青田石、昌化石的岩石学特征与成因分析
|
摘要
彩石是指具有美丽色彩、质地细腻温润、用来雕刻工艺品或饰品的天然石材,青田石、昌化石、巴林石与寿山石是彩石中的四大名石,在我国传统金石文化中一直具有重要的地位。从地质学方面来看,它们主要是由粘土矿物组成的彩石,也是由气液交代变质作用形成的次生石英岩中的一个特殊品种。本文基于青田石、昌化石的岩相学观察,以及X-射线衍射分析、扫描电镜、红外光谱及差热分析等谱学分析手段,以及全岩化学、稀土微量与同位素元素地球化学分析,结合野外观察与前人研究成果,对青田石、昌化石的宝石学特征、岩石学特征、矿物组成等进行了详细描述与研究,论证了中酸性火山岩气液交代变质作用是青田石、昌化石的主要形成原因。
研究表明,青田石、昌化石的结构特征是其交代蚀变作用强度的反映,具有变余结构、变晶结构、隐晶质结构等；青田石和昌化石的主要组成矿物为：叶腊石、迪开石、高岭石、高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物、伊利石等粘土矿物,而根据彩石原岩成分和变质条件不同形成的变晶矿物(如刚玉、红柱石等)是决定青田石和昌化石是否出现彩色图案花纹的重要因素之一；探索性研究了青田石和昌化石的全岩化学及稀土微量元素与放射性同位素,讨论了青田石和昌化石本质上属于一种低级变质岩,是中酸性火山岩经交代蚀变作用形成；对青田石、昌化石的命名与分类提出了建议,完善了青田石和昌化石质量评估体系进,提出六个质量评定等级。
Colored stones, a kind of nature materails, are beautiful and delicate, and suitable for processing artifacts and ornaments. The foursome—Qingtain Stone, Changhua Stone, Balin Stone and Shoushan Stone—is earned the honor of being designated famous and important seal stones in Chinese traditional stone culture. Geologically, they are comprised of clay minerals, formed by hydrothermal metasomatism and metamorphism and a kind of secondary quartzite. According to field investigation and previous research results, this papers are focused on petrographical observation, spectrum analysis—X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope analysis, infrared spectroscopic analysis and differential thermal analysis, analysis of whole rock chemical composition, Ree and race elements, and radioactive isotope geochemistry analysis, suggesting that hydrothermal metasomatism and metamorphism of intermediate-acid volcanic rocks lead to the formation of Qingtian Stone and Changua Stone.
Our research shows that texture and structure of Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone (palimpsest, crystalloblastic and cryptocrystalline texture) is a reflection of their metasomatic alteration intensity. Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone are mainly comprised of clay minerals, which are pyrophyllite, dickite, kaolinite, transitional mineral of kaolinite and dickite, and illite, and so on. According to components of protolith and metamorphic conditions, several crystalloblastic minerals (such as corundum and andalusite) come into being, which are one of the most important factors that determine the appearance of colorful pattern or not. We explored and analyzed whole rock chemical composition, REEs, race elements and radioactive isotope of Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone, argued that they are a kind of low-grade metamorphic rocks and formed by hydrothermal metasomatism and metamorphism of intermediate-acid volcanic rocks. Finally, we suggested new definition and classification of Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone, improved their quality assessment, and proposed six quality rating class.
研究表明,青田石、昌化石的结构特征是其交代蚀变作用强度的反映,具有变余结构、变晶结构、隐晶质结构等；青田石和昌化石的主要组成矿物为：叶腊石、迪开石、高岭石、高岭石-迪开石过渡矿物、伊利石等粘土矿物,而根据彩石原岩成分和变质条件不同形成的变晶矿物(如刚玉、红柱石等)是决定青田石和昌化石是否出现彩色图案花纹的重要因素之一；探索性研究了青田石和昌化石的全岩化学及稀土微量元素与放射性同位素,讨论了青田石和昌化石本质上属于一种低级变质岩,是中酸性火山岩经交代蚀变作用形成；对青田石、昌化石的命名与分类提出了建议,完善了青田石和昌化石质量评估体系进,提出六个质量评定等级。
Colored stones, a kind of nature materails, are beautiful and delicate, and suitable for processing artifacts and ornaments. The foursome—Qingtain Stone, Changhua Stone, Balin Stone and Shoushan Stone—is earned the honor of being designated famous and important seal stones in Chinese traditional stone culture. Geologically, they are comprised of clay minerals, formed by hydrothermal metasomatism and metamorphism and a kind of secondary quartzite. According to field investigation and previous research results, this papers are focused on petrographical observation, spectrum analysis—X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope analysis, infrared spectroscopic analysis and differential thermal analysis, analysis of whole rock chemical composition, Ree and race elements, and radioactive isotope geochemistry analysis, suggesting that hydrothermal metasomatism and metamorphism of intermediate-acid volcanic rocks lead to the formation of Qingtian Stone and Changua Stone.
Our research shows that texture and structure of Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone (palimpsest, crystalloblastic and cryptocrystalline texture) is a reflection of their metasomatic alteration intensity. Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone are mainly comprised of clay minerals, which are pyrophyllite, dickite, kaolinite, transitional mineral of kaolinite and dickite, and illite, and so on. According to components of protolith and metamorphic conditions, several crystalloblastic minerals (such as corundum and andalusite) come into being, which are one of the most important factors that determine the appearance of colorful pattern or not. We explored and analyzed whole rock chemical composition, REEs, race elements and radioactive isotope of Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone, argued that they are a kind of low-grade metamorphic rocks and formed by hydrothermal metasomatism and metamorphism of intermediate-acid volcanic rocks. Finally, we suggested new definition and classification of Qingtian Stone and Changhua Stone, improved their quality assessment, and proposed six quality rating class.
引文
Anovitz L M, Perkins D, Essene E J. Metastability in near-surface rocks of minerals in the system A12O3-SiO2-H2O. Clay and Clay Minerals,1991,39(3):225-233
Bailey, S. W. Polymorphism of the kaolin minerals. American Mineralogist,1963,48: 1196-1209
Bailey, S. W. Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals. American Mineralogist,1980,65:1-7
Ban M. Rare earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europlum. Chemical Geology,1991, 93(3-4):219-230
Beane R E. Hydrothermal alteration in silicate rocks. In:Titlely S R, ed. Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North Amevica. Tucson:University of Arizoma Press,1982,117-137
Brindley G W, Wardle R. Monoclinic and triclinic forms of pyrophyllite and pyrophyllite anhydride. American Mineraogist,1970,55:1259-1272
Brindley G W. Kaolin, serpentine and kindred minerals. In:Brown G, ed. The X-ray Identificaion and Crystal Structure of Clay Minerals,2nd ed. London:Mineralogical Society, 1961,51-131
C. Katagas, P. Tsolis-Katagas and E. Baltatzis. Chemical mineralogy and illite crystallinity in low grade metasediments, Zarouchla Group, northern Peloponnesus, Greece. In:Mineralogy and Petrology,1991,44(1-2):57-71
Dennis Eberl. Synthesis of pyrophyllite polytypes and mised layers. American Minralogist, 1979,64:1091-1096
Duane M. Moore, Robert C. Reynolds Jr.. X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals,2nd ed. New York:Oxford University Press,1997
Farmer V C. Differing effects of particle size and shape in the ingrared and Raman spectra of kaolinite. Clay and Clay Minerals.1998,33(4):601-604
Farmer V C. The layer Silicates:the Ingrared Spectra of Minerals. London:Minralogical Society,1974
Farmer V C. Transverse and longitudinal crystal modes associated with OH stretching region vibrations in single crystals of kaolinte and dickite. Spectrochemica Acta,2000,56A(5): 927-930
Freg M. Very low-grade metamorphism of sedimentary rock. In:Freg M, ed. Low Temperature Metamorphism. Glasgow and London:Blackie,1987,9-58
Frost R L. Hydroxyl defomation in kaolins. Clay and Clay Minerals,1998,46(3):280-289
Hemley J J, Hosterler P B, Gude A J, et al. Some stability relations of alunite. Economic Geology,1969,64(6):599-612
Hemley J J, Jones W R. Chemical aspects of hydrothermal alteration with emphasis on hydrogen metasomatism. Economic Geology,1964,59(4):538-569
Hemley J J, Montoya J W, Marinenko J W, et al. Equilibria in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and some general implications for alternation/mineralization processes. Economic Geology, 1980,75(2):210-228
Hemley J J. Some mineralogical equilibria in the system K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Amevican Journal of Science,1959,257(4):241-270
Hinckley D N. Variability in "crystallinity" values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina. Clays and Clay Minerals,1963,11:229-235
Hopf S. Behavior of rare earth elements in geothermal systens of New Zealand. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1993,47(1-3):333-357
Hunziker J C. The evolution of illite to muscovite: an example of behavior of isotopes in low-grade metamorphic terrains. Chem Geol,1986,57:31-40
Inoue, A. Formation of Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Environments. In:Velde B, ed. Clays and Environment:Origin and Mineralogy of Clays. Berlin:Springer,1995,268-329
Janet Hoffiman, John Hower. Clay mineral assemblages as low grade metamorphic geothermometer—pplication to the thrust fanlted disturbed belt of montana, USA. Aspects of diagenesis:SEPM Special Publication No.26,1979,55-79
J. C. Hunziker, M. Frey, et al. The evolution of illite to muscovite:mineralogical and isotopic data from the Glarus Alps. In:Switzerland:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Switzerland:Springer,1996, Volume 92, Number 2:157-180
Jin Zhangdong, Zhu Jinchu, et al. Ore-forming fluid constraints on illite crystallinity (IC) at Dexing porphyry copper deposit. Jiangxi Province:Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences, 2001, Volume 44, Number 2:177-184
Johnston C T, Kogel J E, Bish D L, et al. Low-temperature FTIR study of kaolin-group minerals. Clay and Clay Minerals,2008,56(4):470-485
K. Sugiyama, H. J. Ryu and Y. Waseda., Local ordering structure of meta-kaolinite and meta-dickite by the X-ray radial distribution function analysis. Journal of Materials, Science, 1993,28(10):2783-2788
Li Xiaofeng, Mao Jingwen and Hua Renmin. A study of clay mineralogy and illite Kubler index with respect to hydrothermal alteration in the Yinsan polymetallic deposit. South China. Mineral Deposit Research:Meeting the Global Challenge,2005, Session 4:433-435
Mackenzie, R. C. Proceeding of the Eleventh National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals. De Natura Lutorum. Clay and Clay Minerals, Pergamon Press,1963, Volume 11: 11-28
Michard A. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1989,53(3):745-750
Murray H H, Janssen J. Oxygen isotopes-Indicators of kalinite genesis. In:Proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress vol.15. Utrecht:VNU Science Press BV,1984
P. J. Sanchez-Soto. A. Justo and J. L. Perez-Rodriguez, Grinding effect on kaolinite-pyrophyllite-illite natural mixtures and its influence on mullite formation. Journal of Materials Science,1994, Volume 29, Number 5:1276-1283
Wang Ling, Zhenyu. Zhang. Principles and methods of quantitative analysis onb-axis disorder in 2:1 dioctahedral phyllosilicate. Chinese Science Bulletin,1997, Vol.42, No. 22:1908-1912
包绍华.浙江昌化鸡血石的地质成因及鉴定特征.浙江地质,2002,18(1)：82-86
包绍华.昌化鸡血石质量评价要素之分析.浙江树人大学学报,2002,2(5)：61-65
毕先梅,程守田.内蒙古东胜地区高岭土矿床的岩石矿物学研究.现代地质,2000,14(1)：45-49
毕先梅,莫宣学.成岩—极低级变质—低级变质作用及有关矿产.地学前缘,2004,11(1)：287-294
陈大梅,姜泽春,张惠芬.叶蜡石的热物理特性研究.矿物岩石,1991,11(1)：45-50
陈鹤年,巫全淮,贺菊瑞,等.浙闽赣地区中生代火山成国非金属矿床基本特征.北京：地质出版社,1988
陈涛.浙江青田石的宝石学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,3(3)
陈涛.浙江青田石几个新品种的矿物学特征初步研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2004,23(2)：186-192
陈延芳,喻学惠,蒋亮智.青田石的岩石学特征及成因.现代地质,2011,25(3)：124-132
陈芸菁.沉积岩中地开石—高岭石混层矿物的发现及成因探讨.沉积学报,1984,2(2)：91-96
陈志强,邓燕华.鸡血石的宝石学特征及影响其质量的主要因素.浙江地质,1993,9(1)：55-61
陈志强,邓燕华.鸡血石的矿物成分.桂林冶金地质学院学报,1992,12(4)：356-366
程敦模,赵定华,汤志凯.浙江昌化鸡血石宝石矿物学及其成因的研究.科学通报,1985,30(18)：1409-1413
邓燕华.宝(玉)石矿床.北京：北京工业大学出版社,1992
董晋琨.福建寿山石矿床的矿物学研究和成因分析：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2008
范桂珍.内蒙巴林石的宝石矿物学研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京,2008
范良明,杨永富.浙江青田石及其颜色成因的研究.成都地质学院学报,1985,(2)：32-44
甘怡绚.寿山石矿床矿物学、地球化学成因：[博士学位论文].北京：北京大学,2001
高天钧,张智亮,刘志逊.寿山石成矿地质条件及找矿前景.福建地质,1997,16(3)：110-131
郭继春,曲俊生.影响鸡血石“血”的因素及“走血”的成因研究.珠宝科技,1996,3：52-55
郭继春,张妮,朱文斌,等.昌化鸡血石冻地机理初探.岩石矿物学杂志,2004,23(1)：54-56
贺同兴,卢良兆,李树勋,等.变质岩岩石学.北京：地质出版社,1988.
黄宣镇.中国的彩石矿床.中国非金属矿工业导刊,2002,27(3)：34-35
金性春.板块构造学基础,上海：上海科技出版社,1982
库列克.全苏地质研究所.蚀变围岩及其找矿意义,北京：地质出版社,1955
李基宏.我国宝玉石矿带划分及矿床分类.有色金属矿产与勘查,1994,3(4)：252-254
李家珍.彩石及其资源开发.矿产与地质,1994,8(42)：287-290
李平,马伟幸,王蓓.昌化芝麻地鸡血石物相鉴定.岩矿测试,2008,27(1)：67-68
李胜荣.结晶学与矿物学.北京：地质出版社,2008
李文瑛.我国几个矿区叶蜡石X射线粉晶衍射研究.矿物学报,1989,9(4)：381
李晓林.昌化鸡血石的宝石学特征研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2008
李玉娟.寿山石的矿物组分和特征.福建地质,2005,24(2)：79-89
李志群,沐蕊.中国印章石材料与资源研究.中国矿业,2000,9(4)：18-21
梁修睦,毛顺利,王芳.浙东南主要非金属矿成矿特点与成因.浙江地质,2000,16(1)：25-30
廖宗廷,腾英.昌化鸡血石的成矿构造背景及成因探讨.上海地质,2001,4(3)：43-48
廖宗廷,腾英,许耀明.昌化鸡血石“地”的矿物成分.宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(3)：22-25
廖宗廷,周征宇,腾英.昌化鸡血石“地”的矿物成分及其对质量的影响.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(7)：897-900
刘长龄,刘钦甫.高岭石矿物结晶有序化程度与成因关系研究新进展.地质找矿论丛,2002,17(2)：73-81
刘海徵.青田石山炮绿品种的颜色及结构成因研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2010
刘钦甫,许红亮,张鹏飞.煤系不同类型高岭岩中高岭石结晶度的区别.煤炭学报,2000,25(6)：17-21
留于平,留杨帆,胡阿道,等.中国国石青田石年鉴.浙江：青田县石雕行业管理办公室编,2003
留于平,留杨帆,胡阿道,等.中国国石青田石年鉴.浙江：青田县石雕行业管理办公室编,2004
吕惠进,卢建平.浙江省叶蜡石资源及其开发利用.矿业研究与开发,2005,25(5)：36-38
罗炎水,潘锦勃.浙东南地区次生石英岩型红柱石成矿地质特征及矿床成因初按.浙江地质,2001,19(1)：45-51
罗炎水,周洲强.浙东南地区蜡石矿及其成矿远景.浙江地质,1999,15(1)：16-24
买潇,陶金波,严雪俊,等.昌化鸡血石“地”的研究及其质量影响因素.宝石和宝石学杂志,2007,9(4)：15-20
牟莉,崔文元.昌化明矾石地鸡血石的矿物学研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2004,23(1)：69-74
潘承文,姚宾谟.中国四大印石图典—昌化石,浙江：西泠印社出版社,2008
潘兆橹.结晶学与矿物学.北京：地质出版社,1994
彭秀文,李广有.浙东南区叶蜡石矿床的叶蜡石矿物特征及矿床成因的初步探讨.浙江地质,1991,7(1)：
钱雪雯.昌化田黄的宝石矿物学研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2009
任磊夫.粘土矿物与粘土岩.北京：地质出版社,1992
沈喜伦,顾国华.国之珍宝—寿山石、鸡血石.江苏地质,2000,24(4)：245-248
沈忠悦.从高岭石中富集地开石和珍珠陶石的实验研究.矿物岩石,1994,14(2)：18-21
汤文权.浙江省地质矿产之特点及研究方向.浙江地质,1995,11(2)：1-6
陶维屏.中国非金属矿床概要(上).建材地质,1994,71(1)：2-7
陶维屏.中国非金属矿床概要(下).建材地质,1994,72(2)：2-10
腾英,廖宗廷.昌化鸡血石的成矿构造背景及成因探讨.上海地质,2001,79(3)：43-48
田亮光,陶金波.昌化鸡血石.宝石和宝石学杂志,2003,5(3)：1-3
王乐燕.浙江青田县山口叶蜡石型青田石的宝石学研究：[硕士论文].中国地质大学(北京),2003
王长秋,崔文元,徐建人,等.昌化田黄的矿物学特征及相关问题探讨.岩石矿物学杂志,2010,29(6)：48-55
王濮,潘兆橹,翁玲宝.系统矿物学.北京：地质出版社,1994
王小慧.巴林石的矿物学与宝石学研究：[博士论文].中国地质大学(北京),2007
王勇生,朱光,胡召齐,等.郯庐断裂带沂沐段伸展活动断层泥K-Ar同位素定年.中国科学(D辑：地球科学),2009,39(5)：580-593
王中刚.浅议观赏石及其分类.贵州省科学技术优秀论文集,2004：219-221
汪灵.中国东南沿海叶蜡石矿床成因类型及其地质特征.建材地质,1997,94(5)：9-12
汪灵.中国叶蜡石矿矿石类型研究.建材地质,1994,76(6)：8-13
汪灵.中国叶蜡石矿及其应用简介.地质与勘探,1996,32(6)：24-27
吴利仁.华东及邻区中、新生代火山岩.北京：科学出版社,1984
夏法起.鉴别青田石.福州：福建美术出版社,2002
徐文忻,郭陀珠,韦家新,等.青田山口叶蜡石传压介质初步研究.矿物学报,2001,21(3)：544-546
须藤俊男.粘土矿物学.北京：地质出版社,1981
徐咏平.青田石开采现状与鉴藏.丽水学院学报,2008,30(4)：134-136
杨文宗,彭秀文,杨双喜,等.浙东南主要非金属矿床的地质特征、控矿条件和成矿机理.中国东南沿海火山地质及矿产论文集,第2辑,北京：地质出版社,1992
杨晓勇、陈双喜译.岩石地球化学,安徽：中国科学技术大学出版社,2000
杨雅秀.“图章石”的主要矿物成分为迪开石类矿物非叶蜡石矿物.建材地质,1995,79(3)：8-14
杨雅秀,张乃娴,苏昭冰.中国粘土矿物.北京：地质出版社,1994
姚宾谟.中国昌化石文化.北京：地质出版社,2007
业冬,赵旭刚,邹妤,等.青田石的矿物组成特征研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2010,29(2)：119-224
叶良辅,李璜,张更.浙江青田县之印章石.中央研究院地质研究所丛刊,1931(1)：1-31
叶孟林.中国四大印石图典—青田石.浙江：西泠印社出版社,2011
叶泽富,秦志军,欧邦国,等.浙江青田石勘查与评价方法探讨.中国非金属矿工业导刊,2009,73：59-62
游建昌,毕先梅,侯纯敏.应用国际标样对伊利石结晶度测定值的校正及其意义.现代地质,2008,22(1)：53-59
游振东,王方正.变质岩岩石学教程.湖北：中国地质大学出版社,1988.
袁野.昌化鸡血石的宝石矿物学研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2009
袁野.印章石的成因分析——以江西上饶高洲石为例：[博士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2012
袁野,施光海,何明跃,等.谱学研究在印章石中的应用：以昌化石为例.矿物岩石,2011,31(3)：18-24
袁野,施光海,何明跃.中国印章石资源的分布与特点及其展望.资源与产业,2012,14(2)：150-156
张蓓丽.系统宝石学.北京：地质出版社,2006
张继军,毕先梅.成岩—极低级变质作用及油气勘探意义.地学前缘,1999,6(2)：251-258
张守亮,崔文元.巴林鸡血石的宝石矿物学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(3)：26-30
张士中.观赏石鉴评(一).南方国土资源,2009：33-34
张士中.观赏石鉴评(二).南方国土资源,2009：36-38
张士中.观赏石鉴评(三).南方国土资源,2009：37-38
张天乐.中国粘土矿物的电子显微镜研究.北京：地质出版社,1978
张肇新,工凤章.论观赏石的成因、分类与鉴赏.矿床地质,1996：158-163
赵杏媛,张有瑜.粘土矿物与粘土矿物分析.北京：海洋出版社,1990.
浙江省地矿厅第十一地质队.浙江省青田县山口叶蜡石矿丰门—白垟矿产地质报告.1995
浙江省地矿厅第十一地质队.北山—山口一带叶蜡石矿普查.1995
浙江省地矿厅第十一地质队.浙江省青田县阜山镇朱庵矿区伊利石叶蜡石矿普查地质报告2005朱选民,亓利剑,蒋红旗,等.浙江青田叶蜡石型蓝刚玉宝石学牲及成因初探.宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,3(4)：15-19
郑辙.浙江温岭地区迪开石质冻石的发现和几点认识.矿物岩石地球化学通报,1999,18(4)：316-319
支霞臣,痕量元素地球化学译文集.北京：地质出版社,1987
中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心浙江部总队.浙江省青田县北山高岭石—叶蜡石矿区上沿水段详查地质报告.杭州：中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心浙江总队,1997
中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 16552—2010.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,北京：中国标准出版社,2010-09-26
朱选民.浙江省青田石矿物成分和成玉机理研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(1)：65-70
朱选民.青田石品种的分类及其鉴别特征研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2010,12(4)：17-24
朱选民,亓利剑,蒋红旗,等.浙江青田叶蜡石型蓝刚玉宝石学特征及成因初探.宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,4(3)：15-21
朱选民,蒋红旗,厉群勇.浙江省非叶蜡石型青田石的宝石学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(1)：6-11
Bailey, S. W. Polymorphism of the kaolin minerals. American Mineralogist,1963,48: 1196-1209
Bailey, S. W. Summary of recommendations of AIPEA nomenclature committee on clay minerals. American Mineralogist,1980,65:1-7
Ban M. Rare earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europlum. Chemical Geology,1991, 93(3-4):219-230
Beane R E. Hydrothermal alteration in silicate rocks. In:Titlely S R, ed. Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North Amevica. Tucson:University of Arizoma Press,1982,117-137
Brindley G W, Wardle R. Monoclinic and triclinic forms of pyrophyllite and pyrophyllite anhydride. American Mineraogist,1970,55:1259-1272
Brindley G W. Kaolin, serpentine and kindred minerals. In:Brown G, ed. The X-ray Identificaion and Crystal Structure of Clay Minerals,2nd ed. London:Mineralogical Society, 1961,51-131
C. Katagas, P. Tsolis-Katagas and E. Baltatzis. Chemical mineralogy and illite crystallinity in low grade metasediments, Zarouchla Group, northern Peloponnesus, Greece. In:Mineralogy and Petrology,1991,44(1-2):57-71
Dennis Eberl. Synthesis of pyrophyllite polytypes and mised layers. American Minralogist, 1979,64:1091-1096
Duane M. Moore, Robert C. Reynolds Jr.. X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals,2nd ed. New York:Oxford University Press,1997
Farmer V C. Differing effects of particle size and shape in the ingrared and Raman spectra of kaolinite. Clay and Clay Minerals.1998,33(4):601-604
Farmer V C. The layer Silicates:the Ingrared Spectra of Minerals. London:Minralogical Society,1974
Farmer V C. Transverse and longitudinal crystal modes associated with OH stretching region vibrations in single crystals of kaolinte and dickite. Spectrochemica Acta,2000,56A(5): 927-930
Freg M. Very low-grade metamorphism of sedimentary rock. In:Freg M, ed. Low Temperature Metamorphism. Glasgow and London:Blackie,1987,9-58
Frost R L. Hydroxyl defomation in kaolins. Clay and Clay Minerals,1998,46(3):280-289
Hemley J J, Hosterler P B, Gude A J, et al. Some stability relations of alunite. Economic Geology,1969,64(6):599-612
Hemley J J, Jones W R. Chemical aspects of hydrothermal alteration with emphasis on hydrogen metasomatism. Economic Geology,1964,59(4):538-569
Hemley J J, Montoya J W, Marinenko J W, et al. Equilibria in the system Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and some general implications for alternation/mineralization processes. Economic Geology, 1980,75(2):210-228
Hemley J J. Some mineralogical equilibria in the system K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Amevican Journal of Science,1959,257(4):241-270
Hinckley D N. Variability in "crystallinity" values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina. Clays and Clay Minerals,1963,11:229-235
Hopf S. Behavior of rare earth elements in geothermal systens of New Zealand. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1993,47(1-3):333-357
Hunziker J C. The evolution of illite to muscovite: an example of behavior of isotopes in low-grade metamorphic terrains. Chem Geol,1986,57:31-40
Inoue, A. Formation of Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Environments. In:Velde B, ed. Clays and Environment:Origin and Mineralogy of Clays. Berlin:Springer,1995,268-329
Janet Hoffiman, John Hower. Clay mineral assemblages as low grade metamorphic geothermometer—pplication to the thrust fanlted disturbed belt of montana, USA. Aspects of diagenesis:SEPM Special Publication No.26,1979,55-79
J. C. Hunziker, M. Frey, et al. The evolution of illite to muscovite:mineralogical and isotopic data from the Glarus Alps. In:Switzerland:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. Switzerland:Springer,1996, Volume 92, Number 2:157-180
Jin Zhangdong, Zhu Jinchu, et al. Ore-forming fluid constraints on illite crystallinity (IC) at Dexing porphyry copper deposit. Jiangxi Province:Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences, 2001, Volume 44, Number 2:177-184
Johnston C T, Kogel J E, Bish D L, et al. Low-temperature FTIR study of kaolin-group minerals. Clay and Clay Minerals,2008,56(4):470-485
K. Sugiyama, H. J. Ryu and Y. Waseda., Local ordering structure of meta-kaolinite and meta-dickite by the X-ray radial distribution function analysis. Journal of Materials, Science, 1993,28(10):2783-2788
Li Xiaofeng, Mao Jingwen and Hua Renmin. A study of clay mineralogy and illite Kubler index with respect to hydrothermal alteration in the Yinsan polymetallic deposit. South China. Mineral Deposit Research:Meeting the Global Challenge,2005, Session 4:433-435
Mackenzie, R. C. Proceeding of the Eleventh National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals. De Natura Lutorum. Clay and Clay Minerals, Pergamon Press,1963, Volume 11: 11-28
Michard A. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1989,53(3):745-750
Murray H H, Janssen J. Oxygen isotopes-Indicators of kalinite genesis. In:Proceedings of the 27th International Geological Congress vol.15. Utrecht:VNU Science Press BV,1984
P. J. Sanchez-Soto. A. Justo and J. L. Perez-Rodriguez, Grinding effect on kaolinite-pyrophyllite-illite natural mixtures and its influence on mullite formation. Journal of Materials Science,1994, Volume 29, Number 5:1276-1283
Wang Ling, Zhenyu. Zhang. Principles and methods of quantitative analysis onb-axis disorder in 2:1 dioctahedral phyllosilicate. Chinese Science Bulletin,1997, Vol.42, No. 22:1908-1912
包绍华.浙江昌化鸡血石的地质成因及鉴定特征.浙江地质,2002,18(1)：82-86
包绍华.昌化鸡血石质量评价要素之分析.浙江树人大学学报,2002,2(5)：61-65
毕先梅,程守田.内蒙古东胜地区高岭土矿床的岩石矿物学研究.现代地质,2000,14(1)：45-49
毕先梅,莫宣学.成岩—极低级变质—低级变质作用及有关矿产.地学前缘,2004,11(1)：287-294
陈大梅,姜泽春,张惠芬.叶蜡石的热物理特性研究.矿物岩石,1991,11(1)：45-50
陈鹤年,巫全淮,贺菊瑞,等.浙闽赣地区中生代火山成国非金属矿床基本特征.北京：地质出版社,1988
陈涛.浙江青田石的宝石学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,3(3)
陈涛.浙江青田石几个新品种的矿物学特征初步研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2004,23(2)：186-192
陈延芳,喻学惠,蒋亮智.青田石的岩石学特征及成因.现代地质,2011,25(3)：124-132
陈芸菁.沉积岩中地开石—高岭石混层矿物的发现及成因探讨.沉积学报,1984,2(2)：91-96
陈志强,邓燕华.鸡血石的宝石学特征及影响其质量的主要因素.浙江地质,1993,9(1)：55-61
陈志强,邓燕华.鸡血石的矿物成分.桂林冶金地质学院学报,1992,12(4)：356-366
程敦模,赵定华,汤志凯.浙江昌化鸡血石宝石矿物学及其成因的研究.科学通报,1985,30(18)：1409-1413
邓燕华.宝(玉)石矿床.北京：北京工业大学出版社,1992
董晋琨.福建寿山石矿床的矿物学研究和成因分析：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2008
范桂珍.内蒙巴林石的宝石矿物学研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京,2008
范良明,杨永富.浙江青田石及其颜色成因的研究.成都地质学院学报,1985,(2)：32-44
甘怡绚.寿山石矿床矿物学、地球化学成因：[博士学位论文].北京：北京大学,2001
高天钧,张智亮,刘志逊.寿山石成矿地质条件及找矿前景.福建地质,1997,16(3)：110-131
郭继春,曲俊生.影响鸡血石“血”的因素及“走血”的成因研究.珠宝科技,1996,3：52-55
郭继春,张妮,朱文斌,等.昌化鸡血石冻地机理初探.岩石矿物学杂志,2004,23(1)：54-56
贺同兴,卢良兆,李树勋,等.变质岩岩石学.北京：地质出版社,1988.
黄宣镇.中国的彩石矿床.中国非金属矿工业导刊,2002,27(3)：34-35
金性春.板块构造学基础,上海：上海科技出版社,1982
库列克.全苏地质研究所.蚀变围岩及其找矿意义,北京：地质出版社,1955
李基宏.我国宝玉石矿带划分及矿床分类.有色金属矿产与勘查,1994,3(4)：252-254
李家珍.彩石及其资源开发.矿产与地质,1994,8(42)：287-290
李平,马伟幸,王蓓.昌化芝麻地鸡血石物相鉴定.岩矿测试,2008,27(1)：67-68
李胜荣.结晶学与矿物学.北京：地质出版社,2008
李文瑛.我国几个矿区叶蜡石X射线粉晶衍射研究.矿物学报,1989,9(4)：381
李晓林.昌化鸡血石的宝石学特征研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2008
李玉娟.寿山石的矿物组分和特征.福建地质,2005,24(2)：79-89
李志群,沐蕊.中国印章石材料与资源研究.中国矿业,2000,9(4)：18-21
梁修睦,毛顺利,王芳.浙东南主要非金属矿成矿特点与成因.浙江地质,2000,16(1)：25-30
廖宗廷,腾英.昌化鸡血石的成矿构造背景及成因探讨.上海地质,2001,4(3)：43-48
廖宗廷,腾英,许耀明.昌化鸡血石“地”的矿物成分.宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(3)：22-25
廖宗廷,周征宇,腾英.昌化鸡血石“地”的矿物成分及其对质量的影响.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(7)：897-900
刘长龄,刘钦甫.高岭石矿物结晶有序化程度与成因关系研究新进展.地质找矿论丛,2002,17(2)：73-81
刘海徵.青田石山炮绿品种的颜色及结构成因研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2010
刘钦甫,许红亮,张鹏飞.煤系不同类型高岭岩中高岭石结晶度的区别.煤炭学报,2000,25(6)：17-21
留于平,留杨帆,胡阿道,等.中国国石青田石年鉴.浙江：青田县石雕行业管理办公室编,2003
留于平,留杨帆,胡阿道,等.中国国石青田石年鉴.浙江：青田县石雕行业管理办公室编,2004
吕惠进,卢建平.浙江省叶蜡石资源及其开发利用.矿业研究与开发,2005,25(5)：36-38
罗炎水,潘锦勃.浙东南地区次生石英岩型红柱石成矿地质特征及矿床成因初按.浙江地质,2001,19(1)：45-51
罗炎水,周洲强.浙东南地区蜡石矿及其成矿远景.浙江地质,1999,15(1)：16-24
买潇,陶金波,严雪俊,等.昌化鸡血石“地”的研究及其质量影响因素.宝石和宝石学杂志,2007,9(4)：15-20
牟莉,崔文元.昌化明矾石地鸡血石的矿物学研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2004,23(1)：69-74
潘承文,姚宾谟.中国四大印石图典—昌化石,浙江：西泠印社出版社,2008
潘兆橹.结晶学与矿物学.北京：地质出版社,1994
彭秀文,李广有.浙东南区叶蜡石矿床的叶蜡石矿物特征及矿床成因的初步探讨.浙江地质,1991,7(1)：
钱雪雯.昌化田黄的宝石矿物学研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2009
任磊夫.粘土矿物与粘土岩.北京：地质出版社,1992
沈喜伦,顾国华.国之珍宝—寿山石、鸡血石.江苏地质,2000,24(4)：245-248
沈忠悦.从高岭石中富集地开石和珍珠陶石的实验研究.矿物岩石,1994,14(2)：18-21
汤文权.浙江省地质矿产之特点及研究方向.浙江地质,1995,11(2)：1-6
陶维屏.中国非金属矿床概要(上).建材地质,1994,71(1)：2-7
陶维屏.中国非金属矿床概要(下).建材地质,1994,72(2)：2-10
腾英,廖宗廷.昌化鸡血石的成矿构造背景及成因探讨.上海地质,2001,79(3)：43-48
田亮光,陶金波.昌化鸡血石.宝石和宝石学杂志,2003,5(3)：1-3
王乐燕.浙江青田县山口叶蜡石型青田石的宝石学研究：[硕士论文].中国地质大学(北京),2003
王长秋,崔文元,徐建人,等.昌化田黄的矿物学特征及相关问题探讨.岩石矿物学杂志,2010,29(6)：48-55
王濮,潘兆橹,翁玲宝.系统矿物学.北京：地质出版社,1994
王小慧.巴林石的矿物学与宝石学研究：[博士论文].中国地质大学(北京),2007
王勇生,朱光,胡召齐,等.郯庐断裂带沂沐段伸展活动断层泥K-Ar同位素定年.中国科学(D辑：地球科学),2009,39(5)：580-593
王中刚.浅议观赏石及其分类.贵州省科学技术优秀论文集,2004：219-221
汪灵.中国东南沿海叶蜡石矿床成因类型及其地质特征.建材地质,1997,94(5)：9-12
汪灵.中国叶蜡石矿矿石类型研究.建材地质,1994,76(6)：8-13
汪灵.中国叶蜡石矿及其应用简介.地质与勘探,1996,32(6)：24-27
吴利仁.华东及邻区中、新生代火山岩.北京：科学出版社,1984
夏法起.鉴别青田石.福州：福建美术出版社,2002
徐文忻,郭陀珠,韦家新,等.青田山口叶蜡石传压介质初步研究.矿物学报,2001,21(3)：544-546
须藤俊男.粘土矿物学.北京：地质出版社,1981
徐咏平.青田石开采现状与鉴藏.丽水学院学报,2008,30(4)：134-136
杨文宗,彭秀文,杨双喜,等.浙东南主要非金属矿床的地质特征、控矿条件和成矿机理.中国东南沿海火山地质及矿产论文集,第2辑,北京：地质出版社,1992
杨晓勇、陈双喜译.岩石地球化学,安徽：中国科学技术大学出版社,2000
杨雅秀.“图章石”的主要矿物成分为迪开石类矿物非叶蜡石矿物.建材地质,1995,79(3)：8-14
杨雅秀,张乃娴,苏昭冰.中国粘土矿物.北京：地质出版社,1994
姚宾谟.中国昌化石文化.北京：地质出版社,2007
业冬,赵旭刚,邹妤,等.青田石的矿物组成特征研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2010,29(2)：119-224
叶良辅,李璜,张更.浙江青田县之印章石.中央研究院地质研究所丛刊,1931(1)：1-31
叶孟林.中国四大印石图典—青田石.浙江：西泠印社出版社,2011
叶泽富,秦志军,欧邦国,等.浙江青田石勘查与评价方法探讨.中国非金属矿工业导刊,2009,73：59-62
游建昌,毕先梅,侯纯敏.应用国际标样对伊利石结晶度测定值的校正及其意义.现代地质,2008,22(1)：53-59
游振东,王方正.变质岩岩石学教程.湖北：中国地质大学出版社,1988.
袁野.昌化鸡血石的宝石矿物学研究：[硕士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2009
袁野.印章石的成因分析——以江西上饶高洲石为例：[博士论文].北京：中国地质大学(北京),2012
袁野,施光海,何明跃,等.谱学研究在印章石中的应用：以昌化石为例.矿物岩石,2011,31(3)：18-24
袁野,施光海,何明跃.中国印章石资源的分布与特点及其展望.资源与产业,2012,14(2)：150-156
张蓓丽.系统宝石学.北京：地质出版社,2006
张继军,毕先梅.成岩—极低级变质作用及油气勘探意义.地学前缘,1999,6(2)：251-258
张守亮,崔文元.巴林鸡血石的宝石矿物学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(3)：26-30
张士中.观赏石鉴评(一).南方国土资源,2009：33-34
张士中.观赏石鉴评(二).南方国土资源,2009：36-38
张士中.观赏石鉴评(三).南方国土资源,2009：37-38
张天乐.中国粘土矿物的电子显微镜研究.北京：地质出版社,1978
张肇新,工凤章.论观赏石的成因、分类与鉴赏.矿床地质,1996：158-163
赵杏媛,张有瑜.粘土矿物与粘土矿物分析.北京：海洋出版社,1990.
浙江省地矿厅第十一地质队.浙江省青田县山口叶蜡石矿丰门—白垟矿产地质报告.1995
浙江省地矿厅第十一地质队.北山—山口一带叶蜡石矿普查.1995
浙江省地矿厅第十一地质队.浙江省青田县阜山镇朱庵矿区伊利石叶蜡石矿普查地质报告2005朱选民,亓利剑,蒋红旗,等.浙江青田叶蜡石型蓝刚玉宝石学牲及成因初探.宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,3(4)：15-19
郑辙.浙江温岭地区迪开石质冻石的发现和几点认识.矿物岩石地球化学通报,1999,18(4)：316-319
支霞臣,痕量元素地球化学译文集.北京：地质出版社,1987
中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心浙江部总队.浙江省青田县北山高岭石—叶蜡石矿区上沿水段详查地质报告.杭州：中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心浙江总队,1997
中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 16552—2010.中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,北京：中国标准出版社,2010-09-26
朱选民.浙江省青田石矿物成分和成玉机理研究.岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(1)：65-70
朱选民.青田石品种的分类及其鉴别特征研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2010,12(4)：17-24
朱选民,亓利剑,蒋红旗,等.浙江青田叶蜡石型蓝刚玉宝石学特征及成因初探.宝石和宝石学杂志,2001,4(3)：15-21
朱选民,蒋红旗,厉群勇.浙江省非叶蜡石型青田石的宝石学研究.宝石和宝石学杂志,2002,4(1)：6-11