蒙医、中医针刺手法比较研究
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摘要
1研究目的
     ①通过深入比较,挖掘、梳理蒙、中医针刺手法之间的共性和差异,重新认识二者诊治疾病辨证方法,进一步探究其中精华,进而相互借鉴,有利于提高蒙、中医针法的临床疗效提供优势互补的作用。
     ②试图证实两种疗法在医学哲学思想和辨证论治方法的相似性,揭示二者的差异,以及在不同的地理、社会、文化、历史条件下,蒙医针刺法的发展演变进程和形成特色疗法的原因。
     2研究意义
     针刺手法是影响针刺疗效的重要因素,蒙医、中医历代医家都十分重视针刺手法。二者具有各自的理论体系,别具特色。挖掘、比较、科学评价医学文献,从中提炼出有价值的、真实的、实用的证据和信息是知识更新和发展的必由之路。通过比较研究,试图发现中医针刺手法与蒙医针刺手法在本质意义上的异同,使二者都能够从对方获得可资借鉴的资源,更深入地理解掌握理论知识,有利于提高临床实践能力。
     3研究方法
     ①通过搜集战国至明清医家著作的原始和考释资料及针刺手法现代研究的相关文献资料,借助文献研究方法对所收集的资料进行筛选,选择具有代表性的医家及著,进行归纳、整理、分析针刺手法、得气及针刺补泻等内容。
     ②搜集古代和现代有关蒙古医学书籍、医案、临床各学科的书籍资料进行筛选,选择有关记载蒙医针刺手法的书籍,并对文献进行筛选、整理、梳理蒙医针针刺手法的相关内容及独具特色,结合其它民族的文献资料中零星片断记载的相关内容,整理、分析、总结蒙医针刺手法的基本指导理论、操作方法及手法、适应症、禁忌症及补泻和得气的相关内容。
     ③对古代和现代蒙医、中医针刺手法进行梳理、对比、总结、讨论结果。
     4研究内容
     第一部分为蒙、中医针刺手法之医学理论基础进行比较,探讨蒙中医针刺手法的差异。
     第二部分为以针刺手法为纲,梳理清朝时期的蒙医文献和战国、秦汉、晋、元、明代的中医文献,从各自文献记载的源头探索其蒙、中医针刺手法的异同,分析和总结二者的各具特色。
     第三、第四部分为以现代针刺手法为,对现代蒙医文献和中医针刺手法有关的中医文献及二者的研究现状进行整理,分析、总结蒙、中医现代针刺手法的鲜明特色。
     第五部分,对两种针刺手法的具体操作方法、针具及辨证配穴方面进行比较,了解其共性,分析其差异。
     第六部分,从民族历史背景、文化意识、生活习俗、地理环境、针刺手法的认识、教育等方面论述说明,蒙医针刺手法在起源与发展过程中吸收其他民族的医疗技术和方法,结合固有的传统疗法,逐步形成具有鲜明的民族特色的针刺手法。
     5结论
     (1)蒙医针刺手法以蒙医三根、七素、脏腑学说为理论基础,整体观为指导,通过针和寒热刺激体表腧穴,从而达到防治疾病的目的。临床上,以阴阳、五元学说、整体观念为指导的对疾病的本质-寒热症及六种基本病症的辩证施治。蒙医针刺配穴,将发病部位、正常三根的所依赖位置、病态三根窜行之途和病因建立起固定的关系。首先取脏腑自穴,后配三根总穴或对病因主治功效的穴位,一般共选3个穴位。中医针刺手法根据调和阴阳,补虚泻实、清热温寒、治病求本和三因制宜的治疗原则,通过疏通经络、调和阴阳、扶正祛邪,达到治疗疾病的目的。中医配穴方法很多,传统的针灸配穴,包括俞募配穴,原络配穴,原原配穴,原合配穴,郗募配穴,郗会配穴,八脉交会配穴五腧穴配穴、募合配穴,俞原配穴等,另外还有局部配穴,远近配穴,对应配穴等.
     (2)蒙医常用的针具是蒙医特制的银针。由于银针质地较软,直径较粗,其刺激量一般较大,不宜做大幅度的剧烈手法。蒙医针刺手法不强调针刺补泻手法,强调结合其它疗法,以便增加疗效。中医针刺针具较多,常用针具是不锈毫针。
     (3)蒙医文献载述的针刺手法只有进针三步法和与穴位相应的八种针刺手法。具有操作简便,用具简单的特点。中医针刺手法内容宏富,复杂多样,历代医家都非常重视针刺手法。历代医家对针刺进针手法、补泻手法、气至、得气等方面论述多有不同,并各具特点;尤其以明代医家的观点为多,引用较广。但是,重视辫证论治;重视经络与穴位的作用和辨证取穴;重视针刺手法及得气;重视针刺补泻等方面各医家的观点基本统一。
     (4)蒙医针法至少在针刺手法的认识和阐释方面存在较大差距,蒙医针刺手法总体上则以解剖学为主。中医针刺手法虽然也解剖学知识相结合,但总以抽象理论思维为主这就是两种针法的最大区别所在。
     (5)造成蒙医针刺手法和中医针刺手法不同的原因是多样的,其中,发展的历史背景不同、医学文化的差异性、教育及其地理环境的影响以外,更重要的是蒙医针刺手法对蒙古民族地区的常见病和多发病疗效优势更为显著。
1. Research Objective
     ①Through further comparison, further research, clear up the similarities and differences of Mongolian and Chinese medicine acupuncture, to understand the dialectical method of treatment of them, further explore the essence, and learn from each other, provide complementary function to improve the clinical curative effect of two kinds of therapy.
     ②Trying to confirm the two therapies in the thought of Medicine Philosophy and the similarity of treatment of syndrome differentiation method, point out the differences between the two, and under the different geographical、social、 cultural, historical conditions, the development and evolvement of the Mongolian medicine acupuncture and reason for the formation of characteristic therapy.
     2. Research Meaning
     Acupuncture manipulation is a key technique in the acupuncture therapy, is an important factor to affect the therapeutic effect of Acupuncture, and Mongolian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine doctors in past dynasties have attached great importance to acupuncture manipulation. The two have their own theoretical system and distinctive. Further research, comparison, scientific evaluation of medical literature, to extract valuable, real, practical evidence from them and imformation is knowledge updating and the only road of self-development. Through a comparative study, trying to find Chinese medicine acupuncture manipulation and similarities and differences between Mongolian medicine acupuncture manipulation in essence, they will be able to get useful resources from each other, more deeply understand the theory of knowledge, to improve the ability of clinical practice.
     3. Research Method
     ①Through the extensive col lection of the works of doctors' original and interpretation of data from Zhan Dynasty to Qing Ming DDynasty and the relevant literature and modern research of acupuncture manipulation, by using document research method to filter the collected data, to select the representative doctors and their works, to summary、put in order、analysis of acupuncture manipulation、Deqi amd Buxie method etc.
     ②Collection of ancient and modern medical books about Mongolia、medical cases、screening clinical course books、selecting the relevant records of Mongolian medicine acupuncture books, and screening document、put in order the relevant contents of traditional Mongolian needle acupuncture manipulation and unique characteristic, In combination with related content of other ethnic' s medical document fragment regorded, put in order、analysis、summarize the basic guiding theory of Mongol ian medicine acupuncture manipulation, operat ion method and manipulation、indication、contraindicat ion and related content of Deqi amd Buxie.
     ③To put in order、compare、summarize、discuss the results for the ancient and modern Mongolian and Chinese medical acupuncture manipulation.
     4. Research Content
     In the first part, manipulation is the key, and to study the ancient Mogolian Medical document Lan Liu Li、Zhi Shi Chu Hei Ming Deng、GanLuSiBu and the ancient Chinese Medical document HuangDiNeiJing、NanJing、JiaYiJing、ZhenJingZhiNan? ZhenJiuDaQuan、YiXueRuMen、ZhenJiuWenDui、ZhenJiuJuYing、ZhenJiuDaQuan, to analysis and summarize the unique feature of Mongolian medicine and Chinese medicine acupuncture manipulation.
     In the second part, to study modern mongolian medical document Zhong Guo Yi Xue Bai Ke Quan Shu、MengYiXue、MengYiChuanTongShiBaShu、LiaoShuXue MengYiLinChuangXue、MengYiYaoXue and the Modren Chinese Medical acupuncture manipulation, to analysis and summarize the trend of development of two kinds of acupuncture manipulation.
     In the Third Part, the basic theory of two kinds of acupuncture manipulation、 needling instrument、characteristic of manipulation and specific operation method、the relationship between manipulation and matching acupoint understanding of BuXiemethod and DeQi, comparative study on acupuncture number, to understand their similarity, analysis of the differences.
     In the fourth part, to discuss from nationality historical background、cultural awareness、living customs、geographical conditions、written languages educations etc., the traditional Mongolian medical acupuncture manipulation absorbed medical technology and methods of other nationalities the origin and development process, and combined with the inherent traditional therapy, gradually formed the distinctive national characteristics acupuncture manipulation.
     5.Conclusion
     (1) Based on the theory of Mongolian medical acupuncture manipulation, Mongolian medical SanGen、QiSu、the theory of viscera, as a guide the view of the whole, through the needle、chills and fever to stimulate the ShuXue of body surface, thus to achieve the purpose of preventing the disease. In the clinical, Yin and Yang, five element theory, the overall concept as a guide to dialectical therapy on six base disease. Traditional Mongolian medicine and acupuncture points, invasive sites、three normal root which rely on location、to construct a fixed relationship between sick three cross road and pathogeny. Firstly from the point of viscera, then match the three total points or the etiology of indications of acupoints, in general to choose3points.
     Chinese acupuncture manipulation according to the tonic diarrhea real、heat and cold temperature、searching for the primary cause of disease and treatment principles of three factors, through the dredge main and collateral channels、 regulating yin and yang、rousing, to achieve the purpose of treating disease. After acupuncture DeQi, with a variety of acupuncture reinforcing-reducing manipulation correct the pathological state of yin and Yang piansheng partial failure of the body, in order to recover the balance of human body physiological state. There are many traditional Chinese medical acupuncture methods, the traditional acupuncture, including Yu Mu points, combined selection of Yuan point and Luo point, the first point, The original complex point, Chi and Front-Mu point, Chi will match point, eight confluence points, Five acupuncture points,MuHe points, YuYuan point etc., in addition part acupoints, far and near points, the corresponding acupoints. With the further study of acupuncture method, we have many new acupuncture methods.
     (2) Mongol ian medicine commonly used needle is special silver needles. Because of the s i lver needle is soft, with larger diameter, its the amount of s t imulat ion generally larger, not suitable to power manipulation. So the Mongolian medical acupuncture manipulation do not emphasize the reinforcing-reducing manipulation, and emphasize the under the needle feeling amd combine with other therapy, in order to increase the curative effect.
     Chinese medicine acupuncture needles'instrument are more, the commonly used is stainless steel needle. Stainless steel needle is sol id and more tenacity, suitable for all kinds of acupuncture manipulation.
     (3) The mongolian medical document just recorded the explanation of three steps of inserting needle and eight kinds of acupuncture manipulation, with the advantages of simple operation, equipment is simple, suit to the nomadic mode of production、customs、the cold weather, with regard to regulation of cold and heat、Pathogen leads to in vitro、to insist the treatment principle of whole regulation; stressed and age. the specific location of acupoints acupuncture combining acupuncture manipulations; Pay attention to based on the Mongolian medical SanGen theory, the acupuncture and warm acupuncture combination of acupuncture manipulation.The Chinese Medical acupuncture manipulation is rich in content, the complexity and diversity, the ancient physicians had attached great importance to acupuncture manipulation. The ancient physicians viewpoints of needle inserting manipulation-reinforcing and reducing method-bring about the desired sensation are very different, and each has its own characteristics; especially in the Ming Dynasty's medical opinion as much, cited extensively. But pay attention to syndrome differentiation treatment; and pay attention to the effects of main and collateral channels and acupuncture point and point selection treatment based on syndrome differentiation; importance of acupuncture manipulation and bring about the desired sensation; take acupuncture reinforcing-reducing etc. The views of physicians are same.
     (4) There is lager defference in the traditional Mongolian medicine and acupuncture at least under standing of acupuncture manipulation and explanation, it is mainly in anatomia on the whole, derivation but also there is no lack of abstract thinking. Although the Chinese Medical acupuncture manipulation combine with anatomical knowledge, but mainly to the abstract theory, this is the biggest difference between two kinds of acupuncture.
     (5) The cause of Mongolian medicine acupuncture and Chinese medicine acupuncture manipulation is different and diverse, among them, besides the different historical background、differences in medical culture、education and the influence of geography environment, the most important is that the effect of the traditional Mongolian medical acupuncture manipulation is more obvious advantages for common diseases in the ethnic minority areas in Mongolia and frequently-occurring diseases.
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