奶牛乳腺炎的研究
摘要
本研究对奶牛临床型乳腺炎病原进行了分离鉴定，药敏试验并对临床病例进行了治疗试验；研制了乳头中药消毒剂并对其进行了临床应用，对隐性乳腺炎病牛的乳腺作了病理学观察，本研究主要由八个实验组成：
试验一：奶牛乳腺炎的调查报告
该研究对泰安、济南和青岛的部分奶牛场进行了奶牛临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查，调查结果表明：三个地区临床型乳腺炎的头数发病率分别为8.96%、8.33%和9.87%，左前、左后、右前和右后四乳区发病率分别为55%、4.48%、34.48%、44.83%；济南与青岛隐性乳腺炎的发病率分别为75%和64.7%,四乳区发病率分别为31.8%、30.8%、32.8%、46.97%；随奶牛胎次的提高，隐性乳腺炎的发病率有上升的趋势，3、4胎隐性乳腺炎的发病率最高。
试验二 奶牛急性乳腺炎病原菌的分离与鉴定
对17头患有急性乳腺炎奶牛的43个乳区43份乳样进行细菌的分离与鉴定，共分离出葡萄球菌、链球菌、沙门氏菌、枸橼酸杆菌、棒状杆菌、大肠杆菌、酵母菌7种致病菌，其中酵母菌最多，占30.23%。
试验三 奶牛急性乳腺炎病原菌的药敏试验
24种药物对5种病原菌的药敏试验结果表明：沙门氏菌对丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、蒽诺沙星、卡那霉素、头孢类抗生素、妥布霉素等高度敏感，而对青霉素类抗生素、链霉素、四环素、红霉素、复合磺胺、万古霉素、利福平等不敏感；金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、蒽诺沙星、头孢类抗生
素、妥布霉素等高度敏感，而对青霉素、链霉素、氟哌酸、复合磺胺等不敏感；枸橼酸杆菌对庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、卡那霉素、头孢类抗生素等高度敏感，而对青霉素、链霉素、四环素、复合磺胺等不敏感；兽医链球菌对青霉素类、头孢类抗生素高度敏感，而对卡那霉素、氟哌酸、复合磺胺等不敏感；大肠杆菌对丁胺卡那霉素、头孢类抗生素、蒽诺沙星较敏感，而对青霉素、链霉素、红霉素、四环素等不敏感。
试验四：奶牛急性乳腺炎的治疗试验
结果表明：蒽诺沙星组和中药组有较高的临床治愈率（83.33%, 100%），氨苄青霉素、先锋霉素和长效青霉素次之(66.7%,75%,70%)，青链霉素临床效果最差(51.88%)。
试验五 17种中草药对奶牛乳腺炎4种病原菌体外抑菌试验
试验表明，对沙门氏菌以诃子、鱼腥草和蒲公英的抑菌效果好；对葡萄球菌以黄芩、诃子、黄连、红花和鱼腥草的抑菌效果明显；对枸橼酸杆菌以诃子的效果好；对大肠杆菌以黄芩、鱼腥草、蒲公英和黄连的效果好。
试验六：奶牛乳头中药消毒剂的研制
利用抑菌较好的药物自组4个中药方剂，实验结果表明，方剂1，2，3的抑菌效果优于方剂4，方剂2的抑菌作用大于方剂1和方剂3。
试验七 奶牛纯中药乳头消毒剂的临床应用效果观察
对乳头中药消毒剂进行临床应用，试验结果表明：该乳头中药消毒剂能降低临床型和隐性乳腺炎的发病率，能降低隐性乳腺炎病牛乳汁体细胞数，降低LDH和 NAGase的活性，但对产奶量无显著影响。
试验八 奶牛隐性乳腺炎乳腺的组织学观察
对有隐性乳腺炎的病牛的乳腺进行病理组织学观察，初期，乳池及输乳管黏膜显著充血，黏膜呈颗粒状，腺泡上皮发生颗粒变性，透明滴样变和轻度的脂肪变性，腺泡腔的分泌物中有少量的嗜中性白细胞和血细胞，并见有大小不一的透明滴样物，并见有乳池的缩小，间质充血和轻度水肿，有少量的嗜中性白细胞浸润，乳腺管不见明显的变化，后期转变为增生性炎症，间质的炎性充血和水肿逐渐消失，乳池和输乳管显著扩张，管腔内充满脱落的上皮细胞和嗜中性白细胞。
Studies included isolation and pharmacosensitive test of parthogen from clinical mastitis in cows, and treatment experiment in cows suffered from clinical mastitis. The herb disinfectant was prepared and the cow with subclinical mastitis was treated with it. Pathologic observation was maded for the teat tissure of cows with subclinical mastitis. Studies included 8 experiments majorly as follows:
Test 1: The findings of mastitis in cows
Clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis in cows were investigated in Tai'an Jinan and Qingdao.The result showed that: the ratio of clinical mastitis in cows was 8.96%, 8.33% and 9.87% in 3 areas respectively. The incidence of subclinical mastitis was 55%, 4.48%, 34.48% and 44.83% in forward left, left back, forward right and right back udder region respectively; The incidence of subclinical mastitis was 75% and 64.7% in Jinan and Qingdao respectively, The incidence was 31.8%, 30.8%, 32.8% and 46.97% in each udder region spectively. As the raising of the number of foetustimes in cows, the incidence of subclinical mastitis had the tendency of rising. The incidence of the disease with 3 and 4 of foetu
was highest.
Test 2: Isolation and biochemical test of clinical bacterium from cows with clinical mastitis
Staphylococcu saureus, Reptagalactine, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium bovis, Escherichia coli and yeast bacteria were isolated from 43 udder region and milk from 17 cows with clinical mastitis. yeast bacterium took 30.23% at most in all isolated bacterium.
Test 3: The pharmacosensitive test of bacterium from cows with clinical mastitis
The result of pharmacosensitive test with medicine for the 5 kinds of bacterium which resulted in clinical mastitis showed that: Salmonella was sensitive to Amikacin, Gentamicin, enrofloxacin, Kanamycin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime; but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, rifampin. Staphylococcus aureus was very sensitive to ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, tobramycin, but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, et al. Citrobacter was very sensitive to gentomicin, amikacin, kanamycin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole. Streptococcus
zooepidemicus was very sensitive to penicillin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, but not sensitive to kanamycin, norfloxacin. Escherichia coli was sensitive to amikacin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, Enrofloxacin; but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, trythromycin and tetracycline.
Test 4: The treatment experiment in cows with clinical mastitis
Treatment experiment showed that: enrofloxacin and herb had the heighest clinical cure rate (83.33%, 100%); ampicillin, cefoperazone and long effective penicillin took the second place (66.7%, 75%, 70%); penicillin and streptomycin had the worst treatment effect (51.88%).
Test 5: The pharmacosensitive test of 17 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine for 4 kinds of bacterium that resulted in mastitis in cows
The test showed that: salmonella was sensitive to Fructus chebulae, Herba Houttuyniae, Herba Taraxacicum radice. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Radix Seuteliariae, Fructus chebulae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Flos Carfhami and Herba Houttuyniae.Citrobacter was sensitive to Fructus Chebulae. Escherichia coli was sensitive to Radix Seuteliariaecterium, Herba Houttuyniae, Herba Taraxacicum Radice and Rhizoma Coptidis.
Test 6: The preparation of the herb neat disinfectant for ow nipple
The 4 mixture of traditional Chinese medicine were made of herb that restrained pathogens well. The exp
试验一：奶牛乳腺炎的调查报告
该研究对泰安、济南和青岛的部分奶牛场进行了奶牛临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查，调查结果表明：三个地区临床型乳腺炎的头数发病率分别为8.96%、8.33%和9.87%，左前、左后、右前和右后四乳区发病率分别为55%、4.48%、34.48%、44.83%；济南与青岛隐性乳腺炎的发病率分别为75%和64.7%,四乳区发病率分别为31.8%、30.8%、32.8%、46.97%；随奶牛胎次的提高，隐性乳腺炎的发病率有上升的趋势，3、4胎隐性乳腺炎的发病率最高。
试验二 奶牛急性乳腺炎病原菌的分离与鉴定
对17头患有急性乳腺炎奶牛的43个乳区43份乳样进行细菌的分离与鉴定，共分离出葡萄球菌、链球菌、沙门氏菌、枸橼酸杆菌、棒状杆菌、大肠杆菌、酵母菌7种致病菌，其中酵母菌最多，占30.23%。
试验三 奶牛急性乳腺炎病原菌的药敏试验
24种药物对5种病原菌的药敏试验结果表明：沙门氏菌对丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、蒽诺沙星、卡那霉素、头孢类抗生素、妥布霉素等高度敏感，而对青霉素类抗生素、链霉素、四环素、红霉素、复合磺胺、万古霉素、利福平等不敏感；金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、蒽诺沙星、头孢类抗生
素、妥布霉素等高度敏感，而对青霉素、链霉素、氟哌酸、复合磺胺等不敏感；枸橼酸杆菌对庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、卡那霉素、头孢类抗生素等高度敏感，而对青霉素、链霉素、四环素、复合磺胺等不敏感；兽医链球菌对青霉素类、头孢类抗生素高度敏感，而对卡那霉素、氟哌酸、复合磺胺等不敏感；大肠杆菌对丁胺卡那霉素、头孢类抗生素、蒽诺沙星较敏感，而对青霉素、链霉素、红霉素、四环素等不敏感。
试验四：奶牛急性乳腺炎的治疗试验
结果表明：蒽诺沙星组和中药组有较高的临床治愈率（83.33%, 100%），氨苄青霉素、先锋霉素和长效青霉素次之(66.7%,75%,70%)，青链霉素临床效果最差(51.88%)。
试验五 17种中草药对奶牛乳腺炎4种病原菌体外抑菌试验
试验表明，对沙门氏菌以诃子、鱼腥草和蒲公英的抑菌效果好；对葡萄球菌以黄芩、诃子、黄连、红花和鱼腥草的抑菌效果明显；对枸橼酸杆菌以诃子的效果好；对大肠杆菌以黄芩、鱼腥草、蒲公英和黄连的效果好。
试验六：奶牛乳头中药消毒剂的研制
利用抑菌较好的药物自组4个中药方剂，实验结果表明，方剂1，2，3的抑菌效果优于方剂4，方剂2的抑菌作用大于方剂1和方剂3。
试验七 奶牛纯中药乳头消毒剂的临床应用效果观察
对乳头中药消毒剂进行临床应用，试验结果表明：该乳头中药消毒剂能降低临床型和隐性乳腺炎的发病率，能降低隐性乳腺炎病牛乳汁体细胞数，降低LDH和 NAGase的活性，但对产奶量无显著影响。
试验八 奶牛隐性乳腺炎乳腺的组织学观察
对有隐性乳腺炎的病牛的乳腺进行病理组织学观察，初期，乳池及输乳管黏膜显著充血，黏膜呈颗粒状，腺泡上皮发生颗粒变性，透明滴样变和轻度的脂肪变性，腺泡腔的分泌物中有少量的嗜中性白细胞和血细胞，并见有大小不一的透明滴样物，并见有乳池的缩小，间质充血和轻度水肿，有少量的嗜中性白细胞浸润，乳腺管不见明显的变化，后期转变为增生性炎症，间质的炎性充血和水肿逐渐消失，乳池和输乳管显著扩张，管腔内充满脱落的上皮细胞和嗜中性白细胞。
Studies included isolation and pharmacosensitive test of parthogen from clinical mastitis in cows, and treatment experiment in cows suffered from clinical mastitis. The herb disinfectant was prepared and the cow with subclinical mastitis was treated with it. Pathologic observation was maded for the teat tissure of cows with subclinical mastitis. Studies included 8 experiments majorly as follows:
Test 1: The findings of mastitis in cows
Clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis in cows were investigated in Tai'an Jinan and Qingdao.The result showed that: the ratio of clinical mastitis in cows was 8.96%, 8.33% and 9.87% in 3 areas respectively. The incidence of subclinical mastitis was 55%, 4.48%, 34.48% and 44.83% in forward left, left back, forward right and right back udder region respectively; The incidence of subclinical mastitis was 75% and 64.7% in Jinan and Qingdao respectively, The incidence was 31.8%, 30.8%, 32.8% and 46.97% in each udder region spectively. As the raising of the number of foetustimes in cows, the incidence of subclinical mastitis had the tendency of rising. The incidence of the disease with 3 and 4 of foetu
was highest.
Test 2: Isolation and biochemical test of clinical bacterium from cows with clinical mastitis
Staphylococcu saureus, Reptagalactine, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium bovis, Escherichia coli and yeast bacteria were isolated from 43 udder region and milk from 17 cows with clinical mastitis. yeast bacterium took 30.23% at most in all isolated bacterium.
Test 3: The pharmacosensitive test of bacterium from cows with clinical mastitis
The result of pharmacosensitive test with medicine for the 5 kinds of bacterium which resulted in clinical mastitis showed that: Salmonella was sensitive to Amikacin, Gentamicin, enrofloxacin, Kanamycin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime; but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, rifampin. Staphylococcus aureus was very sensitive to ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, tobramycin, but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, norfloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, et al. Citrobacter was very sensitive to gentomicin, amikacin, kanamycin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole. Streptococcus
zooepidemicus was very sensitive to penicillin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, but not sensitive to kanamycin, norfloxacin. Escherichia coli was sensitive to amikacin, Cefoperazne, Cefuroximeaxetic, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, Enrofloxacin; but not sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, trythromycin and tetracycline.
Test 4: The treatment experiment in cows with clinical mastitis
Treatment experiment showed that: enrofloxacin and herb had the heighest clinical cure rate (83.33%, 100%); ampicillin, cefoperazone and long effective penicillin took the second place (66.7%, 75%, 70%); penicillin and streptomycin had the worst treatment effect (51.88%).
Test 5: The pharmacosensitive test of 17 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine for 4 kinds of bacterium that resulted in mastitis in cows
The test showed that: salmonella was sensitive to Fructus chebulae, Herba Houttuyniae, Herba Taraxacicum radice. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Radix Seuteliariae, Fructus chebulae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Flos Carfhami and Herba Houttuyniae.Citrobacter was sensitive to Fructus Chebulae. Escherichia coli was sensitive to Radix Seuteliariaecterium, Herba Houttuyniae, Herba Taraxacicum Radice and Rhizoma Coptidis.
Test 6: The preparation of the herb neat disinfectant for ow nipple
The 4 mixture of traditional Chinese medicine were made of herb that restrained pathogens well. The exp
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30.Galton,D.M.,Peterson,L.G., and Merrill,W.G. Evaluation of Udder Preparations on intramammary infections. J.Dairy.Sci.,1988,71:1417-1421.
31.Bruhn J.C.,Frauke A.A. and Bushnell R.B. Relationship between iodophors used for mastitis control and iodine concentrations in milk.In Proceedings: American Dairy Science Association,1980.
32.Bushell,R.B. Mycoplasma mastitis.Vet.Clin.North Am(Large Anim Pract.).1984,6:301-312.
33.Oliver,S.P. and Matthews,K.R. Analytical review of new teat dip efficacy claims. Bov.Proc. 1994,26:79-83.
34.Galton D.M.,Petersson L.G. and ErbH.N. Milk iodine residnes in herds. Practicing iodophor premilking teat disinfection. J.Dairy.Sci. 1986,69:267-271.
35.Jarrett J.A. Mechanical milking and its relationship to mastitis.Vet.Clin.Nortn Am.(Large Anim.Pract.),1984,6:349-360.
36．敖日格尔，嘎尔迪，张润厚等.改善挤奶技术降低乳房炎的研究[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报.1997,18(4):37-41.
37．敖日格尔，嘎尔迪，张润厚等．降低乳中细菌、体细胞含量及改善乳汁技术的研究［J］.内蒙古农牧学院学报.1997,18(2):7-12.
38．王运亨，周玉云．在平台式机器挤奶牛场试行《奶牛乳房炎防制规范》效果观察．中国奶牛．1997(3):45-46.
39.李远福，王仁华，陈爱军等．我场应用手推式挤奶机的效果［J］．中国奶牛．2000(1):45-46.
40.Sordillo L M,Sanider M,Hugher H,et al.Pathological changes in bovine mammary glands following intramammary infusion of recombinant interleukon-2[J].J Dairy Sci,1991,74:4164-4174.
41.Nickerson S C,Baker P A,Trinidad P. Local immunostimulatin of the bovine mammary glang with interleukin-2[J]. J Dairy Sci,1989,72:1764-1773.
42.Erskine R J.Bartlett P C, Tavernier S R, et al. Recombinant bovine interleukin-2 and dry cow therapy:wfficacy to cure and prevent intramammary infection[J].J Dairy Sci,1998.81:107-115.
43.Daley M J,Furda G,Dougherty R, et al.Patention of antibiotic therapy of staphylococcis aureus mastitis by recombinant bovine interleukin-2[J]. J Dairy Sci,1992,75:3330-3338.
44.Daley M J,Williams T,Dougherty R,et al.Staphylococcus aureus mastitis:Pathogenesis and treatment with bovine IL-1 and IL-2[J].J Daity Sci,1991,74:4413-4422.
45.Sordillo L M,Afesth G,Davies G, et al.Effects of recombinant granulocyte-macriphage blood and mammary glang neutrophil function in vitro[J]. Can J Vet Res,1992,56:16-23.
46. Nickerson S C,Owens W E,Watts J L.Effects of recombinant grannlocyte coloning-stimulating factor on staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactaing dairy cows[J]. J Dairy sci,1989,7:3286-3294.
47.Dunney S,Schusrer D,Russonielloc, et al.Granulocyte macrophage coloning-stimulating factor for the control of S.aureus mastitis in lactaing dairy cows[J]. J Dairy Sci,1994,77:255-311.
48.Sordillo L M,Peel J E.Effects of interferon production of tumour necrosis factor during E.coli mastitis[J]. J Dairy Sci,1992,75:2119-2125.
49.Sordillo L M.,Pighetti G M,Davis M R.Enhanced production of bovine tumour
necrosis factor-2 during the periparturient period[J]. Vet Immunopathol. 1995,49:263-269.
50.Sanchez M S,Ford C W,Yancey R T. Effect of tumour necrosis factor-2,interleukin-1 and antibiotics on the killing of intracellular staphylocococcus aureus[J]. J Dairy Sci,1994,72:1251-1258.
51.Nonnecke B.J.,Harp J.A. Function and regulation of lymphocyte mediated immune responses:relevance to bovine mastitis. J.Dairy.Sci.1989,72:1313-1327.
52.Daley M.J.,Williams T.,Dougherty R. et al. Straophylococcus aures mastitis:pathogenesis and treatment with bovine IL-1 and IL-2. J.Dairy.Sci. 1991,74:4413-4422.
53.Sanchez M.S.,Ford C.W.,Yancey R.J. Effect of tumour necrosis factor--2,interleukin-1 and antibiotics on the killing of intracellular straphylococcus aureus. J.Dairy.Sci. 1994,74:1251-2158.
54．Tylker J W.Relationship between serologic regnition of Escherichia coli 0111:B4(J5) and clinical coliform mastitis in cattle[J]. Am J Vet res,1988,49:1950-1954.
55.Degraves F J,fetrow J. Partial budget analysis of vaccinating dairy cattle against coliform mastitis with an Escherichia-coli J5 vaccine[J]. J Am Vet Assoc,1991,199:451-455.
56.Degraves F J,Fetrow J.Economics of mastits and mastits control[J]. Vet Clin North Am(Food Anim.Pract)1993,9:421-434.
57.顾有方. 治疗和控制牛乳房炎的最新进展[J].国外兽医学-畜禽疾病,1996,17(3):24-26.
58张礼华,郁杰,袁永隆,等.奶牛乳腺炎多联苗(A)后海穴注射免役试验研究[J].中兽医医药杂志,1996,(6):4-6.
59王爱国．奶牛乳腺炎的免疫控制［J］．黑龙江畜牧兽医．1999(2):33-35.
60.赵伟，黄夺先．维生素E和硒在奶牛生产上应用研究进展［J］．中国奶牛.1999(6):25-26.
61.周玉云，程西亮．日量舔加黄腐酸（BFA粉）降低奶牛发病的试验［J］．中国奶牛.1998(3):19-20.
62.冯春霞，豆卫．维生素和微量元素对预防奶牛乳腺炎的作用［J］．饲料博览．1999(1):36.
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