连锁零售业库存/配送优化决策研究
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摘要
正风靡全球的连锁零售业是把现代化工业大生产的原理应用于商业流通领域,通过标准化手册快速开店,从而达到一定的规模效益；同时利用信息技术和配送中心统一配送加快库存周转与降低物流费用。本文就是从连锁零售业的整个供应链网络结构出发,优化三个环节(门店、配送中心与门店、厂商与配送中心)的库存/配送的管理策略,进一步降低整个供应链库存与配送费用,达到提升连锁零售业效益的目的。
提高企业经营管理,降低经营成本是现代企业追求的永恒主题,本文从系统化的角度出发,对连锁零售业库存/配送问题进行建模分析与优化,提出实用性强的库存管理、配送调度,从而降低成本、提高企业经营管理水平、增强企业的竞争力,为连锁零售业经营管理提供指导与参考。
本文首先对连锁零售业供应链上三个环节的库存/配送优化决策方面的文献进行归纳与总结,找出已有研究的不足和一些潜在的研究领域,在此基础上阐述了本文的主要内容、研究方法与创新点等。
然后阐述了连锁零售业的供应链网络结构,一方面研究了供应链的多级库存分布式协调机制,据此分析了连锁零售业的多级库存管理,指出物联网为连锁零售业库存管理提供了很好的手段；另一方面分析了连锁零售业配送管理面临的关键问题。在此基础上根据库存/配送问题主要特性,提出了连锁零售业库存/配送主要研究问题。
综合以上分析,对于连锁零售业库存/配送主要从三个方面进行了研究：
1、门店库存优化是根据某些商品的需求受货架摆放量的影响,来预测商品最大摆放量、消耗时间、缺货影响等,从而加快库存周转,减少门店的商品积压与缺失。此模型从商品自身的销售弹性与其它商品的可替代性弹性出发,设定在架摆放量充足时摆放量与需求量是指数函数关系；当摆放量小于一定量时,顾客的需求为一常数,并且允许缺货。在优化过程中,考虑了缺货损失与机会成本,使总利润最大化。由于得出的决策方程是非线性方程组,因此通过解析解的情况,求出局部最优解。
2、配送中心与门店之间库存／配送研究的是一个配送中心,多个门店的情况,并假定配送路线是一定的,通过模型优化使此环节库存管理与配送费用总成本最低,求出配送中心的订货量、配送频率等。在此分析中分别对定期库存/配送策略与定量库存/配送策略进行了理论上的建模分析与数值模拟。
3、厂商与配送中心之间库存/配送优化的是它们之间的配送频率使此环节配送和库存费用总成本最低。首先考虑库存管理费用,然后把配送费用的分段函数加入到库存费用中,建立总费用模型,最后根据费用变化情形,考虑不同配送频率中费用变化情况,求出最优化情形。
在借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,连锁零售业的库存/配送优化决策研究主要创新体现在：
1、门店库存优化中,对货架摆放量的需求预测,考虑了缺货损失、销售流失的机会成本,使商品的销售情况更加符合实际情况,库存管理更加精确。
2、在配送中心与门店库存/配送优化中,根据连锁零售业实际情形建立了定期与定量两种情况下优化模型,优化了此环节库存与配送管理策略。
3、在厂商与配送中心库存/配送优化中,建立了他们之间多次配送的库存/配送模型,优化了此环节库存与配送管理策略。
Now retail chains are booming in the word, which the principles of modern industrial mass production is applied to the field of commercial circulation. Its main competitive advantage are the rapid expansion to a large scale by standardized manual, faster inventory turns and lower logistics costs which obtained by information technology and distribution centers. In this paper from the operation of the whole supply chain, three links (store sectors, stores and distribution, vendors and distribution) are optimized to speed up inventory turnover and reduce the cost of operation in retail chains, which can increase the profits of retail chains.
It is the eternal theme in the modern enterprises that the level of management and operation are improved and the operating costs are reduced. In this paper from the systematic, integrated perspective the problem of inventory/distribution in retail chains is analyzed by building model. And the means of inventory management and distribution scheduling are provided, which can reduce the costs, improve enterprise management level, enhance their agility and responsiveness. All can supply the guidance and reference for enterprise management.
In this paper, Firstly presenting the literatures of the inventory/distribution aspects about the three links in the retail chains, which are stores, distribution center and stores, manufacturers and distribution center. And summarizing the contributions、shortcomings, indicating the future direction of development. On the basis of above described introducing the main contents of this article research methods and innovation points.
Then describing a network structure of retail supply chains; On the one hand studying multi-level inventory coordination mechanism of retail chains by which analysis the traditional inventory management and point out internet of things providing a good means for the multi-level inventory management; On the other hand presenting the problems of distribution management in retail chains. According to the inventory/distribution problem the main features and above described the main research questions of inventory/ distribution in the retail chains are provided.
The main researchs of inventory/distribution optimization decision about three links in retail chains are as follows:
1. Studying the relationship of the amount of store shelf display and sales, this can speed up inventory turns and reduce the backlog and lack of goods. In the chapter from the goods inner elasticity of demand and alternative, the curve is exponent between the sales and the amount of shelf display when merchandises are adequate; the need is constant when the amount of shelf display is less than a concert volume, which allows customers loss and delay sales. When the curve of sales is plotted, the equation of decision can be obtained. But it is solved by a way of simple algebra. So the intervals of solution are discussed, and approximate solutions are obtained by Newton-Raphson iterative method.
2. Assuming the delivery routes are certain, when the total cost of inventory management and distribution fees is the lowest, the optimization of the volume of order, frequency of distribution can obtained by the integration of inventory/distribution. In the chapter, the objects of research are a distribution center and many stores; the need of store is the Poisson distribution; the two kind of inventory/distribution strategy are settled, which are timed-based and quantity-based. The mathematical analysis and comparison about the two modeling are conducted.
3. There are many times dispatch for the distribution center and the manufacturer, which can need to optimize the volume of dispatch and frequency. So in the link firstly consider the cost of inventory management, then distribution costs were added to it, a total cost model is created. Finally, according to the variations of cost, taking into account different costs of changes in the distribution of frequencies, find the most optimal situation that the volume of dispatch and the frequency are required.
Based on above research, this paper has three innovations:
1. The sales are based on the amount of shelf display, considering the sale loss and the opportunity cost in the optimization of stores about the inventory/ distribution, which the forecast is perfect. This increase turnover of goods, get the maximum profit margins.
2. According to the actual situation of retail chain, the two optimization models that are timed-based and quantity-based were established in the link of distribution center and stores, which can obtain distribution frequency, distribution volume, and distribution cycles.
3. Firstly setting up inventory model according to many dispatch in the link of the distribution and stores, then shipping costs is added to the model, finally according to the variations of cost, find the optimal state.
提高企业经营管理,降低经营成本是现代企业追求的永恒主题,本文从系统化的角度出发,对连锁零售业库存/配送问题进行建模分析与优化,提出实用性强的库存管理、配送调度,从而降低成本、提高企业经营管理水平、增强企业的竞争力,为连锁零售业经营管理提供指导与参考。
本文首先对连锁零售业供应链上三个环节的库存/配送优化决策方面的文献进行归纳与总结,找出已有研究的不足和一些潜在的研究领域,在此基础上阐述了本文的主要内容、研究方法与创新点等。
然后阐述了连锁零售业的供应链网络结构,一方面研究了供应链的多级库存分布式协调机制,据此分析了连锁零售业的多级库存管理,指出物联网为连锁零售业库存管理提供了很好的手段；另一方面分析了连锁零售业配送管理面临的关键问题。在此基础上根据库存/配送问题主要特性,提出了连锁零售业库存/配送主要研究问题。
综合以上分析,对于连锁零售业库存/配送主要从三个方面进行了研究：
1、门店库存优化是根据某些商品的需求受货架摆放量的影响,来预测商品最大摆放量、消耗时间、缺货影响等,从而加快库存周转,减少门店的商品积压与缺失。此模型从商品自身的销售弹性与其它商品的可替代性弹性出发,设定在架摆放量充足时摆放量与需求量是指数函数关系；当摆放量小于一定量时,顾客的需求为一常数,并且允许缺货。在优化过程中,考虑了缺货损失与机会成本,使总利润最大化。由于得出的决策方程是非线性方程组,因此通过解析解的情况,求出局部最优解。
2、配送中心与门店之间库存／配送研究的是一个配送中心,多个门店的情况,并假定配送路线是一定的,通过模型优化使此环节库存管理与配送费用总成本最低,求出配送中心的订货量、配送频率等。在此分析中分别对定期库存/配送策略与定量库存/配送策略进行了理论上的建模分析与数值模拟。
3、厂商与配送中心之间库存/配送优化的是它们之间的配送频率使此环节配送和库存费用总成本最低。首先考虑库存管理费用,然后把配送费用的分段函数加入到库存费用中,建立总费用模型,最后根据费用变化情形,考虑不同配送频率中费用变化情况,求出最优化情形。
在借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,连锁零售业的库存/配送优化决策研究主要创新体现在：
1、门店库存优化中,对货架摆放量的需求预测,考虑了缺货损失、销售流失的机会成本,使商品的销售情况更加符合实际情况,库存管理更加精确。
2、在配送中心与门店库存/配送优化中,根据连锁零售业实际情形建立了定期与定量两种情况下优化模型,优化了此环节库存与配送管理策略。
3、在厂商与配送中心库存/配送优化中,建立了他们之间多次配送的库存/配送模型,优化了此环节库存与配送管理策略。
Now retail chains are booming in the word, which the principles of modern industrial mass production is applied to the field of commercial circulation. Its main competitive advantage are the rapid expansion to a large scale by standardized manual, faster inventory turns and lower logistics costs which obtained by information technology and distribution centers. In this paper from the operation of the whole supply chain, three links (store sectors, stores and distribution, vendors and distribution) are optimized to speed up inventory turnover and reduce the cost of operation in retail chains, which can increase the profits of retail chains.
It is the eternal theme in the modern enterprises that the level of management and operation are improved and the operating costs are reduced. In this paper from the systematic, integrated perspective the problem of inventory/distribution in retail chains is analyzed by building model. And the means of inventory management and distribution scheduling are provided, which can reduce the costs, improve enterprise management level, enhance their agility and responsiveness. All can supply the guidance and reference for enterprise management.
In this paper, Firstly presenting the literatures of the inventory/distribution aspects about the three links in the retail chains, which are stores, distribution center and stores, manufacturers and distribution center. And summarizing the contributions、shortcomings, indicating the future direction of development. On the basis of above described introducing the main contents of this article research methods and innovation points.
Then describing a network structure of retail supply chains; On the one hand studying multi-level inventory coordination mechanism of retail chains by which analysis the traditional inventory management and point out internet of things providing a good means for the multi-level inventory management; On the other hand presenting the problems of distribution management in retail chains. According to the inventory/distribution problem the main features and above described the main research questions of inventory/ distribution in the retail chains are provided.
The main researchs of inventory/distribution optimization decision about three links in retail chains are as follows:
1. Studying the relationship of the amount of store shelf display and sales, this can speed up inventory turns and reduce the backlog and lack of goods. In the chapter from the goods inner elasticity of demand and alternative, the curve is exponent between the sales and the amount of shelf display when merchandises are adequate; the need is constant when the amount of shelf display is less than a concert volume, which allows customers loss and delay sales. When the curve of sales is plotted, the equation of decision can be obtained. But it is solved by a way of simple algebra. So the intervals of solution are discussed, and approximate solutions are obtained by Newton-Raphson iterative method.
2. Assuming the delivery routes are certain, when the total cost of inventory management and distribution fees is the lowest, the optimization of the volume of order, frequency of distribution can obtained by the integration of inventory/distribution. In the chapter, the objects of research are a distribution center and many stores; the need of store is the Poisson distribution; the two kind of inventory/distribution strategy are settled, which are timed-based and quantity-based. The mathematical analysis and comparison about the two modeling are conducted.
3. There are many times dispatch for the distribution center and the manufacturer, which can need to optimize the volume of dispatch and frequency. So in the link firstly consider the cost of inventory management, then distribution costs were added to it, a total cost model is created. Finally, according to the variations of cost, taking into account different costs of changes in the distribution of frequencies, find the most optimal situation that the volume of dispatch and the frequency are required.
Based on above research, this paper has three innovations:
1. The sales are based on the amount of shelf display, considering the sale loss and the opportunity cost in the optimization of stores about the inventory/ distribution, which the forecast is perfect. This increase turnover of goods, get the maximum profit margins.
2. According to the actual situation of retail chain, the two optimization models that are timed-based and quantity-based were established in the link of distribution center and stores, which can obtain distribution frequency, distribution volume, and distribution cycles.
3. Firstly setting up inventory model according to many dispatch in the link of the distribution and stores, then shipping costs is added to the model, finally according to the variations of cost, find the optimal state.
引文
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