医疗废弃物物流的安全风险评价体系研究
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摘要
医疗废弃物是一种高度危险的废弃物,作为一种特殊的废弃物,医疗废弃物的物流过程必然不同于一般的物流过程,较普通的商品物流,更加强调其安全性。由于医疗废弃物具有高度的空间传染性、潜伏性、病毒性和极强的腐蚀性等特征,在物流过程中一旦发生事故,造成的灾难将会是毁灭性的,不仅会造成巨大的人身伤亡和财产损失,危害环境和土壤,还会影响社会的安定。因此,对医疗废弃物物流过程中可能影响物流安全的风险因素即安全风险,进行分析、评价和管理控制,是医疗机构需要关注的事情。
本文以医疗废弃物的物流过程为研究对象,从人-机-管理-环境的角度,主要研究了下面几个方面的内容：
首先,介绍了医疗废弃物的定义、分类和处理方式等,分析了医疗废弃物的危害并对国内外对医疗废弃物物流的安全风险研究做了相关的阐述。
其次,介绍了物流风险的控制理论和应用,描述了我国医疗废弃物物流的过程和物流过程的特点。
再其次,在介绍我国医疗废弃物物流发展现状的基础上,分析了其中存在的安全风险问题,对医疗废弃物物流的安全风险按照人-机-管理-环境的角度进行了分类,从在对现实问题分析的基础上,分析了安全风险评价要素,提出了安全风险评价的两种模型,介绍了基于主观评价的多层次灰色指标评价法和模糊综合评判法,并运用这两种评价模型对A医院的医疗废弃物物流进行了安全风险评价,比较两种评价方法的结果,找出了重要的安全风险,为我国医疗废弃物物流的安全风险管理提供了有效的方法。
最后,从具体的技术层面上,提出了医疗废弃物物流安全风险的管理措施,即RFID(无线射频识别)等信息技术的运用,重点介绍了RFID/GPS/GPRS的功能、适用性和优越性。对这些方法在医疗废弃物物流中的应用构建了框架,并对这些信息化技术在医疗废弃物物流中的应用提出了展望。
Medical waste is a highly dangerous waste, as a special waste, medical waste logistics process is different from the normal logistics process, as compared with ordinary commodity logistics, greater emphasis on their safety. Because the medical waste has a high degree of spatial infectious, latent, viral and highly corrosive and other characteristics,,so if an accident happened in the logistics, the consequential loss caused by the disaster would be devastating, not only will cause enormous loss of life and property loss, harm the environment and soil, but also affect social stability. Therefore, it is very important for health-care institutions to analysis, evaluate and control the safety risk factors-safety risks during the process of medical waste logistics.
In this paper, we mainly study the medical waste logistics process, from the human-machine-Management-environmental point of view, the main research contents aspects as follows:
Firstly, we give the introduction of medical waste definition, classification and treatment methods, analyze the hazards of medical waste and give elaborated which related to the research on medical waste logistics safety risks at home and abroad.
Secondly, we introduce the logistics risk control theory and application, describes the process of Chinese medical waste logistics and logistics process characteristics.
Thirdly, based on the introduction of Chinese logistics development status of medical waste, analysis the existing safety risks, according to the human-machine-Management-environmental point of view,medical waste logistics safety risk have been classified based on the analysis of the problem of reality, we found the safety risk assessment factors and give two models of safety risk assessment:based on the subjective evaluation of the multi-level gray index evaluation method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. We use these two evaluation model of the logistics to make safety risk assessment of medical waste in the A hospital. Comparing the results of two kinds of evaluation methods, we can identify the significant safety risks for our medical waste logistics and provides an effective method of safety risk management for health-care institutions.
Finally, from the specific technical level, we proposed medical waste logistics safety risk management measures, namely the use of information technology such as RFID, focusing on the functionality, applicability and superiority of RFID/GPS/GPRS. Based on these methods of the medical waste in the application of logistics, we build a framework and raise outlook of the information technology in the application of medical waste logistics in the future.
本文以医疗废弃物的物流过程为研究对象,从人-机-管理-环境的角度,主要研究了下面几个方面的内容：
首先,介绍了医疗废弃物的定义、分类和处理方式等,分析了医疗废弃物的危害并对国内外对医疗废弃物物流的安全风险研究做了相关的阐述。
其次,介绍了物流风险的控制理论和应用,描述了我国医疗废弃物物流的过程和物流过程的特点。
再其次,在介绍我国医疗废弃物物流发展现状的基础上,分析了其中存在的安全风险问题,对医疗废弃物物流的安全风险按照人-机-管理-环境的角度进行了分类,从在对现实问题分析的基础上,分析了安全风险评价要素,提出了安全风险评价的两种模型,介绍了基于主观评价的多层次灰色指标评价法和模糊综合评判法,并运用这两种评价模型对A医院的医疗废弃物物流进行了安全风险评价,比较两种评价方法的结果,找出了重要的安全风险,为我国医疗废弃物物流的安全风险管理提供了有效的方法。
最后,从具体的技术层面上,提出了医疗废弃物物流安全风险的管理措施,即RFID(无线射频识别)等信息技术的运用,重点介绍了RFID/GPS/GPRS的功能、适用性和优越性。对这些方法在医疗废弃物物流中的应用构建了框架,并对这些信息化技术在医疗废弃物物流中的应用提出了展望。
Medical waste is a highly dangerous waste, as a special waste, medical waste logistics process is different from the normal logistics process, as compared with ordinary commodity logistics, greater emphasis on their safety. Because the medical waste has a high degree of spatial infectious, latent, viral and highly corrosive and other characteristics,,so if an accident happened in the logistics, the consequential loss caused by the disaster would be devastating, not only will cause enormous loss of life and property loss, harm the environment and soil, but also affect social stability. Therefore, it is very important for health-care institutions to analysis, evaluate and control the safety risk factors-safety risks during the process of medical waste logistics.
In this paper, we mainly study the medical waste logistics process, from the human-machine-Management-environmental point of view, the main research contents aspects as follows:
Firstly, we give the introduction of medical waste definition, classification and treatment methods, analyze the hazards of medical waste and give elaborated which related to the research on medical waste logistics safety risks at home and abroad.
Secondly, we introduce the logistics risk control theory and application, describes the process of Chinese medical waste logistics and logistics process characteristics.
Thirdly, based on the introduction of Chinese logistics development status of medical waste, analysis the existing safety risks, according to the human-machine-Management-environmental point of view,medical waste logistics safety risk have been classified based on the analysis of the problem of reality, we found the safety risk assessment factors and give two models of safety risk assessment:based on the subjective evaluation of the multi-level gray index evaluation method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. We use these two evaluation model of the logistics to make safety risk assessment of medical waste in the A hospital. Comparing the results of two kinds of evaluation methods, we can identify the significant safety risks for our medical waste logistics and provides an effective method of safety risk management for health-care institutions.
Finally, from the specific technical level, we proposed medical waste logistics safety risk management measures, namely the use of information technology such as RFID, focusing on the functionality, applicability and superiority of RFID/GPS/GPRS. Based on these methods of the medical waste in the application of logistics, we build a framework and raise outlook of the information technology in the application of medical waste logistics in the future.
引文
[1]国务院.医疗废物管理条例[S].2003
[2]武迎宏.论医疗废物的管理[J].中国环保产业,2004,2(22)：22-23
[3]邵芳、王强、赵由才.国内医疗废物处置与管理探讨[J].重庆环境科学,2001,23(5)：28
[4]曹志宏.英国的医疗废物管理[J].环境导报,1994,2(36)：20
[5]EdwaId Krasunas.医疗废物处理国际研讨会——欧洲医疗废物处理现状[J].医疗废物研究,1999,11(2)：113-130
[6]Pruss,E.Giroult,Rrushbrook.Safe management of wastes from health care activities Geneve[J],1999
[7]杨彩莲.医疗废弃物的处理[J].国外医学·医院管理分册,1997,14(1)：11
[8]卫生部,国家环保总局.医疗废物分类目录[S].2003
[9]谭笑芳、王苏莉.医疗垃圾的危害及处理措施[J].现代预防医学,2004,31(5)：759
[10]张艳、冯其林、罗毅等.武汉市医院垃圾调查报告[J].环境卫生工程,2000,8(4)：168-170
[11]吴三达、麦启洲、杨摊等.广州地区医疗垃圾处理状况调查[J].广东卫生防疫,1999,20(4)：5-9
[12]Kau-Fui Vincent wong.Ramarathnam Narasimhan.Medical waste characterization Jounal of Environmental Health.1994,57(1):19-25
[13]Lee,Byeong-Kyu.A Study of the characterization,disposal,recycling and air emissions of medical and plastic waste (medical wastes):Dissertation.1996
[14]华洁.医疗废弃物现状与管理研究[J].南京医科大学学报,2005,18(1)：45
[15]WHO(1985). Management of waste from hospitals and other health care establishment s. Report on a WHO meeting, Bergen,28 Junel July 1983, Copenhagen, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe(EURO Report s and Studies, No. 97)
[16]李德英.国外医疗废弃物处理概况与对策[J].重庆环境科学,1989,11(6)
[17]RFID:中国未来标签行业市场的发展.http://www.jctrans.com
[18]郑爱英、杨伟.实施IS014001标准规范一次性医疗废弃物的管理[J].中华护理杂志.2005,1(1)
[19]熊雅、刘爱知、于发敏.运用PDCA循环法规范医疗废弃物的管理[J].护理管理 杂志.2007,1(1)
[20]远望谷顺利通过RFID医疗废弃物管理项目验收http://www. rfidworld. com. cn/news
[21]王冬梅.天津市医疗废物管理体系及对策研究：[硕士学位论文].河北工业大.学.2005
[22]徐风.国际标准化组织采纳我国对风险的定义[N].中国质量报,2007-06-29(1)
[23]罗云、樊运晓、马晓春.风险分析与安全评价[M].北京,化学工业出版社安全科学与工程出版中心,2005：86-87
[24]丁厚成.工业事故风险评价模型[J].工业安全与环保,2004,30(11)：36-37
[25]郭孛传,风险分析与决策[M1.北京,机械工业出版社,1987
[26]陈文蜜、胡焕绩.新编物流管理[M].北京,立信会计出版社,2003：3-4
[27]张懿、刘洪波.废弃物物流社会化探究.维普资讯http://www. cqvip. com
[28]思峰、党耀国、方志耕.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[29]刘刚、朱金福.一种机场安全风险灰色多层次评价方法研究[J].人类工效学,2008,8(14)
[30]Andrew Hale. Risk Cotours and Risk Management Criteria for Safety at Major Airport with Particular Reference to the Case of Schiphol[J]. Safety Science,2002,40(3): 299-323
[31]K. Y. Wong, D. E. Pitfield, R. E. Caves, et al. Quantifying and Characterising Aviation Accident Risk Factors[J], Journal of Air Transport Management,2006,12(6): 352-357
[32]张吉军.模糊层次分析法(FAHP)[J].模糊系统与数学,2000,14(2)：80-88
[33]周平,朱松岭,姜寿山.基于模糊层次分析法的航空项目风险管理研究[J].计算机集成制造系统——CIMS,2003,9(2):1062-1066
[34]何凡.危险品物流风险分析与控制研究：[硕士学位论文].东南大学.2006
[35]Wang Xiao-qun,Zhang Xing-rong. Application of fuzzy mathematical evaluation model in safety assessment of enterprises [J]. Industrial Safety and Dust Control,2002(12): 29-32
[36]K G Zografos,K N Androutsopoulos.A Decision Support System for Hazardous Materials Transportation and Emergency Response Management[D].Athens University of Economics and Business,2004
[37]游战清、李苏剑.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[38]Dirk Henrici and Paul Muller,Tackling Safety and Privacy Issues in Radio Frequency Identification Devices, PERVASIVE 2004. LNCS 3001.2004, PP 219.224
[39]王海燕.危险品物流安全管理及事故应急管理研究[J].东南大学学报,2009,11(1)：73
[40]李昕.RFID系统的优点及应用前景[J].科技信息(科学教研),2007,18
[41]Prof. Dr.-Ing.Arnd I. Urban. Abfallerkennung durch Radio Frequency Identification [M].Kassel:Unidruckerei der Universitaet Kassel,2006
[42]R.Glidden.Design of ultra-low-cost UHF RFID tags for supply chain applications [J]. IEEE Communications,2004,42(8):141-152
[43]Roberts,C.M. Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)[J].Computers & Safety,2006, 25(1):20-28
[44]Chow,Harry K.H.,Choy,King Lun,Lee,W.B.,et al.Design of a RFID Case-based Resourse Managerment Systerm for Warchouse Oerations[J].Expert Systems With Applications,2006,30(4):560-580
[45]Zongwei Luo, Zhining Tan, Zhieheng Ni, et al. Analysis of RFID Adoption in China[C]/HCEBE 2007:IEEE INTERNAT10NALCONFERENCE ON E-BUS INF-S ENGINEERING, PRO. CEEDINGS,2007:315-318
[46]E w T. Ngai, Karen K. L. Moon, Frederick J. Riggins, et al. RFID Research: An Academic Literature Review (1995-2005)and Future Research Directions [J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2008,112(2):510-520
[2]武迎宏.论医疗废物的管理[J].中国环保产业,2004,2(22)：22-23
[3]邵芳、王强、赵由才.国内医疗废物处置与管理探讨[J].重庆环境科学,2001,23(5)：28
[4]曹志宏.英国的医疗废物管理[J].环境导报,1994,2(36)：20
[5]EdwaId Krasunas.医疗废物处理国际研讨会——欧洲医疗废物处理现状[J].医疗废物研究,1999,11(2)：113-130
[6]Pruss,E.Giroult,Rrushbrook.Safe management of wastes from health care activities Geneve[J],1999
[7]杨彩莲.医疗废弃物的处理[J].国外医学·医院管理分册,1997,14(1)：11
[8]卫生部,国家环保总局.医疗废物分类目录[S].2003
[9]谭笑芳、王苏莉.医疗垃圾的危害及处理措施[J].现代预防医学,2004,31(5)：759
[10]张艳、冯其林、罗毅等.武汉市医院垃圾调查报告[J].环境卫生工程,2000,8(4)：168-170
[11]吴三达、麦启洲、杨摊等.广州地区医疗垃圾处理状况调查[J].广东卫生防疫,1999,20(4)：5-9
[12]Kau-Fui Vincent wong.Ramarathnam Narasimhan.Medical waste characterization Jounal of Environmental Health.1994,57(1):19-25
[13]Lee,Byeong-Kyu.A Study of the characterization,disposal,recycling and air emissions of medical and plastic waste (medical wastes):Dissertation.1996
[14]华洁.医疗废弃物现状与管理研究[J].南京医科大学学报,2005,18(1)：45
[15]WHO(1985). Management of waste from hospitals and other health care establishment s. Report on a WHO meeting, Bergen,28 Junel July 1983, Copenhagen, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe(EURO Report s and Studies, No. 97)
[16]李德英.国外医疗废弃物处理概况与对策[J].重庆环境科学,1989,11(6)
[17]RFID:中国未来标签行业市场的发展.http://www.jctrans.com
[18]郑爱英、杨伟.实施IS014001标准规范一次性医疗废弃物的管理[J].中华护理杂志.2005,1(1)
[19]熊雅、刘爱知、于发敏.运用PDCA循环法规范医疗废弃物的管理[J].护理管理 杂志.2007,1(1)
[20]远望谷顺利通过RFID医疗废弃物管理项目验收http://www. rfidworld. com. cn/news
[21]王冬梅.天津市医疗废物管理体系及对策研究：[硕士学位论文].河北工业大.学.2005
[22]徐风.国际标准化组织采纳我国对风险的定义[N].中国质量报,2007-06-29(1)
[23]罗云、樊运晓、马晓春.风险分析与安全评价[M].北京,化学工业出版社安全科学与工程出版中心,2005：86-87
[24]丁厚成.工业事故风险评价模型[J].工业安全与环保,2004,30(11)：36-37
[25]郭孛传,风险分析与决策[M1.北京,机械工业出版社,1987
[26]陈文蜜、胡焕绩.新编物流管理[M].北京,立信会计出版社,2003：3-4
[27]张懿、刘洪波.废弃物物流社会化探究.维普资讯http://www. cqvip. com
[28]思峰、党耀国、方志耕.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004
[29]刘刚、朱金福.一种机场安全风险灰色多层次评价方法研究[J].人类工效学,2008,8(14)
[30]Andrew Hale. Risk Cotours and Risk Management Criteria for Safety at Major Airport with Particular Reference to the Case of Schiphol[J]. Safety Science,2002,40(3): 299-323
[31]K. Y. Wong, D. E. Pitfield, R. E. Caves, et al. Quantifying and Characterising Aviation Accident Risk Factors[J], Journal of Air Transport Management,2006,12(6): 352-357
[32]张吉军.模糊层次分析法(FAHP)[J].模糊系统与数学,2000,14(2)：80-88
[33]周平,朱松岭,姜寿山.基于模糊层次分析法的航空项目风险管理研究[J].计算机集成制造系统——CIMS,2003,9(2):1062-1066
[34]何凡.危险品物流风险分析与控制研究：[硕士学位论文].东南大学.2006
[35]Wang Xiao-qun,Zhang Xing-rong. Application of fuzzy mathematical evaluation model in safety assessment of enterprises [J]. Industrial Safety and Dust Control,2002(12): 29-32
[36]K G Zografos,K N Androutsopoulos.A Decision Support System for Hazardous Materials Transportation and Emergency Response Management[D].Athens University of Economics and Business,2004
[37]游战清、李苏剑.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[38]Dirk Henrici and Paul Muller,Tackling Safety and Privacy Issues in Radio Frequency Identification Devices, PERVASIVE 2004. LNCS 3001.2004, PP 219.224
[39]王海燕.危险品物流安全管理及事故应急管理研究[J].东南大学学报,2009,11(1)：73
[40]李昕.RFID系统的优点及应用前景[J].科技信息(科学教研),2007,18
[41]Prof. Dr.-Ing.Arnd I. Urban. Abfallerkennung durch Radio Frequency Identification [M].Kassel:Unidruckerei der Universitaet Kassel,2006
[42]R.Glidden.Design of ultra-low-cost UHF RFID tags for supply chain applications [J]. IEEE Communications,2004,42(8):141-152
[43]Roberts,C.M. Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)[J].Computers & Safety,2006, 25(1):20-28
[44]Chow,Harry K.H.,Choy,King Lun,Lee,W.B.,et al.Design of a RFID Case-based Resourse Managerment Systerm for Warchouse Oerations[J].Expert Systems With Applications,2006,30(4):560-580
[45]Zongwei Luo, Zhining Tan, Zhieheng Ni, et al. Analysis of RFID Adoption in China[C]/HCEBE 2007:IEEE INTERNAT10NALCONFERENCE ON E-BUS INF-S ENGINEERING, PRO. CEEDINGS,2007:315-318
[46]E w T. Ngai, Karen K. L. Moon, Frederick J. Riggins, et al. RFID Research: An Academic Literature Review (1995-2005)and Future Research Directions [J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2008,112(2):510-520