涉农供应链管理理论体系构建
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摘要
进入21世纪以来,供应链管理理念(SCM)在全球的传播和运用呈日益深化之势。在我国,以伊利、蒙牛、光明乳业、雨润、双汇等为代表的国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业,通过导入供应链理念并运用供应链方法,从而打破了中国涉农产业长期以来传统竞争和管理模式一统天下的局面。并且,随着买方经济的强化、IT技术向涉农领域的进一步扩散以及农业高新技术(特别是生物技术)提供的战略性契机,这一实践步伐明显提速。
“管理学缺少了管理实践就成了空中楼阁；管理实践缺少了管理学的理论阐释,只不过是一个个故事而已”(罗珉,2007)。2004年以来,国内涉农供应链研究不断升温,文献数量激增。但总体上,这一领域存在着突出的问题：基础研究薄弱,个案剖析不足,理论体系散乱；特别是缺乏对管理实际的深入了解和全面把握,同时又忽视对相关经验总结和提炼。我们认为,对于有着特殊性的涉农产业寻求竞争力的实践而言,涉农供应链理论体系的建设和完善,意味着实践宝藏的发掘整理与管理理论阐释之间的有效互动。为此,本文基于强烈的现实立场和问题导向,通过实地调查、实证分析和理论演绎,探索构建涉农供应链管理的基础理论体系。
全文共分八章。第1章为导论,内容涉及本文的研究目的和意义,文献综述、研究方法和研究框架等。第2章和第3章涉及涉农供应链(ARSC)基础理论体系,以及涉农供应链管理(ARSCM)基本框架的构建。第2章的工作重点在于梳理ARSC研究领域“灌木丛生”的杂乱局面。在重建供应链基本划分准则的基础上,进而定义和提出涉农供应链的概念与结构模型,并进行基础分类、管理分类及基本特征总结。第2章的研究为第3章及后续研究提供了一个重要的分析基础和理论支点。第3章重点构建了涉农供应链管理(ARSCM)基本框架。着重分析了基于涉农供应链的企业物流系统、“速度陷区”和“箱鼠”效应,以及ARSC设计与构架的目标与准则。第4章是本文的调研和实践发掘部分。重点从供应物流、生产物流、销售物流和逆向物流,详细分析了国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业SCM的实现及特征。第5章、第6章和第7章,注重不稳定态涉农供应链治理和改善的机理分析。其中,第5章基于强烈的现实立场和问题导向,围绕着实践中突出的自然风险、资金流和(质量/安全)信息流等问题,具体从农业高新技术、金融创新、可追溯体系构架等方面,分析了不稳定态涉农供应链的治理机制。第6章主要从企农合作、农地流转制度变革、供应商发展及上游集成供应、物流一体化等方面,分析改善不稳定态涉农供应链的方法与方向。而第7章的内容涉及第3章的理论分析和第4章的实践发掘,阐释了涉农环境下发展推拉结合型供应链动因,策略与风险。第8章对全文进行总结,并提出有待进一步研究的问题。
本文在研究中,采取了基于个案的多重案例设计,将单一或成组的典型个案,大量应用于分析这样一些方面：龙头企业信息追溯、农业高新技术与ARSC的战略性再造、食品质量/安全、电子商务竞价增值、涉农期货、农产品集成供应、基于生物技术的物流一体化、CODP建立等。这样做的原因在于,除了并不满足单一个案研究的使用情况(例外或少见,关键,揭露性的个案)外,主要是希望能透过多重个案达到“复现”的目的,以增加研究的准确性,并对现象的解析提供强而有力的比较分析及归纳。总体上,本文紧密联系实际,深入挖掘管理实践的精髓,并综合运用演绎分析、对比、多重案例、统计实证等多种方法,尝试着在以下一些方面进行创新：
1、构建了涉农供应链的基础理论体系
结合历史的和逻辑分析的方法,追本溯源,循着Lisa M.Ellram, James R.Stock, Douglas M.Lambert, Robert B. Handfield和Ernest L.Nichds, Jr;以及M.泰雷兹·弗莱厄蒂(M.Therese FLaherty),唐纳德J·鲍尔索克斯(Bowersox,D·J)和戴维J.克劳斯(David J.Closs)等物流和供应链学者(开创者)的足迹,从整个SCM理论的源头,揭示供应链源物质划分、定义等方面存在的缺憾和不足。然后正本清源,提出了基于源物质生物属性的供应链基本划分准则,阐述了ARSC范畴的核心是其自然在生产与社会再生产相结合的“系统”属性；进而将涉农供应链划分为：实体型、服务型和结合型三种基础类型。这些工作将有利于改变目前ARSC领域根基不稳,大量概念/范畴之间的关系杂乱,缺乏梳理和规范的研究局面；并为后续研究提供了一个重要的、清晰的分析基础。
2、剖析了涉农供应链管理的基本特征和特殊性状
涉农供应链管理(ARSCM)理论,在发展过程中大量借鉴了泛工业型供应链研究的成果。但是,除了共性的一面,ARSCM显然要处理一些“个性”问题---作为一个被William C. Bailey, Lidia Norina以及Kenneth Cassavant定义为“生产调整+客户驱动”(production-adjusted, customer-driven)的ARSC系统,其正常运营即面临随机性的自然风险,也面临常态性的“速度陷区”。而且,受“速度陷区”影响且存在产业分离点时,涉农供应链中的牛鞭效应(bullwhip)与蛛网效应(spider web),可能叠加形成“箱鼠”效应(Mib-Pfbe).这意味着在涉农链中段产能较为刚性的情况下,原材料与产成品库存的双重过量堆集的加剧,以及相关主体违约动机的强诱致力生成。
3、揭示了国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业供应链整合的基本机理
结构方程模型(SEM)实证分析表明：①龙头企业通过“供应链整合”,可以促进其“物流能力”的提高；②而龙头企业的“物流能力”对其“企业绩效”存在着正向影响；③龙头企业的“内部整合”与其“外部整合”对企业的绩效均有显著的正向影响；其中,内部整合的影响大于外部整合。这一实证也为我国涉农企业的供应链实践提供了重要思路。
4、全面梳理国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业供应链实践的特征
“回到管理实践,可以(使我们)在一定程度上摆脱学术文本迷雾的限制,感受组织及其管理史发生瞬间的震惊体验”(罗珉,2007)。当然,对涉农供应链管理这一新兴的、复杂的实践领域进行挖掘,是本文的重要工作,也是取得理论联系实际的必由之路。结合理论演绎、实地调研、实践发掘和实证分析,可以认为：总体上,我国的国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业(简称国农重企)的供应链实践,还处于起步和探索阶段——或者说,还处于以职能集成阶段为主,并逐步向内部供应链集成阶段发展的状态。并且,龙头企业内部供应链集成使用的主要工具是ERP系统。虽然,涉农供应链整体上仍处于“强落差”局面和“弱集成”状态,无法企及泛工业型供应链所能达到的管理精确度和集成高度。但相对于传统涉农链而言,集成和协调局面已有所改观,而在总体上呈改善加强型模式：即“涉农制度创新(即农业产业化经营)和农业技术进步稳定涉农供应链上游+ERP为主的涉农链中游及分销集成+涉农链下游的协同双赢及终端突进策略”。
5、深入分析了涉农供应链优化和治理的机理与对策
除了一些令人鼓舞的方面,对国家级龙头企业供应链管理实践的发掘,也揭示出自然风险、资金流困难、(质量/安全)信息流障碍、运营系统失衡等突出的问题。本文尝试从农业高新技术运用、金融创新、可追溯性体系构架等有限方面探讨不稳定态涉农供应链的治理机制。①本文超越于停留一般经济社会层面讨论的藩篱,从基本竞争战略、柔性、时间竞争、一体化物流,高度集成等微观管理层面深入剖析了农业高新技术对21世纪涉农供应链的战略性再造的机理。②在从资金流、质量/安全信息流方面,探析涉农供应链治理机理时,本文采用多重案例法分析了了利用电子商务、农产品期货、供应链金融等解决资金流问题,避免ARSC运营的“沙地效应”的机理。并指出“订单+合作社/基地+期货”模式的创新之处,在于它即有助于规避市场风险,提高订单履约率,还有助于降低银行放贷风险的优势---从而有利于在将信贷工具与期货手段融合的基础上,系统性的降低涉农供应链的价格和契约风险。③值得注意的是,多重案例分析显示,一些绩优国农重企的质量管理进步经历了一个“被供应链”化的过程---也即在压力传导、模式灌输下出现涉农供应链的诱致性变革。具体而言,在非对称的迂回过程中,跨国公司拥有的获取雄厚经济租金的能力,通过组织间的学习效应、接力扶持、信任感染、相互解套等形式,向整个ARSC贯穿。
6、建立推拉结合型的涉农供应链
供应链设计是供应链管理理论的中心内容之一。迄今为止,ARSC设计是一个鲜有人研究的领域。早期Fisher等提出了面向产品设计供应链的理念后,一个一般化的假设是将“食品”作为“功能性产品”,整体性地视为效率敏感型供应链的工作对象。但是,无论是进一步的理论推演,还是对实践现状的发掘,都显示出这一假设是有问题的。为此,需要进一步推进和完善Fisher, Martin Christopher, David Simchi-levi, Douglas.M.Lambert、马士华等供应链学者“面向产品设计供应链”理论在涉农领域的运用。本文从运营角度(生产计划和库存控制)深化了对涉农供应链的认识,较为全面的剖析了涉农领域“推式策略”向推拉结合型供应链转变的决定性因素,探讨了涉农环境下延迟策略运用的空间与CODP的定位,并建立了涉农环境下推拉结合型供应链运作的风险分析框架。最后,结合黑龙江北大荒米业的案例,进一步诠释了推拉结合型涉农供应链的运作特征与条件。
涉农供应链是一个复杂的系统问题,本文主要针对基础理论体系建设、基本管理框架,实践现状挖掘、优化机理等几个方面展开研究。限于作者的能力与时间及其他研究条件的限制,还有一些有着广阔的理论和应用研究前景的研究范畴,如服务型涉农链、结合型涉农链、分散农户的组织化问题等没有涉及；并且,即使对基础理论体系建设、国农重企的实证、生物质物流等一些已经开展的工作也还有待进一步深入。
Agriculture Industrialization (AI) is a new mechanism of operation, Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a new-trails blazing managerial model. Chinese agriculture is increasingly confronting dynamic and complex market environment. SCM is very critical to AI's overall improving of competitive power and performance. The scope of ARSC research is very wide, through theoretical analysis, empirical inspection and related verification analysis; this research has got some conclusions, as follows.
This article concentrates on setting up ARSC's theories system. Firstly, expounded purpose and meaning of this research, then carried on to all say to the domestic and international research condition that ARSC and analysis, the head looks for to the reason leading to confusion from the theoretical headstream.Points out the basic problem of ARSC studies in Chinese and Foreign, and put forward basic demarcation standard (according to the biology feature of source material in supply chain), built up the concept and structure model of ARSC.Analyzed the relationships between multi-functional agriculture, "big agriculture" trend and ARSC's denomination, from the theories and practical angle argued the rationality of this denomination. The core that elaborated to ARSC category is its "system" attribute, and then divides ARSC into three basic types:Entity type, service type and combined type. Finally deepened to the characteristic analysis and management classification of ARSC.It provides one important, clear analytical foundation for the follow-up research.
This article particularly constructs a basic frame of ARSCM. Firstly, expatiated the concept, contents and basic principle of ARSCM, specially analyzed the motive, obstacle of ARSC integration, and proposed a frame of integration. Secondly, analyzed the connotation and composing of the enterprise logistics system within ARSC.Then, analyzed the technical and economical cause of formation of "the speed trapped area" in ARSC, and then defined the effect of "Mib-Pfbe".The research discovered that while existing an industry separation point in ARSC, and influence of "the speed trapped area", under a double function of spider's web and bullwhip, the"Mib-Pfbe" effect come into being. Finally, the target and decision-making standard about the design of ARSC has been put forward.
From the view of theories and practices, this article contrast the SCM to AI, discovered that there was consistency and mutually universality between its', but also exists difference and conflict of principle. Then, the basic principle of the practical road of the ARSC with Chinese characteristics was put forward. The researches suggests that the SCM practice under the frame of AI is a special and important fulfillment path of ARSC.from angle of economics, being an innovation, the SCM practice under the frame of AI conduce to recuperate AI's blemish and shortage.
The article made a very completely summary on ARSC practice of our country's national level leading-enterprise of AI.Combined particularity form of the agricultural supply chain, this essay puts forward the basic theory frame to appraise the practice condition of agricultural supply chain, namely "keep stability upper, integration, thought revolution". According to above theory frame, SCM practice of our country's No.3 batch"National leading corporation of AI"were investigated, then its'major achievements and development of SCM practice were analyzed,Which provided an importance decision-making basis for the related departments, In addition, has refined some benchmarking of ARSCM.
Total up, the SCM practice of our country's state-level agriculture group leader enterprise, also be in an initial starting, our country's ARSCM fulfillment is still in a stage of cross-functional integrations, and gradually to develop towards an internal supply chain integration stage. Among them, the main tool of integration of internal supply chains is the ERP system. Although, as a whole, ARSC is still at a disadvantage of "strong fall" situation and "weak integration" appearance, can not to achieve the management accuracy and integration height within a pan-industrial supply chain. But relative to a conventional ARSC, the integration situation has already presented a new look, but overall present an improved and strengthened mode:
The design method of supply chain that generally faces to a product can not work out some outstanding problems in agricultural realm. This article have get a breakthrough at ARSC's basic design principle:fatherly push forward and perfect the design theory that "facing a product", which has been set up by Fisher, Martin Christopher, David Simchi-levi, Douglas.M.Lambert, Ma Shi-hua, etc. Combining theoretical analysis and practice evidence, this article clarified a theorical assumption that totally taking the agricultural product/food as "functional product", and made a very completely analysis on using "push strategy" in the agricultural realm. Inquired the value in use of delay-strategy and the position of CODP. Finally put forward a risk analytical frame on the operation of "pushed and pull" strategy under agricultural environment.
ARSC is a complicated system, this article mainly aims at the construction of basic theories system, management frame, excellent etc.because of author's ability and time restriction, and other limited conditional, some research realm having the vast theories and application foreground, such as service type ARSC, combined type ARSC has not been involved. But weighs the substantial evidence, and biomass logistics...Etc. meanwhile; some efforts that have been already developed still need a further study.
“管理学缺少了管理实践就成了空中楼阁；管理实践缺少了管理学的理论阐释,只不过是一个个故事而已”(罗珉,2007)。2004年以来,国内涉农供应链研究不断升温,文献数量激增。但总体上,这一领域存在着突出的问题：基础研究薄弱,个案剖析不足,理论体系散乱；特别是缺乏对管理实际的深入了解和全面把握,同时又忽视对相关经验总结和提炼。我们认为,对于有着特殊性的涉农产业寻求竞争力的实践而言,涉农供应链理论体系的建设和完善,意味着实践宝藏的发掘整理与管理理论阐释之间的有效互动。为此,本文基于强烈的现实立场和问题导向,通过实地调查、实证分析和理论演绎,探索构建涉农供应链管理的基础理论体系。
全文共分八章。第1章为导论,内容涉及本文的研究目的和意义,文献综述、研究方法和研究框架等。第2章和第3章涉及涉农供应链(ARSC)基础理论体系,以及涉农供应链管理(ARSCM)基本框架的构建。第2章的工作重点在于梳理ARSC研究领域“灌木丛生”的杂乱局面。在重建供应链基本划分准则的基础上,进而定义和提出涉农供应链的概念与结构模型,并进行基础分类、管理分类及基本特征总结。第2章的研究为第3章及后续研究提供了一个重要的分析基础和理论支点。第3章重点构建了涉农供应链管理(ARSCM)基本框架。着重分析了基于涉农供应链的企业物流系统、“速度陷区”和“箱鼠”效应,以及ARSC设计与构架的目标与准则。第4章是本文的调研和实践发掘部分。重点从供应物流、生产物流、销售物流和逆向物流,详细分析了国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业SCM的实现及特征。第5章、第6章和第7章,注重不稳定态涉农供应链治理和改善的机理分析。其中,第5章基于强烈的现实立场和问题导向,围绕着实践中突出的自然风险、资金流和(质量/安全)信息流等问题,具体从农业高新技术、金融创新、可追溯体系构架等方面,分析了不稳定态涉农供应链的治理机制。第6章主要从企农合作、农地流转制度变革、供应商发展及上游集成供应、物流一体化等方面,分析改善不稳定态涉农供应链的方法与方向。而第7章的内容涉及第3章的理论分析和第4章的实践发掘,阐释了涉农环境下发展推拉结合型供应链动因,策略与风险。第8章对全文进行总结,并提出有待进一步研究的问题。
本文在研究中,采取了基于个案的多重案例设计,将单一或成组的典型个案,大量应用于分析这样一些方面：龙头企业信息追溯、农业高新技术与ARSC的战略性再造、食品质量/安全、电子商务竞价增值、涉农期货、农产品集成供应、基于生物技术的物流一体化、CODP建立等。这样做的原因在于,除了并不满足单一个案研究的使用情况(例外或少见,关键,揭露性的个案)外,主要是希望能透过多重个案达到“复现”的目的,以增加研究的准确性,并对现象的解析提供强而有力的比较分析及归纳。总体上,本文紧密联系实际,深入挖掘管理实践的精髓,并综合运用演绎分析、对比、多重案例、统计实证等多种方法,尝试着在以下一些方面进行创新：
1、构建了涉农供应链的基础理论体系
结合历史的和逻辑分析的方法,追本溯源,循着Lisa M.Ellram, James R.Stock, Douglas M.Lambert, Robert B. Handfield和Ernest L.Nichds, Jr;以及M.泰雷兹·弗莱厄蒂(M.Therese FLaherty),唐纳德J·鲍尔索克斯(Bowersox,D·J)和戴维J.克劳斯(David J.Closs)等物流和供应链学者(开创者)的足迹,从整个SCM理论的源头,揭示供应链源物质划分、定义等方面存在的缺憾和不足。然后正本清源,提出了基于源物质生物属性的供应链基本划分准则,阐述了ARSC范畴的核心是其自然在生产与社会再生产相结合的“系统”属性；进而将涉农供应链划分为：实体型、服务型和结合型三种基础类型。这些工作将有利于改变目前ARSC领域根基不稳,大量概念/范畴之间的关系杂乱,缺乏梳理和规范的研究局面；并为后续研究提供了一个重要的、清晰的分析基础。
2、剖析了涉农供应链管理的基本特征和特殊性状
涉农供应链管理(ARSCM)理论,在发展过程中大量借鉴了泛工业型供应链研究的成果。但是,除了共性的一面,ARSCM显然要处理一些“个性”问题---作为一个被William C. Bailey, Lidia Norina以及Kenneth Cassavant定义为“生产调整+客户驱动”(production-adjusted, customer-driven)的ARSC系统,其正常运营即面临随机性的自然风险,也面临常态性的“速度陷区”。而且,受“速度陷区”影响且存在产业分离点时,涉农供应链中的牛鞭效应(bullwhip)与蛛网效应(spider web),可能叠加形成“箱鼠”效应(Mib-Pfbe).这意味着在涉农链中段产能较为刚性的情况下,原材料与产成品库存的双重过量堆集的加剧,以及相关主体违约动机的强诱致力生成。
3、揭示了国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业供应链整合的基本机理
结构方程模型(SEM)实证分析表明：①龙头企业通过“供应链整合”,可以促进其“物流能力”的提高；②而龙头企业的“物流能力”对其“企业绩效”存在着正向影响；③龙头企业的“内部整合”与其“外部整合”对企业的绩效均有显著的正向影响；其中,内部整合的影响大于外部整合。这一实证也为我国涉农企业的供应链实践提供了重要思路。
4、全面梳理国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业供应链实践的特征
“回到管理实践,可以(使我们)在一定程度上摆脱学术文本迷雾的限制,感受组织及其管理史发生瞬间的震惊体验”(罗珉,2007)。当然,对涉农供应链管理这一新兴的、复杂的实践领域进行挖掘,是本文的重要工作,也是取得理论联系实际的必由之路。结合理论演绎、实地调研、实践发掘和实证分析,可以认为：总体上,我国的国家级农业产业化重点龙头企业(简称国农重企)的供应链实践,还处于起步和探索阶段——或者说,还处于以职能集成阶段为主,并逐步向内部供应链集成阶段发展的状态。并且,龙头企业内部供应链集成使用的主要工具是ERP系统。虽然,涉农供应链整体上仍处于“强落差”局面和“弱集成”状态,无法企及泛工业型供应链所能达到的管理精确度和集成高度。但相对于传统涉农链而言,集成和协调局面已有所改观,而在总体上呈改善加强型模式：即“涉农制度创新(即农业产业化经营)和农业技术进步稳定涉农供应链上游+ERP为主的涉农链中游及分销集成+涉农链下游的协同双赢及终端突进策略”。
5、深入分析了涉农供应链优化和治理的机理与对策
除了一些令人鼓舞的方面,对国家级龙头企业供应链管理实践的发掘,也揭示出自然风险、资金流困难、(质量/安全)信息流障碍、运营系统失衡等突出的问题。本文尝试从农业高新技术运用、金融创新、可追溯性体系构架等有限方面探讨不稳定态涉农供应链的治理机制。①本文超越于停留一般经济社会层面讨论的藩篱,从基本竞争战略、柔性、时间竞争、一体化物流,高度集成等微观管理层面深入剖析了农业高新技术对21世纪涉农供应链的战略性再造的机理。②在从资金流、质量/安全信息流方面,探析涉农供应链治理机理时,本文采用多重案例法分析了了利用电子商务、农产品期货、供应链金融等解决资金流问题,避免ARSC运营的“沙地效应”的机理。并指出“订单+合作社/基地+期货”模式的创新之处,在于它即有助于规避市场风险,提高订单履约率,还有助于降低银行放贷风险的优势---从而有利于在将信贷工具与期货手段融合的基础上,系统性的降低涉农供应链的价格和契约风险。③值得注意的是,多重案例分析显示,一些绩优国农重企的质量管理进步经历了一个“被供应链”化的过程---也即在压力传导、模式灌输下出现涉农供应链的诱致性变革。具体而言,在非对称的迂回过程中,跨国公司拥有的获取雄厚经济租金的能力,通过组织间的学习效应、接力扶持、信任感染、相互解套等形式,向整个ARSC贯穿。
6、建立推拉结合型的涉农供应链
供应链设计是供应链管理理论的中心内容之一。迄今为止,ARSC设计是一个鲜有人研究的领域。早期Fisher等提出了面向产品设计供应链的理念后,一个一般化的假设是将“食品”作为“功能性产品”,整体性地视为效率敏感型供应链的工作对象。但是,无论是进一步的理论推演,还是对实践现状的发掘,都显示出这一假设是有问题的。为此,需要进一步推进和完善Fisher, Martin Christopher, David Simchi-levi, Douglas.M.Lambert、马士华等供应链学者“面向产品设计供应链”理论在涉农领域的运用。本文从运营角度(生产计划和库存控制)深化了对涉农供应链的认识,较为全面的剖析了涉农领域“推式策略”向推拉结合型供应链转变的决定性因素,探讨了涉农环境下延迟策略运用的空间与CODP的定位,并建立了涉农环境下推拉结合型供应链运作的风险分析框架。最后,结合黑龙江北大荒米业的案例,进一步诠释了推拉结合型涉农供应链的运作特征与条件。
涉农供应链是一个复杂的系统问题,本文主要针对基础理论体系建设、基本管理框架,实践现状挖掘、优化机理等几个方面展开研究。限于作者的能力与时间及其他研究条件的限制,还有一些有着广阔的理论和应用研究前景的研究范畴,如服务型涉农链、结合型涉农链、分散农户的组织化问题等没有涉及；并且,即使对基础理论体系建设、国农重企的实证、生物质物流等一些已经开展的工作也还有待进一步深入。
Agriculture Industrialization (AI) is a new mechanism of operation, Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a new-trails blazing managerial model. Chinese agriculture is increasingly confronting dynamic and complex market environment. SCM is very critical to AI's overall improving of competitive power and performance. The scope of ARSC research is very wide, through theoretical analysis, empirical inspection and related verification analysis; this research has got some conclusions, as follows.
This article concentrates on setting up ARSC's theories system. Firstly, expounded purpose and meaning of this research, then carried on to all say to the domestic and international research condition that ARSC and analysis, the head looks for to the reason leading to confusion from the theoretical headstream.Points out the basic problem of ARSC studies in Chinese and Foreign, and put forward basic demarcation standard (according to the biology feature of source material in supply chain), built up the concept and structure model of ARSC.Analyzed the relationships between multi-functional agriculture, "big agriculture" trend and ARSC's denomination, from the theories and practical angle argued the rationality of this denomination. The core that elaborated to ARSC category is its "system" attribute, and then divides ARSC into three basic types:Entity type, service type and combined type. Finally deepened to the characteristic analysis and management classification of ARSC.It provides one important, clear analytical foundation for the follow-up research.
This article particularly constructs a basic frame of ARSCM. Firstly, expatiated the concept, contents and basic principle of ARSCM, specially analyzed the motive, obstacle of ARSC integration, and proposed a frame of integration. Secondly, analyzed the connotation and composing of the enterprise logistics system within ARSC.Then, analyzed the technical and economical cause of formation of "the speed trapped area" in ARSC, and then defined the effect of "Mib-Pfbe".The research discovered that while existing an industry separation point in ARSC, and influence of "the speed trapped area", under a double function of spider's web and bullwhip, the"Mib-Pfbe" effect come into being. Finally, the target and decision-making standard about the design of ARSC has been put forward.
From the view of theories and practices, this article contrast the SCM to AI, discovered that there was consistency and mutually universality between its', but also exists difference and conflict of principle. Then, the basic principle of the practical road of the ARSC with Chinese characteristics was put forward. The researches suggests that the SCM practice under the frame of AI is a special and important fulfillment path of ARSC.from angle of economics, being an innovation, the SCM practice under the frame of AI conduce to recuperate AI's blemish and shortage.
The article made a very completely summary on ARSC practice of our country's national level leading-enterprise of AI.Combined particularity form of the agricultural supply chain, this essay puts forward the basic theory frame to appraise the practice condition of agricultural supply chain, namely "keep stability upper, integration, thought revolution". According to above theory frame, SCM practice of our country's No.3 batch"National leading corporation of AI"were investigated, then its'major achievements and development of SCM practice were analyzed,Which provided an importance decision-making basis for the related departments, In addition, has refined some benchmarking of ARSCM.
Total up, the SCM practice of our country's state-level agriculture group leader enterprise, also be in an initial starting, our country's ARSCM fulfillment is still in a stage of cross-functional integrations, and gradually to develop towards an internal supply chain integration stage. Among them, the main tool of integration of internal supply chains is the ERP system. Although, as a whole, ARSC is still at a disadvantage of "strong fall" situation and "weak integration" appearance, can not to achieve the management accuracy and integration height within a pan-industrial supply chain. But relative to a conventional ARSC, the integration situation has already presented a new look, but overall present an improved and strengthened mode:
The design method of supply chain that generally faces to a product can not work out some outstanding problems in agricultural realm. This article have get a breakthrough at ARSC's basic design principle:fatherly push forward and perfect the design theory that "facing a product", which has been set up by Fisher, Martin Christopher, David Simchi-levi, Douglas.M.Lambert, Ma Shi-hua, etc. Combining theoretical analysis and practice evidence, this article clarified a theorical assumption that totally taking the agricultural product/food as "functional product", and made a very completely analysis on using "push strategy" in the agricultural realm. Inquired the value in use of delay-strategy and the position of CODP. Finally put forward a risk analytical frame on the operation of "pushed and pull" strategy under agricultural environment.
ARSC is a complicated system, this article mainly aims at the construction of basic theories system, management frame, excellent etc.because of author's ability and time restriction, and other limited conditional, some research realm having the vast theories and application foreground, such as service type ARSC, combined type ARSC has not been involved. But weighs the substantial evidence, and biomass logistics...Etc. meanwhile; some efforts that have been already developed still need a further study.
引文
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1需要强调的是,涉农链中的非食品类型(如生物基型涉农链的某些子类型)可能并不呈现这种形状。
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12003年,龙大集团与日本伊藤忠商事株式会社合作,投入大量资金,开发了产品质量电脑查询追踪体系,任何一件产品,都可以根据条形码和批次号登录龙大网站,在10分钟以内查询到从原料栽培到成品发货的所有信息,如原料来自哪个基地、什么时候播种、什么时候用药、用了什么药、由谁管理、什么时候采购或收获、加工等,实现了“从田地到餐桌”的全过程追溯。
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2虽然这种运用并为成为主流(见第6.6节的分析),但前景光明。
3这里的“管理适应性”是指生物技术的创新使用,使得生物基涉农供应链成长,并兼得狭义型涉农供应链的管理“便利”——组织资源、物流同步化、物流便利性、人伦资本的价值扩散与价值重构。有关生物技术带来的涉农供应链正向与逆向物流一体化及供应链的统一化,将在第十二章第二节展开分析.
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3这一结构化问题的备选答案是“小、较小、较大、很大”.
1全国政协财经委员会副主任段应碧“农业产业化龙头企业的金融支持”http://www.liutong.org.cn/article/detail.asp?key=821
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1中国广播网：重庆涪陵榨菜给过期榨菜改“生日”。http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/37454/37459/2987243.html
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1因为没法整体调研,只好保守的说是“个别”。
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2郑州商品交易所服务“三农”报告.2009-9-17.http://www.hsqh888.com/article/?18/18001/0/1/24661
3这里,感谢广东金岭糖业集团有限公司张彦庆总经理在调研中给予我们的帮助与支持。
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1这里的食品包括饲料、动物／宠物食品等。
2研究中使用了“农产品／食品”这样的表述,原因在于从涉农供应链的角度看,作为食品的肉制品(如牛肉),对其的追溯可能涉及到“原料”阶段(牛被饲养)。但严格的说,对“牛”的标识属于“农产品”标识,而对“牛肉”的标识属于“食品”标识。这里,使用“农产品／食品”这样的表述,以增强论证的包容性。
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5国际物品编码协会(GSI)开发出应用于食品跟踪与追溯的全球统一标识(EAN.UCC)系统,通过条码或射频识别技术实现自动识别,通过扫描等方式实现自动数据获得,对部分农产食品进行跟踪与追溯,并取得良好的经济效果。
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3见深圳市农产品股份有限公司网站。http://www.szap.com/showNews.aspx?id=1326
1即使没有一个来自外部的政府规制性要求,供应链节点成员也可能存在着与制度性追溯要求相—致或相同的动机。
2 Kalinova Julija E, Cernuha Irina M. Traceability:New direction of the safety control program for meat products in Russia. Tehnologija mesa,2005,46(5-6):237-243.
3我们基于调研和案例分析发现,缺乏协同的涉农链,如果不能满足非追溯以外的其他基本管理要求,那么就更难指望其在可追溯方面能有更好的建树。
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1该大学位于德国Goettingen市.
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4在农产品(食品)行业,大部分中小企业不能完全达到规制性追溯和追踪的要求.与此同时,一些标杆性企业达到并超越了这些要求。这时规制性要求被内嵌于其战略性竞争力体系中。这样的例子,如百盛餐饮集团等.
1产业动向：彻底保证食品安全,生产现场网上直播---泰安泰山亚细亚食品有限公司冷冻疏菜厂.http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/tren/10434-200410040113.html
2资料来源：全国农村经济动态监测点山东省泰安市发改委.http://njs.ndrc.gov.cn/njxx/t20071017_165040.htm
3本案例,是由课题组根据调研情况编写的。这里,感谢湛江国联水产开发股份有限公司赵红梅副总经理、董事会办公室主任黄少娴、网络中心主管刘海生、项目经理陈华健等在调研中给予的协助。特别感谢国联对“2211”电子监管模式强大功能的现场演示。
4注：“2211”电子监管模式系统最早是由国内检验检疫部门研制的。湛江国联水产运用成功后,“2211”电子监管模式被广泛向国内其他水产养殖企业介绍和推广。
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2福建圣农集团零废弃物生产体系念活循环经济经。2007-07-27。来源：福建农业信息网。
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1在通常情况下,支撑一座电厂的燃料产区半径约为50公里。见中国新能源网。
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1本文将仅有流通加工,或少量粗/初加工的涉农供应链当成一个特例---一个存在农产品原材料和农源工业品的涉农供应链类型的特例。显然,后者是这里分析的重点和难点.
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1 Vorst, van der, J.G.A.J., Dijk, S.J. van. Beulens, A.J.M. (2001) Leagile supply chain design in food industry; an inflexible poultry supply chain with high demand uncertainty, the International Journal on Logistics Management, Vol.12, No.2., pp.73-85
1夏欣跃面向大规模定制的延迟策略及其应用研究[J].上海交通大学,2007年6月.
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1注：这里的订单是指核心企业发给农产品原材料供应商(包括农户／农场)的订单,而非需要产成品的客户发给核心企业的订单.
2 Cassavant K.The use of supply chain management to increase exports of agricultural products[R]. S-Hertogen-bosch,19 August 2002.
3这里之所以“有限”,在于：类似天气和疫病等因素,无论是单个企业还是集合全体链成员的力量,都是难以控制的。
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1来自中华人民共和国农业部网站。http://www.agri.gov.cn/zcfg/nyfl/t20060430_604147.htm
2虽然其原材料是“农产品”,但在法律和行业惯例上,它们都是“工业品”
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2中国物流与采购联合会的官方网站(http://www.cflp.org.cn/)《物流术语》修订第三稿(征求意见稿).
1本文认同物流管理协会1998年对物流的定义,认为物流只是供应链管理的重要组成部分,而不是供应链的全部,供应链管理是基于系统观或整体化的从供应商到制造商,再到最终用户的跨组织的物流、信息流等价值流的协同组织与管理。包含物流与企业采购、生产和分销等价值活动的整合运作及管理,基于物流支持的采购、生产和分销同新产品开发和市场化的整合运作及管理等,所以物流不等同供应链管理。
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2这种划分不是绝对的,某些情况下,农业供应物流与农业生产物流表现为连续过程或同步进行。这三类划分当然是从农业生产或农场／农户的角度来划分的,如果以龙头企业(核心企业)的角度看,“农业
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1餐饮业中的一个特殊的分支是食堂。食堂与餐馆的定义有所不同,食堂与餐馆在运营特征方面也存在差异。其供应链运作的模式与重点也与一般餐饮企业不同。所谓食堂,根据国家饮食建筑设计规范,指的是设于机关,学校,厂矿等企事业单位,为供应其内部职工,学生就餐的非盈利型场所,统称食堂。当然,需要指出的是,食堂的定义过去是以福利型作为主要特征的,但是随着经济体制的改革,食堂已经逐渐走向经营化,食堂与餐馆的差别也逐渐缩小。
2某些中药材供应链中没有介入诊疗等服务,则应归入到农产品供应链中。
3实体角度看,广义的涉农供应链只分为两类,加上附属链,也可认为是三类.
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5我们注意到,有些研究者理解的食品供应链,包括了餐饮供应链.
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1需要指出的是,现实中,单个农户作为涉农供应链核心企业的情况较少。但理论上却有这种可能性。
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2虽然这种运用并为成为主流(见第6.6节的分析),但前景光明。
3这里的“管理适应性”是指生物技术的创新使用,使得生物基涉农供应链成长,并兼得狭义型涉农供应链的管理“便利”——组织资源、物流同步化、物流便利性、人伦资本的价值扩散与价值重构。有关生物技术带来的涉农供应链正向与逆向物流一体化及供应链的统一化,将在第十二章第二节展开分析.
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3这里,感谢广东金岭糖业集团有限公司张彦庆总经理在调研中给予我们的帮助与支持。
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1这里的食品包括饲料、动物／宠物食品等。
2研究中使用了“农产品／食品”这样的表述,原因在于从涉农供应链的角度看,作为食品的肉制品(如牛肉),对其的追溯可能涉及到“原料”阶段(牛被饲养)。但严格的说,对“牛”的标识属于“农产品”标识,而对“牛肉”的标识属于“食品”标识。这里,使用“农产品／食品”这样的表述,以增强论证的包容性。
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5国际物品编码协会(GSI)开发出应用于食品跟踪与追溯的全球统一标识(EAN.UCC)系统,通过条码或射频识别技术实现自动识别,通过扫描等方式实现自动数据获得,对部分农产食品进行跟踪与追溯,并取得良好的经济效果。
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3见深圳市农产品股份有限公司网站。http://www.szap.com/showNews.aspx?id=1326
1即使没有一个来自外部的政府规制性要求,供应链节点成员也可能存在着与制度性追溯要求相—致或相同的动机。
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3我们基于调研和案例分析发现,缺乏协同的涉农链,如果不能满足非追溯以外的其他基本管理要求,那么就更难指望其在可追溯方面能有更好的建树。
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4在农产品(食品)行业,大部分中小企业不能完全达到规制性追溯和追踪的要求.与此同时,一些标杆性企业达到并超越了这些要求。这时规制性要求被内嵌于其战略性竞争力体系中。这样的例子,如百盛餐饮集团等.
1产业动向：彻底保证食品安全,生产现场网上直播---泰安泰山亚细亚食品有限公司冷冻疏菜厂.http://china.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/tren/10434-200410040113.html
2资料来源：全国农村经济动态监测点山东省泰安市发改委.http://njs.ndrc.gov.cn/njxx/t20071017_165040.htm
3本案例,是由课题组根据调研情况编写的。这里,感谢湛江国联水产开发股份有限公司赵红梅副总经理、董事会办公室主任黄少娴、网络中心主管刘海生、项目经理陈华健等在调研中给予的协助。特别感谢国联对“2211”电子监管模式强大功能的现场演示。
4注：“2211”电子监管模式系统最早是由国内检验检疫部门研制的。湛江国联水产运用成功后,“2211”电子监管模式被广泛向国内其他水产养殖企业介绍和推广。
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