黑广肩步甲主要生物学与成虫人工饲料研究
|
摘要
黑广肩步甲Calosoma maximoviczi Morawitz属于鞘翅目Coleoptera,步甲科Carabidae,星步甲属Calosoma Web。分布于朝鲜、日本、苏联远东地区和我国大部分地区。捕食多种鳞翅目幼虫,在无鳞翅目幼虫的场合可捕食金龟甲总科(Scarabaeoidea)、蝇科(Muscidae)等某些种类的幼虫。环境适应性强,分布范围广,资源丰富,具有重要的利用价值。本试验对其主要生物学特性、成虫人工饲料进行了研究,结果摘要如下:
1黑广肩步甲的主要生物学特性研究
黑广肩步甲在山东地区,一年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14.66±0.5℃,有效积温为41.7±20.85日·度,在25℃下卵期平均为3.69±0.25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、3d～5d、4d～5d;平均气温25℃下,预蛹期约为8d～14d,蛹期为10d～15d,在气温稍低时蛹期可延长1d～15d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。触角在黑广肩步甲成虫寻找猎物过程中起主要作用,视觉起次要作用,而下颚和下颚须、下唇和下唇须可能具有一定的嗅觉功能,对于寻找猎物起辅助作用。
2黑广肩步甲成虫人工饲料研究
分别研制了9种成虫人工饲料,以此饲喂黑广肩步甲成虫,结果表明,饲料Ⅲ是室内饲养黑广肩步甲成虫的最佳饲料。
(1)人工饲料物理性状的选择糊状饲料较其它形态饲料为最好。
(2)不同配方饲料对黑广肩步甲单头日均取食量的影响
黑广肩步甲成虫对饲料Ⅲ的单头日均取食量最大(1.34g),但明显低于对3、4龄家蚕的单头日均取食量(2.34g)。
(3)不同配方饲料对黑广肩步甲产卵率、平均单雌产卵量的影响
用饲料Ⅲ、Ⅵ、IX饲养的黑广肩步甲,其雌虫产卵率分别为53.3%、46.7%、46.7%,平均单雌产卵量分别为60、44、44.6粒,均明显高于其
Calosoma maximoviczi Morawitz belongs to Calosoma Web, Carabidae, Coleoptrra. The beetle distributes in Korea, Japan, far east area of Russia and most places in our country. It mainly preys on many kinds of Lepidoptera larvae and other farming and forestry pests, such as the larvae of scarabaeoidea and Muscidae etc. It is very useful because of its good adaptability, wide distribution, and resourceful abundance. In this paper, biology and adult artificial diet were studied under the condition of laboratry and field. The results as follows:
1 Main biology
It occoured one genetation per year in Shandong province and overwintered as adult in soil. Adult beetle emerged from mid-May to the first ten days of October, and oviposited in early June. The developmental threshold temperature of egg was 14.66±0.5℃, and its effective accumulated temperature was 41.7±20.85 degree-day. At 25℃, eggs hatched after 3.69±0.25 days, the nymph had three instars, the 1st instar stage was 3～5 days, 2nd instar 3～5days, and 3rd instar 4～5 days; The prepupal stage lasted 8～14 days and the pupal stage lasted 10～15 days at 25℃. Adults and larva preyed on many kinds of Lepidoptera larvae. Antennas played the most important role in seaching prey, and compound eyes played the secondary importance. Besides, seaching prey may be assisted by maxillary and maxillary palpi, labial and labial palpi which maybe have some olfaction fuction.
2 Study on adult artificial diets
9 kinds of artificial diets were designed, among them dietⅢwas the best one, and the results as follows:
(1) Selection of physical property of artificial diet
Mushy diet was the best.
1黑广肩步甲的主要生物学特性研究
黑广肩步甲在山东地区,一年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至10月上旬发生,6月初开始产卵,卵的发育起点温度为14.66±0.5℃,有效积温为41.7±20.85日·度,在25℃下卵期平均为3.69±0.25d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为3d～5d、3d～5d、4d～5d;平均气温25℃下,预蛹期约为8d～14d,蛹期为10d～15d,在气温稍低时蛹期可延长1d～15d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。触角在黑广肩步甲成虫寻找猎物过程中起主要作用,视觉起次要作用,而下颚和下颚须、下唇和下唇须可能具有一定的嗅觉功能,对于寻找猎物起辅助作用。
2黑广肩步甲成虫人工饲料研究
分别研制了9种成虫人工饲料,以此饲喂黑广肩步甲成虫,结果表明,饲料Ⅲ是室内饲养黑广肩步甲成虫的最佳饲料。
(1)人工饲料物理性状的选择糊状饲料较其它形态饲料为最好。
(2)不同配方饲料对黑广肩步甲单头日均取食量的影响
黑广肩步甲成虫对饲料Ⅲ的单头日均取食量最大(1.34g),但明显低于对3、4龄家蚕的单头日均取食量(2.34g)。
(3)不同配方饲料对黑广肩步甲产卵率、平均单雌产卵量的影响
用饲料Ⅲ、Ⅵ、IX饲养的黑广肩步甲,其雌虫产卵率分别为53.3%、46.7%、46.7%,平均单雌产卵量分别为60、44、44.6粒,均明显高于其
Calosoma maximoviczi Morawitz belongs to Calosoma Web, Carabidae, Coleoptrra. The beetle distributes in Korea, Japan, far east area of Russia and most places in our country. It mainly preys on many kinds of Lepidoptera larvae and other farming and forestry pests, such as the larvae of scarabaeoidea and Muscidae etc. It is very useful because of its good adaptability, wide distribution, and resourceful abundance. In this paper, biology and adult artificial diet were studied under the condition of laboratry and field. The results as follows:
1 Main biology
It occoured one genetation per year in Shandong province and overwintered as adult in soil. Adult beetle emerged from mid-May to the first ten days of October, and oviposited in early June. The developmental threshold temperature of egg was 14.66±0.5℃, and its effective accumulated temperature was 41.7±20.85 degree-day. At 25℃, eggs hatched after 3.69±0.25 days, the nymph had three instars, the 1st instar stage was 3～5 days, 2nd instar 3～5days, and 3rd instar 4～5 days; The prepupal stage lasted 8～14 days and the pupal stage lasted 10～15 days at 25℃. Adults and larva preyed on many kinds of Lepidoptera larvae. Antennas played the most important role in seaching prey, and compound eyes played the secondary importance. Besides, seaching prey may be assisted by maxillary and maxillary palpi, labial and labial palpi which maybe have some olfaction fuction.
2 Study on adult artificial diets
9 kinds of artificial diets were designed, among them dietⅢwas the best one, and the results as follows:
(1) Selection of physical property of artificial diet
Mushy diet was the best.
引文
[1] 包建中,古德祥.中国生物防治[M].太原:山西科学技术出版社,1996:195~196.
[2] 北京林业大学主编.《昆虫学通论》(下册)[M].北京:农业出版社,1980:19~21.
[3] 贝时璋.中国大百科全书生物卷Ⅰ[M].中国大百科全书出版社,1991.
[4] 陈丽芳,刘曙照.赤胸梳爪步甲的初步研究[J].农垦综防,1987,3:218~220.
[5] 陈守坚.我国常见步甲分属鉴定[J].昆虫天敌,1984, 6(3):165~180.
[6] 陈志辉,陈娥英,严福顺.食料对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响[J].昆虫学报,335~338.
[7] 陈志辉,钦俊德.人工饲料中添加脂类和昆虫保幼激素类似物对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(2):136~146.
[8] 陈志辉,钦俊德.代饲料中水分对七星瓢虫的营养效应[J].昆虫学报,1982,25(2):141~146.
[9] 陈志辉,钦俊德,范学民,等.人工饲料中添加脂类和昆虫保幼激素类似物对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(2):136~146.
[10] 陈志辉,钦俊德,申春玲.改变人工饲料组分对七星瓢虫幼虫生长发育的影响[J].昆虫学报,1989,32(4):385~391.
[11] 崔为正.桑蚕(Bombyx mori L.)食性个体差异及提高对人工饲料摄食性的研究[M].浙江大学博士学位论文,1999.
[12] 邓德蔼,王贵强,李镜.农田步甲的生物学研究[J].昆虫学报,1985,28(3):281~287.
[13] 杜家纬编.昆虫信息素及其应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1986.
[14] 方杰,朱麟,杨振德等,昆虫人工饲料配方研究概况及问题探讨[J].四川林业科技.2003,24(4):18~26.
[15] 傅强,张志涛,胡萃,等.同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(2):98~104.
[16] 傅强,张志涛,胡萃,等.饲料氨基酸对褐粉虱及其蜜露游离氨基酸的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2001,15(4):298~302.
[17] 傅贻玲,陈志辉.人工饲料某些成分对七星瓢虫的营养效应[J].昆虫学报1982,25(3):335~338.
[18] 侯茂林,万方浩,刘建峰. 利用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹饲养中华草蛉幼虫的可行性[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(1):5~7.
[19] 柯礼道,钦俊德.以化学纯饲料饲养北京桃蚜[J].昆虫学报,1983,26(1):17~32.
[20] 雷琼.花绒坚甲的人工饲养技术研究[M].西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[21] 李绍文,王孟淑,曾耀辉等编译.昆虫生物化学[M].北京:科技出版社,1988.
[22] 李淑梅.人工饲养中华草蛉防治棉田害虫的操作技术[J].农业与技术,2000,20(2):41~42.
[23] 梁兴善.中华广肩步甲的作用与利用的探索[J].昆虫天敌,1980,(4):52~56.
[24] 吕仲贤,胡萃,杨樟法.饲料中氮和糖含量对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食的影响[J].浙江农业大学学报,1995,21(6):588~592.
[25] 马敬能,孟沙,张佩珊,等.中国生物多样性保护综述[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1998.
[26] 莫美华,庞雄飞.利用半合成人工饲料饲养小菜蛾的研究[J].华南农业大学学报.1999,20(2):13~17.
[27] 农牧渔业部植物保护总站编.中国生物防治的进展[M].北京:农业出版社,1984.
[28] 牟志刚, 杨广海, 周东松, 等. 黑广肩步甲形态特征和生物学特性[J]. 昆虫知识, 2005, 42(5):553~556.
[29] 庞虹,汤才,李丽英.孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫的人工饲料保种技术[J].昆虫天敌,1996,18(2):64~66.
[30] 钦俊德.昆虫与植物关系的研究进展和前景[J].动物学报,1995,41(1):12~19.
[31] 曲娟.两种步甲食性的研究[J]. 昆虫知识,1997,34(3):158~159.
[32] 曲天文.黑广肩步甲生物学研究(初报)[J].蚕业科学.1964,2(2):137~143.
[33] 沈志成,胡萃,龚和.瓢虫人工饲料的研究进展[J].昆虫知识,1989,26(5):313~316.
[34] 孙毅,万方浩,七星瓢虫人工饲料的研究现状及发展对策[J].中国生物防治,1999,15(4):169~173.
[35] 万方浩,王韧,叶正楚.我国天敌昆虫产品产业化的前景分析[J].中国生物防治,1999,15(30:135~138.
[36] 王健生. 美国白蛾天敌凹翅宽颚步甲生物学的初步研究[J]. 中国生物防治,1999,15(4):183~184
[37] 王延年.昆虫人工饲料的发展、应用和前途[J].昆虫知识,1990,27(5):310~312.
[38] 王延年等.昆虫人工饲养手册[M].上海科学技术出版社,1984.
[39] 吴坤君.棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料[J].昆虫学报,1985,28(1):22~29.
[40] 吴坤君,李眀辉.棉铃虫营养生态学研究:取食不同蛋白含量饲料时的种群生命表[J].昆虫学报,1993,36(1):21~28.
[41] 吴坤君,李眀辉.棉铃虫营养生态学研究:食物中糖含量的影响[J].昆虫学报,1992,35(1):47~52.
[42] 忻介六,苏德明.昆虫螨类和蜘蛛的人工饲养[M].科学出版社,1979.
[43] 严静君.林木害虫天敌昆虫[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989,76~79.
[44] 杨洪,熊继文,张帆.异色瓢虫人工饲料研究进展[J].山地农业生物学报,2003,22(2):169~172
[45] 杨洪.异色瓢虫的人工饲料和规模化饲养[M].贵州大学硕士研究生论文,2003.
[46] 于晓东,周红章. 架保护区大步甲和蜗步甲属生境选择与物种多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2001,9(3):214~221.
[47] 虞佩玉.中国星步甲属的研究[J].昆虫分类学报,1982,4(4):317~322.
[48] 虞佩玉.危害农作物的步行虫[J].昆虫分类学报,1980,2(1):81~84.
[49] 虞佩玉.中国水稻害虫天敌名录[M].北京:科学出版社,1991,93~101
[50] 宇振荣.湖北潜江农田景观中步甲和蜘蛛的群落结构[J].昆虫学报,1998 ,41:91~97.
[51] 习 学 , 陈 丽 芳 . 赤 胸 梳 爪 步 甲 生 物 学 特 性 初 步 研 究 [J]. 农 垦 生防,1982,4(5):1~16.
[52] 张帆,王素琴,罗晨,等.几种人工饲料及繁殖技术对大草蛉生长发育的影响[J].植物保护,2004,30(5):36~40.
[53] 张克斌等.昆虫生理[M].陕西科学技术出版社 1989.
[54] 张孝羲.昆虫生态及预测预报[M].北京: 中国农业出版社, 2002, 218~219.
[55] 赵修复.害虫生物防治(M)(第三版).中国农业出版社,1999.
[56] 赵建铭,汪兴鉴.利用自然寄主玉米螟人工大量繁殖玉米螟历寄生蝇的研究[J].生态学报,1985,5(4):357~362.
[57] 周伟儒,王韧.用天然和人工饲料饲养小花蝽的研究[J].生物防治通报,1989,5(1):9~12.
[58] Alderweireldt, M. and Desender, K. 1990. Microhabitat preference of spid- ers (Araneae) and carabid beetles(Coleoptera:carabidae) in maize fields. Mede- delingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen van de Rijksuniversit eit Gent,55(2):501~510.
[59] Alya A.B.; Hain F.P. Rearing Monochamus species larvae on artificial diet (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae).Journal-of-Entomological-Science(USA),1987,22 (1):73~76.
[60] Bartelt, R.J. James, D.G.Aggregation pheromone of Australian sap beetle, Carpophilus davidsoni (Coleoptera:Nitidulidae).Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1994,20(12):3207~3219.
[61] Bauer, L.S. Meerschaert, J. Forrester, O.T. An artificial diet for cottonwood and imported willow leaf beetles (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) and comparative performance on poplar foliage. Journal of Entomological Science, 1990,25(3): 475~480.
[62] Beavers J.B. Biology of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared on an artificial diet. Florida-Entomologist (USA). 1982,65(2):263~269.
[63] Bedford, S.E. and Usher, M.B. 1994. Distribution of arthropod species across the margins of farm woodlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 48:295~305
[64] Blossey, B.; Eberts, D.; Morrison, E.; Hunt, T. R. Mass rearing the weevil Hylobius transversovittatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), biological control agent of Lythrum salicaria, on semiartificial diet.Journal of Economic Entomology, 2000,93(6):1644~1656.
[65] Bozic, N.; Vujcic, Z.and Mrdakovic, M.,etc. Midgut proteinase activities of Cerambyx cerdo (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) larvae fed on different diets. Acta Entomologica Serbica, 2003,6:147~150.
[66] Bridges J.R. An artificial diet for rearing the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society (USA),1979,14(3):278~279.
[67] Brust G E ,Stinner B R and McCartney D A,1986. Predator activity and predation in corn agroecosystems. Environmental entomology ,15:1017~1021
[68] Butterfield, J., Luff, M.L., Baines, M. and Eyre, M.D. 1995. Carabid beetle communities as indicators of conservation potential in upland forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 79:63~77
[69] Cannon K.F.; Robinson W.H. An artificial diet for the laboratory rearing of the old house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae). Canadian Entomologist (Canada),1982,114(8):739~742.
[70] Chocorosqui, V. R. Pasini, A.Predation of Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae by larvae and adults of Calosoma granulatum Perty (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the laboratory. [Portuguese]Predacao de pupas de Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) per larva adultus de Calosoma granulatum Perty (Coleoptera: Carabidae) em laboratorioAnais Da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 2000,29(1):65~70
[71] Cohen, A.C.Feeding fitness and quality of domesticated and feral predators: effects of long-term rearing on artificial diet. Biological Control: Theory & Applications in Pest Management, 2000,17(1):50~54.
[72] Dickens J.C.; Agee H.R. Photosensitivity and spectral response of boll weevils reared on natural host and artificial larval diets supplemented with carotenoids. Journal-of-Applied-Entomology (Germany, F.R.), 1987,103(2):185 ~192.
[73] Doane, J.F. Seasonal captures and diversity of ground beetles in a wheat field and its grassy borders in central Saskatche wan. Ann. Revi. Entom., 2000, 45:175~201
[74] Domingues, P. M.; Turk, P. E.and Andrade, J. P.,etc. Effects of different food items on the culture of the mysid shrimp Mysidopsis almyra (Crustacea: Perica -ridea) in a static water system. Aquaculture International, 2001, 9(5): 393 ~ 400.
[75] Dong, H. Ellington, J.J. Remmenga, M.D. An artificial diet for the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). Southwestern Entomologist, 2001,26(3):205~213.
[76] Douglas, A.L.et al. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Ann. Revi. Entom., 2000, 45:175~201
[77] Drinkwater, T.W. Rearing the false wireworm, Somaticus terricola ( Fahrae -us) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) on an artificial diet. African Entomology:Jour- nal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 1994, 2(1):74~76.
[78] Dubois, T.; Hajek, A. E.; Smith, S. Methods for rearing the Asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) on artificial diet. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2002,95(2):223~230.
[79] Dubrovskaya, N.A. 1970. Field carabid beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae) of Byelorussia. Entomological Reviews, 49:476~487.
[80] Duelli, P. Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes:An approach at two different scales. Agric. Ecosys. Environ,1997,62:81~91.
[81] Ellsbury, M.M. Rearing of the clover stem borer (Coleoptera:Languriidae) on an artificial diet. Journal of Agricultural Entomology.1990,7(2):149~151.
[82] Fahy O, Gormally M.1998. A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Erish oak woodland with a nearby conifer plantation and clearfelled site. For Ecol Man, 110(1~3):263~273.
[83] Foissner, W. Protozoa bioindicators in agroecosystems, with emphasis onfarming practices, biocides, and biodiversity. Agric. Ecosys. Environ,1997,62:93~103.
[84] Fournier E., Loreau M.2001. Respective roles of recent hedges and forest patch remnants in the maintenance of ground~beetle(Coleoptera:Carabidae) diversity in an agricultural landscape. Landscape Eco,16(1):17~32.
[85] French B W, Elliott NC 2001. Species diversity ,richness, and evenness of ground beetles in wheat fields and adjacent grasslands and riparian zones. South Western Ent., 26(4):315~324.
[86] French B W, Elliott NC, Berberet RC.2001. Effects of riparian and grassland habitats on ground beetle (Coleoptera:Carabidae) assemblages in adjacent wheat fields. Environ Ent,30(2):225~234.
[87] Fuester, R. W. Sandridge, P. T. Dill, N. H. McLaughlin, J. M. Taylor, P. B. Sigmond, J. O. D. Newlon, C. J. Apparent fate of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae stung by the introduced parasite Coccygomimus disparis (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae). Environmental Entomology, 1997,26(6) : 1442~1451.
[88] Gelman, D. B.; Bell, R. A.and Liska, L. J.,etc. Artificial diets for rearing the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Journal of Insect Science (Tucson), 2001, 1(7):1~14.
[89] Hagen,K.S.;Tassan,R.l.1965 A method of providing artificial diets to Chrysopa larvae .J. Econ. Entomol, 58:999~1000.
[90] Hocorosqui, V. R. & Pasini, A. Predation of Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae by larvae and adults of Calosoma granulatum Perty (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in the laboratory.Anais Da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 2000, 29(1):65~70
[91] Howell D J.Optimization of behavior:Introduction and overview.Ann. Zool, 1983,23:257~260.
[92] Hussein, M.Y. Hagen, K.S. Rearing of Hippodamia convergens on artificial diet of chicken liver, yeast and sucrose. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 1991,59(2):197~199.
[93] Ito T.; Hirose C. Rearing of Lyctus brunneus Stephens (Coleoptera: Lyctid- ae) on an artificial diet.Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1980,15(4):496 ~497.
[94] Joop C Van Lenteren,Michel M,Roskam.Commercial mass production and pricing of pest in Europe.Biological Control,1997,10:143-149.
[95] Kariluoto K.T. Survival and fecundity of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) and some other predatory insect species on an artificial diet and a natural prey. Annales-Entomologici-Fennici (Finland), 1980,46(4):101~106.
[96] Khan, M. R.; Khan, M. R.Mass rearing of Menochilus sexmaculatus fabri -ccus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on natural and artificial diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2002,4(1):107~109.
[97] Kromp, B. and Steinberger, K.1992. Grassy field margins and arthropod diversity: a case study on ground beetle and spider in eastern Austria. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 40:71~93
[98] Lapointe, S. L.; McKenzie, C. L.; Hunter, W. B. Toxicity and repellen- cy of Tephrosia candida to larval and adult Diaprepes root weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 2003,96(3):811~816.
[99] Lapointe, S. L.; Shapiro, J. P. Effect of soil moisture on development of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist, 1999,82(2):291~299.
[100] Marrone P.G.; Ferri F.D.and Mosley T.R.,etc. Improvements in laboratory rearing of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpuncta howardi Barber (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), on an artificial diet and corn. Journal-of-economic-entomology (USA), 1985,78(1):290~293.
[101] Martin, P. A. W. A freeze-dried diet to test pathogens of Colorado potato beetle. Biological Control, 2004,29(1):109~114.
[102] Mathews, P.L. Stephen, F.M. Effect of artificial diet on longevity of adult parasitoids of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Environm -ental Entomology, 1997,26(4):961~965.
[103] Matsuka M, Shimotori D, Senzaki T, et al. 1972. Bulletin Faculty of Agriculture Tamagawa University, 1972,12:28~38.
[104] Matsumoto, K.; Irianto, R. S. B.; Kitajima, H. Biology of the Japanese green-lined albizzia longicorn, Xystrocera globosa (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Entomological Science, 2000,3(1):33~42.
[105] Necibi S.; Linit M.J. A new artificial diet for rearing Monochamus carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (USA), 1997,70(2):145~146.
[106] Niijima k,Nakajima k,Matsuka M.Nutrional studies of aphidophags Coccinids Harmoniaaxyridis(Ⅲ)Rearing of larveae using a chemically defined diet and fractions of drone honey bee powder. Bulletin Faculty of Agriculture Tamagawa University, 1977,17:45~51.
[107] Ogura, N.; Tabata, K.; Wang, W. Rearing of the colydiid beetle predat- or, Dastarcus helophoroides, on artificial diet. BioControl, 1999,44(3):291 ~299.
[108] Ojima, N.; Ikeda, S.and Koike, O.,etc. Continuous rearing of an entomoresource, the leaf beetle, Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky ( Coleoptera: Chr- ysomelidae) on artificial diets. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2005, 40(1):119~123.
[109] Pasini, A. Foerster, L. A. Effect of insecticides on Calosoma granulatum P. (Coleoptera:Carabidae).Anais Da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 1994. 23(3):455~460.
[110] Peng, C. Williams, R.N. Artificial diet for the strawberry sap beetle, Stelidota geminata (SAY) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 1990,7(2):137~140.
[111] Petroski, R.J. Bartelt, R.J.Vetter, R.S. Male-produced aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus obsoletus (Coleoptera: nitidulidae).Journal of Che -mical Ecology, 1994,20(7):1483~1493.
[112] Pfiffner, L. and Luka, H. Overwintering of arthropods in soil of arable fields and adjacent semi~natural habitas. Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 2000,78:215~222
[113] Portilla, M.; Mumford, J.; Baker, P.Reproductive potential response to continuous rearing of Hypothenemus hampei(Coleoptera:Scolytidae) developed using Cenibroca-artificial diet. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia. 2000, 26:99~105. Dong, H.; Ellington, J. J.; Remmenga, M. D. An artificial diet for the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). South -western Entomologist, 2001,26(3):205~213.
[114] Pyke GH.Optimal foraging theory:A critical review. Ann.Rev..Ecol, 1984, 15:523~575.
[115] Quinn J F and Harrison S P. Effects of habitat frag mentation and isola -tion on species richies:vidence from biogeographic patterns. Oecologia, 1988, 75:132~140
[116] Quintela E.D.; Fan J.; McCoy C.W. Development of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae)on artificial and citrus root substrates. Journal of economic entomology (USA), 1998,91(5):1173~1179.
[117] Reeve, J. D.; Rojas, M. G.; Morales-Ramos, J. A. Artificial diet and rearing methods for Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera:Cleridae), a predator of bark beetles (Coleoptera:Scolytidae).Biological Control, 2003,27(3):315~322.
[118] Reevse R M, Dunn G A and Jenings D T ,1983.Carabid beetles associatied with the spruce budworm ,Choritoneura fumiferana. The canadian Entomologist ,115:453~472
[119] Reinecke J.P.Increased field trap capture of the mass-reared boll weevil (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) fed diet supplemented with beta-carotene. Journal of economic entomology (USA), 1991,84(2):633~637.
[120] Releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae) near the edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) distribution. Environmental en -tomology (USA), 1995, 24(6):1713~1717.
[121] Robinson J.R.C.; Taylor M.J.and Rojas M.G.,etc.Economic potential of augmentative releases of boll weevil parasites reared on artificial diet. Belt- wide Cotton Conferences (USA), 1995,1:412~415.
[122] Rogers, D. J.; Lewthwaite, S. E.; Dentener, P. R. Rearing huhu beetle larvae, Prionoplus reticularis (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) on artificial diet. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2002,29(4):303~310.
[123] Rojas, M. G.; Morales-Ramos, J. A.; King, E. G. In vitro rearing of the boll weevil (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae) on meridic diets. Journal of Economic Entom- ology, 1996, 9(5): 1095~1104.
[124] Ronald. weseloh. An aritificial diet for larvae of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae) a Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) predator. J.Entomd.Sci, 1998,33(3):233~240.
[125] Saade, F.E. Dunphy, G.B. Bernier, R.L. Response of the carrot weevil, Lis- tronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to strains of Bacillus thurin- giensis. Biological Control: Theory & Applications in Pest Management, 1996, 7(3):293~298.
[126] Schaefer, P. W. Fuester, R. W. Taylor, P. B. Barth, S. E. Simons, E. E. Blumenthal, E. M. Handley, E. M. Finn, T. B. Elliott, E. W. Current distribution and historical range expansion of Calosoma sycophanta (L.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in North America.Journal of Entomological Science, 1999, 34(3): 339~362.
[127] Scott, W.A. and Anerson, R. 2003. Temporal and spatial variation in Carabid assemblages from the United Kingdom Environmental Change Network. Biological Conservation, 110(2):197~210.
[128] Seriber, J. M. Slansky, F.Jr. The nutritional ecology of immature insects. Ann.Rev.Entomol, 1981,26:183~211.
[129] Shimoji, Y. Miyatake, T. Adaptation to artificial rearing during successive generations in the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2002, 95(6):735~739.
[130] Shimoji, Y.; Kohama, T. An artificial larval diet for the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1996,31(1): 152~154.
[131] Shimoji, Y.; Sugiyama, M.; Kohama, T. Marking of the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Calco Oil Red dye I. Effect of dye added to the artificial larval diet on development of the weevils, yield of adults and long lasting internal coloration in the adult. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1999,34(2):231~234.
[132] Shimoji, Y.; Yamagishi, M. Improvement of egg collection method in West Indian sweetpotato weevil,Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) by feeding on a smaller cubic piece of sweet potato root. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2002,37(2):313~318.
[133] Shimoji, Y.; Yamagishi, M. Reducing rearing cost and increasing survival rate of West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) on artificial larval diet. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2004,39(1):41~47.
[134] Shohet, D.; Clarke, A. R. Life history of Chauliognathus lugubris (F.) (Coleoptera:Cantharidae) in Tasmanian forests. Australian Journal of Entomology, 1997,36(1):37~44.
[135] Silva, C. P.;Terra, W. R. and Sa, M. F. G. de,etc. Induction of digestive alpha -amylases in larvae of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) in response to ingestion of common bean alpha -amylase inhibitor. Journal of Insect Physiology, 2001,47(11): 1283~1290.
[136] Slansky F Jr, Scriber J M.Food consumption and utilization. In:Kerkut GA.Gilbert I. I,eds.Comprehensive insect physiology,biochemistry and pharmacology, 1985, 4:87~163.
[137] Smirnoff W A. Canada Entomology, 1958,90:563-565.
[138] Snider, R. M. Snider, R. J. Activity and reproduction of Calosoma frigidum (Coleoptera:Carabidae) in northern Michigan forests.Entomological News, 1997,108(2):127~133.
[139] Spheles D.J.; Horn D.J.T he importance of prey for fecundity andbehavior in the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) predator Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae).Environmental~entomology (USA). (Apr 1998), 27(2):458~462.
[140] Stassart, P. and Grégoire Wibo, C. 1983. Influence du travail du sol sur les populations de carabides engrande culture, resultants preliminaries. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen van de Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 48(2):465~474.
[141] Sunderland K D,1996.Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera :Carabidae).Annual Review of Entomology ,41:231~256.
[142] Thiele, H.U. Carabid Beetles in Their Environments~ A study on Habitat Selection by Adaptations in Physiology and Behavior. New York:Springer~Verlag, 1997,1~2.
[143] Tran, M.T. Marrone, P.G. Bacteria isolated from southern corn rootworms, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), reared on artificial diet and corn. Environmental Entomology, 1988,17(5):832 ~ 835.
[144] Trudel, R. Lavallee and R. Bauce, E. Cabana, J.,etc. Variations in ground white pine bark concentration in artificial diet in relation to egg laying, feeding, and mortality of Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).Journal of Economic Entomology, 1994,87(1):96~100.
[145] Trudel, R.; Lavallee, R.; Bauce, E. Gonadal development and egg-laying response of female white pine weevils reared on artificial and natural diets.Canadian Entomologist, 1998,130(2):201~214.
[146] Ulaganathan, P.; Yadav, G. S.; Chauhan, R. An improved method of mass rearing of Helicoverpa larvae on artificial diet. Research on Crops, 2002,3(1):200~201.
[147] VanLaerhoven, S. L.; Stephen, F. M.; Browne, L. E. Adult parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), feed on artificial diet on pine boles, pine canopy foliage and under -story hardwood foliage. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2005, 15(3):243~254.
[148] Venkatesan, T.; Singh, S. P.; Jalali, S. K. Development of Cryptolaem- us montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of mealybugs on freeze-dried artificial diet.Journal of Biological Control, 2001, 15 (2):139~ 142.
[149] Wang Qiao; Shi GuangLu and Song DePing,etc.Development, survival, body weight, longevity, and reproductive potential of Oemona hirta (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) under different rearing conditions.Journal of Economic Entomology, 2002,95(3):563~569.
[150] Weiss, M.J., Balsbaugh E.U., French, E.W. and Hoag, B.K. 1990. Influence of tillage management and cropping system on ground beetle(Coleoptera:Carabidae) fauna in the Northern Great Plains. Environmental Entomology, 1388~1391.
[151] Weseloh R.M. Experimental forest releases of Calosoma sycophanata (Coleoptera:Carabidae)against the gypsy moth.Journal of economic entomolo- gy (USA), 1990, 83(6):2229~2234.
[152] Weseloh, R. Bernon, G. Butler, L. Fuester, R. McCullough, D. Stehr, F.Releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae) near the edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae)distribution.Environmental Entomo- logy, 1995,24 (6):1713~1717.
[153] Weseloh, R. M. An artificial diet for larvae of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae),a gypsy moth(Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) predator. Journal of Entomological Science, 1998, 33(3):233~240.
[154] Weseloh, R. M. Adult feeding affects fecundity of the predator, Calosoma sycophanta (Col.:Carabidae).Entomophaga, 1993,38(4):43~439.
[2] 北京林业大学主编.《昆虫学通论》(下册)[M].北京:农业出版社,1980:19~21.
[3] 贝时璋.中国大百科全书生物卷Ⅰ[M].中国大百科全书出版社,1991.
[4] 陈丽芳,刘曙照.赤胸梳爪步甲的初步研究[J].农垦综防,1987,3:218~220.
[5] 陈守坚.我国常见步甲分属鉴定[J].昆虫天敌,1984, 6(3):165~180.
[6] 陈志辉,陈娥英,严福顺.食料对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响[J].昆虫学报,335~338.
[7] 陈志辉,钦俊德.人工饲料中添加脂类和昆虫保幼激素类似物对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(2):136~146.
[8] 陈志辉,钦俊德.代饲料中水分对七星瓢虫的营养效应[J].昆虫学报,1982,25(2):141~146.
[9] 陈志辉,钦俊德,范学民,等.人工饲料中添加脂类和昆虫保幼激素类似物对七星瓢虫取食和生殖的影响[J].昆虫学报,1984,27(2):136~146.
[10] 陈志辉,钦俊德,申春玲.改变人工饲料组分对七星瓢虫幼虫生长发育的影响[J].昆虫学报,1989,32(4):385~391.
[11] 崔为正.桑蚕(Bombyx mori L.)食性个体差异及提高对人工饲料摄食性的研究[M].浙江大学博士学位论文,1999.
[12] 邓德蔼,王贵强,李镜.农田步甲的生物学研究[J].昆虫学报,1985,28(3):281~287.
[13] 杜家纬编.昆虫信息素及其应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1986.
[14] 方杰,朱麟,杨振德等,昆虫人工饲料配方研究概况及问题探讨[J].四川林业科技.2003,24(4):18~26.
[15] 傅强,张志涛,胡萃,等.同翅目昆虫人工饲料饲养技术[J].昆虫知识,2001,38(2):98~104.
[16] 傅强,张志涛,胡萃,等.饲料氨基酸对褐粉虱及其蜜露游离氨基酸的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2001,15(4):298~302.
[17] 傅贻玲,陈志辉.人工饲料某些成分对七星瓢虫的营养效应[J].昆虫学报1982,25(3):335~338.
[18] 侯茂林,万方浩,刘建峰. 利用人工卵赤眼蜂蛹饲养中华草蛉幼虫的可行性[J].中国生物防治,2000,16(1):5~7.
[19] 柯礼道,钦俊德.以化学纯饲料饲养北京桃蚜[J].昆虫学报,1983,26(1):17~32.
[20] 雷琼.花绒坚甲的人工饲养技术研究[M].西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[21] 李绍文,王孟淑,曾耀辉等编译.昆虫生物化学[M].北京:科技出版社,1988.
[22] 李淑梅.人工饲养中华草蛉防治棉田害虫的操作技术[J].农业与技术,2000,20(2):41~42.
[23] 梁兴善.中华广肩步甲的作用与利用的探索[J].昆虫天敌,1980,(4):52~56.
[24] 吕仲贤,胡萃,杨樟法.饲料中氮和糖含量对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食的影响[J].浙江农业大学学报,1995,21(6):588~592.
[25] 马敬能,孟沙,张佩珊,等.中国生物多样性保护综述[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1998.
[26] 莫美华,庞雄飞.利用半合成人工饲料饲养小菜蛾的研究[J].华南农业大学学报.1999,20(2):13~17.
[27] 农牧渔业部植物保护总站编.中国生物防治的进展[M].北京:农业出版社,1984.
[28] 牟志刚, 杨广海, 周东松, 等. 黑广肩步甲形态特征和生物学特性[J]. 昆虫知识, 2005, 42(5):553~556.
[29] 庞虹,汤才,李丽英.孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫的人工饲料保种技术[J].昆虫天敌,1996,18(2):64~66.
[30] 钦俊德.昆虫与植物关系的研究进展和前景[J].动物学报,1995,41(1):12~19.
[31] 曲娟.两种步甲食性的研究[J]. 昆虫知识,1997,34(3):158~159.
[32] 曲天文.黑广肩步甲生物学研究(初报)[J].蚕业科学.1964,2(2):137~143.
[33] 沈志成,胡萃,龚和.瓢虫人工饲料的研究进展[J].昆虫知识,1989,26(5):313~316.
[34] 孙毅,万方浩,七星瓢虫人工饲料的研究现状及发展对策[J].中国生物防治,1999,15(4):169~173.
[35] 万方浩,王韧,叶正楚.我国天敌昆虫产品产业化的前景分析[J].中国生物防治,1999,15(30:135~138.
[36] 王健生. 美国白蛾天敌凹翅宽颚步甲生物学的初步研究[J]. 中国生物防治,1999,15(4):183~184
[37] 王延年.昆虫人工饲料的发展、应用和前途[J].昆虫知识,1990,27(5):310~312.
[38] 王延年等.昆虫人工饲养手册[M].上海科学技术出版社,1984.
[39] 吴坤君.棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料[J].昆虫学报,1985,28(1):22~29.
[40] 吴坤君,李眀辉.棉铃虫营养生态学研究:取食不同蛋白含量饲料时的种群生命表[J].昆虫学报,1993,36(1):21~28.
[41] 吴坤君,李眀辉.棉铃虫营养生态学研究:食物中糖含量的影响[J].昆虫学报,1992,35(1):47~52.
[42] 忻介六,苏德明.昆虫螨类和蜘蛛的人工饲养[M].科学出版社,1979.
[43] 严静君.林木害虫天敌昆虫[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989,76~79.
[44] 杨洪,熊继文,张帆.异色瓢虫人工饲料研究进展[J].山地农业生物学报,2003,22(2):169~172
[45] 杨洪.异色瓢虫的人工饲料和规模化饲养[M].贵州大学硕士研究生论文,2003.
[46] 于晓东,周红章. 架保护区大步甲和蜗步甲属生境选择与物种多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2001,9(3):214~221.
[47] 虞佩玉.中国星步甲属的研究[J].昆虫分类学报,1982,4(4):317~322.
[48] 虞佩玉.危害农作物的步行虫[J].昆虫分类学报,1980,2(1):81~84.
[49] 虞佩玉.中国水稻害虫天敌名录[M].北京:科学出版社,1991,93~101
[50] 宇振荣.湖北潜江农田景观中步甲和蜘蛛的群落结构[J].昆虫学报,1998 ,41:91~97.
[51] 习 学 , 陈 丽 芳 . 赤 胸 梳 爪 步 甲 生 物 学 特 性 初 步 研 究 [J]. 农 垦 生防,1982,4(5):1~16.
[52] 张帆,王素琴,罗晨,等.几种人工饲料及繁殖技术对大草蛉生长发育的影响[J].植物保护,2004,30(5):36~40.
[53] 张克斌等.昆虫生理[M].陕西科学技术出版社 1989.
[54] 张孝羲.昆虫生态及预测预报[M].北京: 中国农业出版社, 2002, 218~219.
[55] 赵修复.害虫生物防治(M)(第三版).中国农业出版社,1999.
[56] 赵建铭,汪兴鉴.利用自然寄主玉米螟人工大量繁殖玉米螟历寄生蝇的研究[J].生态学报,1985,5(4):357~362.
[57] 周伟儒,王韧.用天然和人工饲料饲养小花蝽的研究[J].生物防治通报,1989,5(1):9~12.
[58] Alderweireldt, M. and Desender, K. 1990. Microhabitat preference of spid- ers (Araneae) and carabid beetles(Coleoptera:carabidae) in maize fields. Mede- delingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen van de Rijksuniversit eit Gent,55(2):501~510.
[59] Alya A.B.; Hain F.P. Rearing Monochamus species larvae on artificial diet (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae).Journal-of-Entomological-Science(USA),1987,22 (1):73~76.
[60] Bartelt, R.J. James, D.G.Aggregation pheromone of Australian sap beetle, Carpophilus davidsoni (Coleoptera:Nitidulidae).Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1994,20(12):3207~3219.
[61] Bauer, L.S. Meerschaert, J. Forrester, O.T. An artificial diet for cottonwood and imported willow leaf beetles (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) and comparative performance on poplar foliage. Journal of Entomological Science, 1990,25(3): 475~480.
[62] Beavers J.B. Biology of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared on an artificial diet. Florida-Entomologist (USA). 1982,65(2):263~269.
[63] Bedford, S.E. and Usher, M.B. 1994. Distribution of arthropod species across the margins of farm woodlands. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 48:295~305
[64] Blossey, B.; Eberts, D.; Morrison, E.; Hunt, T. R. Mass rearing the weevil Hylobius transversovittatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), biological control agent of Lythrum salicaria, on semiartificial diet.Journal of Economic Entomology, 2000,93(6):1644~1656.
[65] Bozic, N.; Vujcic, Z.and Mrdakovic, M.,etc. Midgut proteinase activities of Cerambyx cerdo (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) larvae fed on different diets. Acta Entomologica Serbica, 2003,6:147~150.
[66] Bridges J.R. An artificial diet for rearing the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society (USA),1979,14(3):278~279.
[67] Brust G E ,Stinner B R and McCartney D A,1986. Predator activity and predation in corn agroecosystems. Environmental entomology ,15:1017~1021
[68] Butterfield, J., Luff, M.L., Baines, M. and Eyre, M.D. 1995. Carabid beetle communities as indicators of conservation potential in upland forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 79:63~77
[69] Cannon K.F.; Robinson W.H. An artificial diet for the laboratory rearing of the old house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae). Canadian Entomologist (Canada),1982,114(8):739~742.
[70] Chocorosqui, V. R. Pasini, A.Predation of Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae by larvae and adults of Calosoma granulatum Perty (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in the laboratory. [Portuguese]Predacao de pupas de Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) per larva adultus de Calosoma granulatum Perty (Coleoptera: Carabidae) em laboratorioAnais Da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 2000,29(1):65~70
[71] Cohen, A.C.Feeding fitness and quality of domesticated and feral predators: effects of long-term rearing on artificial diet. Biological Control: Theory & Applications in Pest Management, 2000,17(1):50~54.
[72] Dickens J.C.; Agee H.R. Photosensitivity and spectral response of boll weevils reared on natural host and artificial larval diets supplemented with carotenoids. Journal-of-Applied-Entomology (Germany, F.R.), 1987,103(2):185 ~192.
[73] Doane, J.F. Seasonal captures and diversity of ground beetles in a wheat field and its grassy borders in central Saskatche wan. Ann. Revi. Entom., 2000, 45:175~201
[74] Domingues, P. M.; Turk, P. E.and Andrade, J. P.,etc. Effects of different food items on the culture of the mysid shrimp Mysidopsis almyra (Crustacea: Perica -ridea) in a static water system. Aquaculture International, 2001, 9(5): 393 ~ 400.
[75] Dong, H. Ellington, J.J. Remmenga, M.D. An artificial diet for the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). Southwestern Entomologist, 2001,26(3):205~213.
[76] Douglas, A.L.et al. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Ann. Revi. Entom., 2000, 45:175~201
[77] Drinkwater, T.W. Rearing the false wireworm, Somaticus terricola ( Fahrae -us) (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) on an artificial diet. African Entomology:Jour- nal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 1994, 2(1):74~76.
[78] Dubois, T.; Hajek, A. E.; Smith, S. Methods for rearing the Asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) on artificial diet. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2002,95(2):223~230.
[79] Dubrovskaya, N.A. 1970. Field carabid beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae) of Byelorussia. Entomological Reviews, 49:476~487.
[80] Duelli, P. Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes:An approach at two different scales. Agric. Ecosys. Environ,1997,62:81~91.
[81] Ellsbury, M.M. Rearing of the clover stem borer (Coleoptera:Languriidae) on an artificial diet. Journal of Agricultural Entomology.1990,7(2):149~151.
[82] Fahy O, Gormally M.1998. A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Erish oak woodland with a nearby conifer plantation and clearfelled site. For Ecol Man, 110(1~3):263~273.
[83] Foissner, W. Protozoa bioindicators in agroecosystems, with emphasis onfarming practices, biocides, and biodiversity. Agric. Ecosys. Environ,1997,62:93~103.
[84] Fournier E., Loreau M.2001. Respective roles of recent hedges and forest patch remnants in the maintenance of ground~beetle(Coleoptera:Carabidae) diversity in an agricultural landscape. Landscape Eco,16(1):17~32.
[85] French B W, Elliott NC 2001. Species diversity ,richness, and evenness of ground beetles in wheat fields and adjacent grasslands and riparian zones. South Western Ent., 26(4):315~324.
[86] French B W, Elliott NC, Berberet RC.2001. Effects of riparian and grassland habitats on ground beetle (Coleoptera:Carabidae) assemblages in adjacent wheat fields. Environ Ent,30(2):225~234.
[87] Fuester, R. W. Sandridge, P. T. Dill, N. H. McLaughlin, J. M. Taylor, P. B. Sigmond, J. O. D. Newlon, C. J. Apparent fate of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pupae stung by the introduced parasite Coccygomimus disparis (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae). Environmental Entomology, 1997,26(6) : 1442~1451.
[88] Gelman, D. B.; Bell, R. A.and Liska, L. J.,etc. Artificial diets for rearing the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Journal of Insect Science (Tucson), 2001, 1(7):1~14.
[89] Hagen,K.S.;Tassan,R.l.1965 A method of providing artificial diets to Chrysopa larvae .J. Econ. Entomol, 58:999~1000.
[90] Hocorosqui, V. R. & Pasini, A. Predation of Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae by larvae and adults of Calosoma granulatum Perty (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in the laboratory.Anais Da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 2000, 29(1):65~70
[91] Howell D J.Optimization of behavior:Introduction and overview.Ann. Zool, 1983,23:257~260.
[92] Hussein, M.Y. Hagen, K.S. Rearing of Hippodamia convergens on artificial diet of chicken liver, yeast and sucrose. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 1991,59(2):197~199.
[93] Ito T.; Hirose C. Rearing of Lyctus brunneus Stephens (Coleoptera: Lyctid- ae) on an artificial diet.Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1980,15(4):496 ~497.
[94] Joop C Van Lenteren,Michel M,Roskam.Commercial mass production and pricing of pest in Europe.Biological Control,1997,10:143-149.
[95] Kariluoto K.T. Survival and fecundity of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) and some other predatory insect species on an artificial diet and a natural prey. Annales-Entomologici-Fennici (Finland), 1980,46(4):101~106.
[96] Khan, M. R.; Khan, M. R.Mass rearing of Menochilus sexmaculatus fabri -ccus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on natural and artificial diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2002,4(1):107~109.
[97] Kromp, B. and Steinberger, K.1992. Grassy field margins and arthropod diversity: a case study on ground beetle and spider in eastern Austria. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 40:71~93
[98] Lapointe, S. L.; McKenzie, C. L.; Hunter, W. B. Toxicity and repellen- cy of Tephrosia candida to larval and adult Diaprepes root weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 2003,96(3):811~816.
[99] Lapointe, S. L.; Shapiro, J. P. Effect of soil moisture on development of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae). Florida Entomologist, 1999,82(2):291~299.
[100] Marrone P.G.; Ferri F.D.and Mosley T.R.,etc. Improvements in laboratory rearing of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpuncta howardi Barber (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), on an artificial diet and corn. Journal-of-economic-entomology (USA), 1985,78(1):290~293.
[101] Martin, P. A. W. A freeze-dried diet to test pathogens of Colorado potato beetle. Biological Control, 2004,29(1):109~114.
[102] Mathews, P.L. Stephen, F.M. Effect of artificial diet on longevity of adult parasitoids of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Environm -ental Entomology, 1997,26(4):961~965.
[103] Matsuka M, Shimotori D, Senzaki T, et al. 1972. Bulletin Faculty of Agriculture Tamagawa University, 1972,12:28~38.
[104] Matsumoto, K.; Irianto, R. S. B.; Kitajima, H. Biology of the Japanese green-lined albizzia longicorn, Xystrocera globosa (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Entomological Science, 2000,3(1):33~42.
[105] Necibi S.; Linit M.J. A new artificial diet for rearing Monochamus carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (USA), 1997,70(2):145~146.
[106] Niijima k,Nakajima k,Matsuka M.Nutrional studies of aphidophags Coccinids Harmoniaaxyridis(Ⅲ)Rearing of larveae using a chemically defined diet and fractions of drone honey bee powder. Bulletin Faculty of Agriculture Tamagawa University, 1977,17:45~51.
[107] Ogura, N.; Tabata, K.; Wang, W. Rearing of the colydiid beetle predat- or, Dastarcus helophoroides, on artificial diet. BioControl, 1999,44(3):291 ~299.
[108] Ojima, N.; Ikeda, S.and Koike, O.,etc. Continuous rearing of an entomoresource, the leaf beetle, Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky ( Coleoptera: Chr- ysomelidae) on artificial diets. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2005, 40(1):119~123.
[109] Pasini, A. Foerster, L. A. Effect of insecticides on Calosoma granulatum P. (Coleoptera:Carabidae).Anais Da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 1994. 23(3):455~460.
[110] Peng, C. Williams, R.N. Artificial diet for the strawberry sap beetle, Stelidota geminata (SAY) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 1990,7(2):137~140.
[111] Petroski, R.J. Bartelt, R.J.Vetter, R.S. Male-produced aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus obsoletus (Coleoptera: nitidulidae).Journal of Che -mical Ecology, 1994,20(7):1483~1493.
[112] Pfiffner, L. and Luka, H. Overwintering of arthropods in soil of arable fields and adjacent semi~natural habitas. Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 2000,78:215~222
[113] Portilla, M.; Mumford, J.; Baker, P.Reproductive potential response to continuous rearing of Hypothenemus hampei(Coleoptera:Scolytidae) developed using Cenibroca-artificial diet. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia. 2000, 26:99~105. Dong, H.; Ellington, J. J.; Remmenga, M. D. An artificial diet for the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). South -western Entomologist, 2001,26(3):205~213.
[114] Pyke GH.Optimal foraging theory:A critical review. Ann.Rev..Ecol, 1984, 15:523~575.
[115] Quinn J F and Harrison S P. Effects of habitat frag mentation and isola -tion on species richies:vidence from biogeographic patterns. Oecologia, 1988, 75:132~140
[116] Quintela E.D.; Fan J.; McCoy C.W. Development of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae)on artificial and citrus root substrates. Journal of economic entomology (USA), 1998,91(5):1173~1179.
[117] Reeve, J. D.; Rojas, M. G.; Morales-Ramos, J. A. Artificial diet and rearing methods for Thanasimus dubius (Coleoptera:Cleridae), a predator of bark beetles (Coleoptera:Scolytidae).Biological Control, 2003,27(3):315~322.
[118] Reevse R M, Dunn G A and Jenings D T ,1983.Carabid beetles associatied with the spruce budworm ,Choritoneura fumiferana. The canadian Entomologist ,115:453~472
[119] Reinecke J.P.Increased field trap capture of the mass-reared boll weevil (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) fed diet supplemented with beta-carotene. Journal of economic entomology (USA), 1991,84(2):633~637.
[120] Releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae) near the edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) distribution. Environmental en -tomology (USA), 1995, 24(6):1713~1717.
[121] Robinson J.R.C.; Taylor M.J.and Rojas M.G.,etc.Economic potential of augmentative releases of boll weevil parasites reared on artificial diet. Belt- wide Cotton Conferences (USA), 1995,1:412~415.
[122] Rogers, D. J.; Lewthwaite, S. E.; Dentener, P. R. Rearing huhu beetle larvae, Prionoplus reticularis (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) on artificial diet. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 2002,29(4):303~310.
[123] Rojas, M. G.; Morales-Ramos, J. A.; King, E. G. In vitro rearing of the boll weevil (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae) on meridic diets. Journal of Economic Entom- ology, 1996, 9(5): 1095~1104.
[124] Ronald. weseloh. An aritificial diet for larvae of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae) a Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) predator. J.Entomd.Sci, 1998,33(3):233~240.
[125] Saade, F.E. Dunphy, G.B. Bernier, R.L. Response of the carrot weevil, Lis- tronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to strains of Bacillus thurin- giensis. Biological Control: Theory & Applications in Pest Management, 1996, 7(3):293~298.
[126] Schaefer, P. W. Fuester, R. W. Taylor, P. B. Barth, S. E. Simons, E. E. Blumenthal, E. M. Handley, E. M. Finn, T. B. Elliott, E. W. Current distribution and historical range expansion of Calosoma sycophanta (L.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in North America.Journal of Entomological Science, 1999, 34(3): 339~362.
[127] Scott, W.A. and Anerson, R. 2003. Temporal and spatial variation in Carabid assemblages from the United Kingdom Environmental Change Network. Biological Conservation, 110(2):197~210.
[128] Seriber, J. M. Slansky, F.Jr. The nutritional ecology of immature insects. Ann.Rev.Entomol, 1981,26:183~211.
[129] Shimoji, Y. Miyatake, T. Adaptation to artificial rearing during successive generations in the West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2002, 95(6):735~739.
[130] Shimoji, Y.; Kohama, T. An artificial larval diet for the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1996,31(1): 152~154.
[131] Shimoji, Y.; Sugiyama, M.; Kohama, T. Marking of the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Calco Oil Red dye I. Effect of dye added to the artificial larval diet on development of the weevils, yield of adults and long lasting internal coloration in the adult. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1999,34(2):231~234.
[132] Shimoji, Y.; Yamagishi, M. Improvement of egg collection method in West Indian sweetpotato weevil,Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) by feeding on a smaller cubic piece of sweet potato root. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2002,37(2):313~318.
[133] Shimoji, Y.; Yamagishi, M. Reducing rearing cost and increasing survival rate of West Indian sweetpotato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) on artificial larval diet. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2004,39(1):41~47.
[134] Shohet, D.; Clarke, A. R. Life history of Chauliognathus lugubris (F.) (Coleoptera:Cantharidae) in Tasmanian forests. Australian Journal of Entomology, 1997,36(1):37~44.
[135] Silva, C. P.;Terra, W. R. and Sa, M. F. G. de,etc. Induction of digestive alpha -amylases in larvae of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) in response to ingestion of common bean alpha -amylase inhibitor. Journal of Insect Physiology, 2001,47(11): 1283~1290.
[136] Slansky F Jr, Scriber J M.Food consumption and utilization. In:Kerkut GA.Gilbert I. I,eds.Comprehensive insect physiology,biochemistry and pharmacology, 1985, 4:87~163.
[137] Smirnoff W A. Canada Entomology, 1958,90:563-565.
[138] Snider, R. M. Snider, R. J. Activity and reproduction of Calosoma frigidum (Coleoptera:Carabidae) in northern Michigan forests.Entomological News, 1997,108(2):127~133.
[139] Spheles D.J.; Horn D.J.T he importance of prey for fecundity andbehavior in the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) predator Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera: Carabidae).Environmental~entomology (USA). (Apr 1998), 27(2):458~462.
[140] Stassart, P. and Grégoire Wibo, C. 1983. Influence du travail du sol sur les populations de carabides engrande culture, resultants preliminaries. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen van de Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 48(2):465~474.
[141] Sunderland K D,1996.Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera :Carabidae).Annual Review of Entomology ,41:231~256.
[142] Thiele, H.U. Carabid Beetles in Their Environments~ A study on Habitat Selection by Adaptations in Physiology and Behavior. New York:Springer~Verlag, 1997,1~2.
[143] Tran, M.T. Marrone, P.G. Bacteria isolated from southern corn rootworms, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), reared on artificial diet and corn. Environmental Entomology, 1988,17(5):832 ~ 835.
[144] Trudel, R. Lavallee and R. Bauce, E. Cabana, J.,etc. Variations in ground white pine bark concentration in artificial diet in relation to egg laying, feeding, and mortality of Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera:Curculionidae).Journal of Economic Entomology, 1994,87(1):96~100.
[145] Trudel, R.; Lavallee, R.; Bauce, E. Gonadal development and egg-laying response of female white pine weevils reared on artificial and natural diets.Canadian Entomologist, 1998,130(2):201~214.
[146] Ulaganathan, P.; Yadav, G. S.; Chauhan, R. An improved method of mass rearing of Helicoverpa larvae on artificial diet. Research on Crops, 2002,3(1):200~201.
[147] VanLaerhoven, S. L.; Stephen, F. M.; Browne, L. E. Adult parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), feed on artificial diet on pine boles, pine canopy foliage and under -story hardwood foliage. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 2005, 15(3):243~254.
[148] Venkatesan, T.; Singh, S. P.; Jalali, S. K. Development of Cryptolaem- us montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of mealybugs on freeze-dried artificial diet.Journal of Biological Control, 2001, 15 (2):139~ 142.
[149] Wang Qiao; Shi GuangLu and Song DePing,etc.Development, survival, body weight, longevity, and reproductive potential of Oemona hirta (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) under different rearing conditions.Journal of Economic Entomology, 2002,95(3):563~569.
[150] Weiss, M.J., Balsbaugh E.U., French, E.W. and Hoag, B.K. 1990. Influence of tillage management and cropping system on ground beetle(Coleoptera:Carabidae) fauna in the Northern Great Plains. Environmental Entomology, 1388~1391.
[151] Weseloh R.M. Experimental forest releases of Calosoma sycophanata (Coleoptera:Carabidae)against the gypsy moth.Journal of economic entomolo- gy (USA), 1990, 83(6):2229~2234.
[152] Weseloh, R. Bernon, G. Butler, L. Fuester, R. McCullough, D. Stehr, F.Releases of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae) near the edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae)distribution.Environmental Entomo- logy, 1995,24 (6):1713~1717.
[153] Weseloh, R. M. An artificial diet for larvae of Calosoma sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae),a gypsy moth(Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) predator. Journal of Entomological Science, 1998, 33(3):233~240.
[154] Weseloh, R. M. Adult feeding affects fecundity of the predator, Calosoma sycophanta (Col.:Carabidae).Entomophaga, 1993,38(4):43~439.