.
123. Awliya WY. Akpata ES.Effect of fluorosis on shear bond strength of ionomerbased restorative materials to dentin .J Prosthet Dent ,1999,81(3):290.
124. Sano H, Shono T, Sonoda H, et al. Relationshiop between surface area for adhesion and tensile bond strength –evaluation of a micro –tensile bond test. Dent Mater ,1994;10:236-240.
125. Pashley DH, Sano H, Ciucchi B, et al. Adhesion testing of dentin bonding agents : A review . Dent Mater, 1995;11(2):117-125.
126. Goracci C,Sadek FT, Monticelli F, et al. Influence of substrate, shape ,and thickness on microtensile specimens' structural integrity and their measured bond strengths. Dent Mater, 2004;20(7):643-654.
127. PHrukkanon S, Burrow MF,Tyas MJ. The influence of cross-sectional shape and surface area on the microtensile bond test. Dent Mater ,1998;14(3):212-221.
128. Armstrong SR,Keller JC,Boyer DB.The influence of water storage and c-factor on the dentin-resin composite microtensile bond strength and debond pathway utilizing a filled and unfilled adhesive resin .Dent Mater2001;1(3)7:268-276.
129. Sadek FT, Cury AH, Monticelli F, et al. The influence of the cutting speed on bond strength and integrity of microtensile specimens . Dent Mater, 2005;21(12):1144-1149.
130.李潇,施长溪,朱光第。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在牙本质粘接界面研究中的应用。国外医学口腔医学分册,2003;30(4):292-294.
131.李潇,施长溪,赵信义等。牙本质表面状态对粘结界面影响的激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究。实用口腔医学,2005;21(1):71-74 .