高等院校英语专业课程改革和设置
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摘要
近年来,随着一系列国际重大体育赛事在中国举办及成功申办,特别是2008年北京奥运会的成功举办,中国的体育产业正经历着前所未有的大发展,中国正在成为举世瞩目的体育大国。随着体育对外交流的日益频繁,对于既懂体育又懂外语的人才需求也不断增加。体育院校纷纷开设了英语专业(体育英语方向),但英语专业的建设中出现了种种问题,尤其是课程设置中的问题尤为突出,但这方面的研究相对较少。鉴于此,本文运用文献法、问卷法、访谈法和案例法针对体育院校英语专业的课程设置进行了深入研究,探讨了体育与英语的关系、体育院校英语专业目前现状,并以上海体育学院为例,从在校学生、教师、毕业生、用人单位四个层面调查和分析了对体育英语人才的需求,在此基础上,明确了体育院校英语专业的培养目标,并围绕培养目标对课程设置进行了深入分析,并对教材编写、教学方法与手段、教学测试与评估、师资培养等问题提出了对策和建议,期望本研究成果对于体育院校英语专业的课程设置具有一定的现实意义和价值,从而促进专业发展、建设和完善,提高体育英语人才培养质量。
     本研究主要从七个方面进行了研究:1)首先借助专门用途英语(ESP)Jordan以及Hutchinson&Waters的分类理论对“体育英语”概念进行了界定,并从“英语中的体育和体育中的英语两个方面详细地论述了“体育英语”的实用范畴,并根据分析绘出了体育英语分类图,明确了体育英语的定义。2)通过对587名来自七个体育院校的学生和10名体育院校的英语专业负责人进行的问卷调查对体育院校英语专业建设现状进行了调查,了解了目前所存在的一系列问题。3)通过语言交际能力理论对ESP(体育英语)能力进行了界定,并通过需求分析进一步对ESP(体育英语)能力的各个能力的具体内容进行补充和完善。为体育院校英语专业课程设置内容的选择提供理论参考依据。4)本研究借助课程论、ESP课程理论、需求理论主要针对上海体育学院,分别在2003年和2011年从在校学生、教师、毕业生、用人单位和学科方面对需求进行了问卷调查。5)基于需求调查,在《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》中培养目标和要求的指导下,对上海体育学院进行了案例分析,分析了目前学院英语专业的培养目标,明确了体育院校英语专业的培养目标。6)本研究借助课程论、ESP课程理论和定位理论,在《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》对于学生能力的要求以及课程设置的原则指导下,通过对上海体育学院2004版和2007版教学大纲中的课程设置问题的讨论,对英语专业(体育英语方向)课程改革和设置提出了建议。7)本研究最后对英语专业(体育英语方向)中的教材编写、教学方法和手段、教师队伍以及测试与评估提出了建议。并根据Bachman的理论,以及需求调查结果和ESP(体育英语)能力的要求,提出了体育英语测试模式,为体育英语测试提供依据。
     通过透视的研究,本研究得出的结论是:1)体育英语即:凡是一切在体育活动或相关体育事务中用于沟通的英语变体。2)目前体育院校的问题主要是:学校办学经费严重不足;“双师型”人才严重缺乏,课程设置单一,没有统一的课程设置标准,缺乏专业特色课程,体育与英语的融合只是简单地“体育+英语”。3)ESP(体育英语)能力界定为语言交际能力、跨文化交际能力和专业能力三个方面,其中语言交际能力包括语法、语用、语篇和策略四个方面的能力,跨文化交际能力包括态度、跨文化知识以及在不同文化情境下操作能力三个方面。专业能力包括认知能力,个人能力和专业技术能力三个方面。4)结合能力需求,国家政策,以及体育行业分类将上海体育学院英语专业的培养目标设定为:英语专业(体育英语方向)是培养具有扎实的英语语言基础、广博的人文知识和一定的体育知识并能熟练地运用英语为体育服务的国际化、通用型高级英语专门人才。5)课程设置方面,目前上海体育学院2007年版教学大纲中的问题是:课程内容方面缺乏跨文化能力方面的课程,尤其是体育跨文化方面的课程;体育英语课程的安排缺乏科学性、连续性以及相关性。在组织形式上,体育类课程设置安排是螺旋式,由下至上,不符合学科特点。因此,遵循目标性、需求性、科学性、连续性和层级性的课程设置原则,针对以上发现的问题,提出的建议是:根据ESP(体育英语)能力的要求,将课程内容划分为四个板块:英语专业(体育英语方向)专业技能课、英语专业(体育英语方向)专业知识课、跨文化交际能力和人文素养,各类型课程比例大约为65%:25%:5%:5%。基础阶段(1‐2年级)注重学生英语语言基础的学习,不仅培养学生语言运动能力和跨文化交际能力,还要培养学生学习策略意识和良好的学风,同时学习和了解体育文化。在高年级阶段在提高英语水平的同时,教学重点放在体育英语语言技能和体育专业知识的提高和掌握。在这两个阶段课程设置要注意相关性、连续性、和层级性。自始至终注意提高英语应用能力、拓宽学生知识面、具有创新能力的培养。6)本研究提出体育英语的测试模式可以参照Bachman(1997)的交际语言能力的模式,并结合体育英语的特点设计出了测试模式。这个模式主要包含语言能力、专业知识、语言使用环境、策略能力和心理生理机制五组成部分。
     本研究在文献阅读和理论指导的基础上,对体育与英语的关系进行了梳理,根据ESP分类理论对体育英语进行了界定,并对体育英语的内涵、体育英语学习者分类作了一定的分析,为体育院校英语专业课程设置中体育与英语的融合提供了一个新的视角。在课程论、ESP课程设置理论的指导下,在对学习者、社会、用人单位和学科的需求需求调查和分析的基础上,分析了目前课程设置存在的问题,确定了上海体育学院英语专业的人才培养目标,对课程设置提出了改进意见。意见体现了各个层面在知识和能力方面的需求。在目前体育院校英语专业课程设置没有统一标准,课程设置理念不明确,体育与英语融合不够的情况下,本研究虽不能彻底改变这一问题,但在一定的意义上,本研究还是具有一定的启发性,以及一定的实践意义和推广应用价值。
The sporting industry in China has been experiencing unprecedented growthphase due to China’s success in hosting the2008Beijing Olympic Games, along withsuccessfully hosting of a series of international sporting events in recent years. Forfrequent international sports exchanging, such as trade and exchange of athletes in theinternational sporting industry, the demand for talents in sport areas that are both goodat their sport and proficient in the English language is increasing. In response to thisgrowing demand, Sport Universities in China, for example, Shanghai University ofSport, Beijing University of Sport, and the Wuhan University of Sport, haveestablished English as a major, specializing in Sport (Sports English). Questionsregarding the educational goals of these majors and their curriculum design haverecently been raised. These issues that have been raised are exacerbated by the lack ofstandards for curriculum design for this type of major. However, the research in thisarea is sparse. Therefore, this dissertation analyses the current situation of curriculumdesign of Sport Universities in China through literature reviews, curriculum designtheories, need analysis theory, and case study. This study begins with a discussion ofthe relationship between sport and English language, and assesses the problems facingby Sport Universities with their English major. Using the Shanghai University ofSport as a case study, a survey of needs was conducted, which included those of thestudents, the teachers, the graduates and the employers. This study concludes with ananalysis of the curriculum and proposes suggestions for improvement of thecurriculum.
     This study undertook the research on curriculum design for English major ofSport Universities from seven aspects as follow:1) Analysis of "Sport English",incorporating Jorden’s, Hutchinson&Waters’s ESP theory (English for SpecificPurpose);2) The current situation of English major in Sport Universities in China wasalso investigated through conducting surveys among587students in seven SportUniversities, and10experts in ten Sport Universities in China;3) ESP (sport English) competence components were defined based on the theory of languagecommunicative competence theory;4) A needs assessment survey was developedbased on needs analysis theories, which was carried on in2003and2011respectively,on several levels—on the level of the students, the teachers, the graduates, theemployers and administrators;5) A proposal for defining the educational goal ofEnglish Major of Shanghai University of Sport;6)A proposal for a set of standardelements that should be incorporated into a standard curriculum based on students’and teachers’ feedback and employer needs as identified in the survey;7) Suggestionsfor textbook compilations, teaching methods and means, teaching evaluations, andteacher education. The study also has clarified the sport English test model under theguidance of Bachman’s communicative competence theory.
     With the perspective analysis, the study has found a few key issues in thedevelopment of curriculum design:1)“Sport English”is defined as not only the sportculture manifested in English, but also the language variation used in sport areas;2)ESP (sport English) competence consists of communicative, intercultural andprofessional activity competence. Each of them consists of several interactedcompetences. The development of ESP competence takes place in action and it isbased on students’ experience, and consequently students form new experience;3)The results of the survey of Sport Universities reveal several problems, for instance,insufficient funds, lacking of “double-qualified”teachers, unscientific curriculumdesign, etc., which have seriously restricted the development of English major ofSport Universities in China;4) The needs assessment results illustrate three majorneeds: high proficiency of English language competence, extensive sport knowledgeand high proficiency of communication competence, with innovative ability;5) Basedon the needs survey, under the guidance of “Curriculum for English Major of HighEducation”, the educational goals are defined to cultivate the international, universaladvanced English talents with study English language skill, extensive humanityknowledge, professional competence for sports and ESP competence for sportactivities;6) Relying on curriculum design and ESP theories, this study analyzes theexisting curriculum standards at the Shanghai University of Sport, and proposes for a set of standard elements that should be incorporated into a standard curriculum. Itstresses that the four-year program tends to cultivate students English languagecompetence, ESP competence, communication competence, intercultural competenceand professional competence for sports specialists. The four academic years isgenerally divided into basic stage (1-2grade) and advanced stage (3-4grade). Basicstage emphasizes English language competence. It focuses not only on languagecompetence and intercultural competence, but also on a good understanding of sportculture. At the advanced stage, the focus of education should be on the improvementof ESP competence, intercultural competence and professional competence for sportspecialists. The two elements, relevance and continuity, between the two stagesshould be carefully considered when the decision will be made.7) The dissertationalso puts forward the suggestions for textbook compilation, the teaching methods andmeans, the teacher training as well as the test model and evaluation principles.
     This study utilizes the theories of curriculum design and ESP, discusses therelationship between sport and English language, classification of Sport Englishlearners, and offers an alternate perspective for English major of Sport Universities inChina to integrate sport and English in their curriculum design. Meanwhile, this study,under instruction of the ESP curriculum theories and the needs analysis of thedifferent levels, analyzes the curriculum problems, clarifies the educational goals ofthe Shanghai University of Sport, and proposes the suggestions for curriculum design.While the proposed changes in the design of the curriculum cannot address all theneeds highlighted by the survey, the adoption of standards and fundamental criteriafor language skills, sports knowledge, intercultural communication, and innovativeability is necessary to form a basis by which future curricula can be developed.
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