含夹层盐穴建腔期围岩损伤灾变诱发机理及减灾原理研究
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摘要
我国目前正进入盐穴能源储库大规模建造时期，而国内盐矿地层中含有大量的难溶或不溶夹层，使得盐穴储库建造变得更加困难，从而增加了盐穴储库建造过程中发生灾变的可能性。因此，充分掌握含夹层盐穴储库建腔期灾变诱发机理，并提出合理科学的减灾理论和方案，这是保障含夹层盐穴储库安全成功建造的关键。
含夹层盐穴储库水溶建造期最为关键的至灾因素是围岩损伤破坏而诱发的系列灾害，如围岩大变形造成套管鞋破坏，夹层软化垮塌砸弯或砸断造腔套管，腔体应力集中过大导致围岩失稳等灾害。因此，论文重点在掌握含夹层盐穴建腔期围岩损伤诱发灾变的机理，并基于相应的灾变机理提出科学合理的减灾方法。
（1）利用荧光法和细观分析手段对岩盐及夹层岩体表面裂隙扩展特征开展实验研究，掌握了盐岩、夹层和层状盐岩裂纹扩展扩展特征，并建立了针对张拉裂隙的裂纹起裂判据。研究发现晶粒尺寸、夹层矿物成份、层状岩盐中岩盐部分与夹层部分的交界面形态对裂纹演化扩展均有影响，一般粗晶粒岩盐的强度和变形能力均要小于高纯度细晶粒岩盐。
（2）分析卤水、温度、应力加卸等因素对腔体围岩的影响，获得了建腔期围岩损伤弱化规律，指出卤水对盐岩主要表现为溶蚀作用而浸泡弱化作用非常小，而卤水浸泡是夹层弱化的最主要因素，温度升高会促进弱化作用。
（3）通过三轴卸围压试验揭示了盐岩在建腔期的变形机理，并建立考虑卸荷效应和蠕变的损伤本构方程。指出在轴压恒定的情况下，随着围压逐渐减小，盐岩不会出现体积收缩而是一直表现为膨胀变形。当围压卸荷到一定值时会出现加速卸荷扩容，标志盐岩内部裂隙开始发育。当卸荷完成后，试件变形进入蠕变状态，其蠕变速率受卸荷完成时的偏应力和围压控制。
（4）分析损伤盐岩在不同温度、湿度、应力环境下的损伤恢复特征，掌握盐穴建造期环境下盐岩损伤自愈合机理，建立了损伤与愈合的关系式。研究表明，试件内部张开性裂纹增多，越不利于损伤恢复，但通过一定的围压作用压合裂隙，对损伤恢复有帮助。在有水份补给的条件下，温度的升高会促进晶体内的晶粒再结晶作用，而仅有温度作用，且水分不断蒸发减少时，温度会抑制损伤恢复。
（5）利用“选定物理法则”搭建了模拟含夹层盐穴建腔期流场的相似模型实验平台，获得了含夹层盐穴造腔期腔内流场运移规律，指出腔内流场可划分为6个作用区：浮羽流区、对流扩散区、饱和沉淀区、缓冲扩散区、边界溶蚀区和瀑布流区。试验发现，注水流量、套管间距及相应的空间位置、夹层赋存状态、夹层数量和注水循环方式对流场运移均有影响。另外计算发现，卤水的非均匀流动对夹层也会产生不同程度的扰动水压力，但这种动水压力相对于夹层自身重力而言非常小，故卤水流动产生的压力不足以使夹层垮塌破坏。
（6）基于盐穴建腔期围岩损伤弱化机理提出相应的减灾方案。根据含夹层盐穴造腔特点及夹层水软化机理，建立了预测夹层弱化垮塌模型。并针对含夹层盐穴腔体形状不规则，不利于造腔控制，设计开发出能模拟含夹层盐穴建造的造腔软件，可较好地解决含夹层盐穴形状过度畸形诱发灾害。
（7）通过自行研发的造腔软件模拟多夹层盐穴水溶造腔过程中的腔体形状扩展过程，选取几个关键造腔阶段，并同时考虑盐穴建造期围岩损伤弱化特征，获得了几个关键造腔阶段围岩损伤区域分布规律。
At present, China is turning into a large-scale construction period of salt cavernenergy storage. Owing to there existing a large number of undissolved or insolubleinterlayer in domestic salt mine which makes it more difficult and more possibility ofcatastrophe during storage construction period, so the keys to guaranteed salt cavernsafe and successful building were fully grasping the induced mechanism of catastrophebuilding in salt cavern with interlayer and putting forward the reasonable scientifictheory and scheme of reducing disaster.
The most important induced factor during storage construction period was thedamage and failure of surrounding rock which caused a series of disasters. For instance,casing shoe damage aroused by large deformation of surrounding rock, casing smashedbending or breaking up by softening interlayer collapse, surrounding rock damage dueto the excessive stress concentration, etc. Therefore, the key points of this paper weremastering the mechanism of induced disaster by surrounding rock damage in storagebuilding in salt cavern with interlayer and proposing the reasonable scientific scheme ofreducing disaster based on corresponding disaster mechanism.
(1) Using fluorescence and mesoscopic analysis method to carry out experimentalresearch on expansion characteristics of surface crack on salt rock and interlayer, notonly it was mastered but also a criterion of causing crack aimed at tension fracture hadbeen built. The research found that the grain size, mineral composition of interlayer, theinterface shape between salt rock and interlayer in layered salt rock both had effects onthe evolution and extension of crack. In generally, the strength and deformation abilityof coarse grain salt rock were less than fine grain salt rock with high purity.
(2) From the analysis of influence of cavity surrounding rock caused by brine,temperature, stress of loading and unloading and other factors, it acquired the damageweakening rule of cavity construction period. The experiment results show that brinemainly showed dissolution effect on salt while soak weakening effect was hardlyexisting. The main factor leading interlayer to weakening was brine soak also it can bepromoted with increasing temperature.
(3) Through the confining pressure reduction tests, it revealed the deformationmechanism of salt rock in cavity construction period and setted up a constitutiveequation of damage considering unloading effect and creep. In the process of constant axial pressure and confining pressure decreasing gradually, the salt rock would notappear volume shrinkage but expansion deformation. It would appear acceleratedunloading flash when the confining pressure decreases to a certain value which marksthe internal crack began to develop. After unloading was completed, the deformation ofthe specimen turned into creep whose rate was controlled by partial stress and confiningpressure.
(4) Through the analysis of self-healing characteristics of damaged salt rock indifferent temperature, humidity and stress, the self-healing mechanism in salt cavityconstruction period had been mastered and a relation between damage and healing hadbeen established. The research showed that with more internal opening crack inspecimen more disadvantageous to self-healing, but if the cracks were consolidated bycertain confining pressure it would have some help. Higher temperature would promotethe intracrystalline grain recrystallization under water supply, but only undertemperature effect, with moisture continuously losing it would restrain self-healing.
(5) A similar model experimental platform of flow field in construction period ofsalt caverns was established based on the similar theory of "selected laws of physics ". Itacquired the migration law of flow field and indicated that it could be divided into sixrole zones: buoyant plume zone, convection-diffusion zone, buffer diffusion zone,saturated precipitation zone, border dissolution zone and waterfall flow zone. It foundthat the water flow, casing spacing, corresponding space position, occurrence state andquantity of interlayer and cycle mode of water injection affected the migration of flowfield. In addition, the non-uniform flow of brine also could produce different degree ofdisturbance water pressure to interlayer based on the calculation, but this hydrodynamicpressure was very smaller than its own gravity that was not enough to lead interlayer tocollapse and destroy.
(6) A corresponding scheme of reducing disaster had been proposed based on themechanism of the damage and weakening of surrounding rock in construction period ofsalt caverns. A model to predict the weakening and collapse of interlayer also had beenestablished according to the characteristics of cavity construction with interlayer and thewater softening mechanism of interlayer. Aimed at the salt cavern shape with interlayerwas not regular and it was disadvantageous to control cavern shape, a cavernconstruction software of Salt Cavern Builder V1.0(SCB1.0) had been developed whichcould simulate cavity construction with interlayer and better solve disasters caused byirregular shape of the cavity.
(7) Through simulating the process of cavity shape expansion in solution miningfor salt cavern with many interlayer by the cavern construction software SCB1.0,selecting several key cavern construction stages and considering the characteristics ofdamage and weakening of surrounding rock in salt cavern construction, a regularity ofdistribution of damage zone of surrounding rock was found.
含夹层盐穴储库水溶建造期最为关键的至灾因素是围岩损伤破坏而诱发的系列灾害，如围岩大变形造成套管鞋破坏，夹层软化垮塌砸弯或砸断造腔套管，腔体应力集中过大导致围岩失稳等灾害。因此，论文重点在掌握含夹层盐穴建腔期围岩损伤诱发灾变的机理，并基于相应的灾变机理提出科学合理的减灾方法。
（1）利用荧光法和细观分析手段对岩盐及夹层岩体表面裂隙扩展特征开展实验研究，掌握了盐岩、夹层和层状盐岩裂纹扩展扩展特征，并建立了针对张拉裂隙的裂纹起裂判据。研究发现晶粒尺寸、夹层矿物成份、层状岩盐中岩盐部分与夹层部分的交界面形态对裂纹演化扩展均有影响，一般粗晶粒岩盐的强度和变形能力均要小于高纯度细晶粒岩盐。
（2）分析卤水、温度、应力加卸等因素对腔体围岩的影响，获得了建腔期围岩损伤弱化规律，指出卤水对盐岩主要表现为溶蚀作用而浸泡弱化作用非常小，而卤水浸泡是夹层弱化的最主要因素，温度升高会促进弱化作用。
（3）通过三轴卸围压试验揭示了盐岩在建腔期的变形机理，并建立考虑卸荷效应和蠕变的损伤本构方程。指出在轴压恒定的情况下，随着围压逐渐减小，盐岩不会出现体积收缩而是一直表现为膨胀变形。当围压卸荷到一定值时会出现加速卸荷扩容，标志盐岩内部裂隙开始发育。当卸荷完成后，试件变形进入蠕变状态，其蠕变速率受卸荷完成时的偏应力和围压控制。
（4）分析损伤盐岩在不同温度、湿度、应力环境下的损伤恢复特征，掌握盐穴建造期环境下盐岩损伤自愈合机理，建立了损伤与愈合的关系式。研究表明，试件内部张开性裂纹增多，越不利于损伤恢复，但通过一定的围压作用压合裂隙，对损伤恢复有帮助。在有水份补给的条件下，温度的升高会促进晶体内的晶粒再结晶作用，而仅有温度作用，且水分不断蒸发减少时，温度会抑制损伤恢复。
（5）利用“选定物理法则”搭建了模拟含夹层盐穴建腔期流场的相似模型实验平台，获得了含夹层盐穴造腔期腔内流场运移规律，指出腔内流场可划分为6个作用区：浮羽流区、对流扩散区、饱和沉淀区、缓冲扩散区、边界溶蚀区和瀑布流区。试验发现，注水流量、套管间距及相应的空间位置、夹层赋存状态、夹层数量和注水循环方式对流场运移均有影响。另外计算发现，卤水的非均匀流动对夹层也会产生不同程度的扰动水压力，但这种动水压力相对于夹层自身重力而言非常小，故卤水流动产生的压力不足以使夹层垮塌破坏。
（6）基于盐穴建腔期围岩损伤弱化机理提出相应的减灾方案。根据含夹层盐穴造腔特点及夹层水软化机理，建立了预测夹层弱化垮塌模型。并针对含夹层盐穴腔体形状不规则，不利于造腔控制，设计开发出能模拟含夹层盐穴建造的造腔软件，可较好地解决含夹层盐穴形状过度畸形诱发灾害。
（7）通过自行研发的造腔软件模拟多夹层盐穴水溶造腔过程中的腔体形状扩展过程，选取几个关键造腔阶段，并同时考虑盐穴建造期围岩损伤弱化特征，获得了几个关键造腔阶段围岩损伤区域分布规律。
At present, China is turning into a large-scale construction period of salt cavernenergy storage. Owing to there existing a large number of undissolved or insolubleinterlayer in domestic salt mine which makes it more difficult and more possibility ofcatastrophe during storage construction period, so the keys to guaranteed salt cavernsafe and successful building were fully grasping the induced mechanism of catastrophebuilding in salt cavern with interlayer and putting forward the reasonable scientifictheory and scheme of reducing disaster.
The most important induced factor during storage construction period was thedamage and failure of surrounding rock which caused a series of disasters. For instance,casing shoe damage aroused by large deformation of surrounding rock, casing smashedbending or breaking up by softening interlayer collapse, surrounding rock damage dueto the excessive stress concentration, etc. Therefore, the key points of this paper weremastering the mechanism of induced disaster by surrounding rock damage in storagebuilding in salt cavern with interlayer and proposing the reasonable scientific scheme ofreducing disaster based on corresponding disaster mechanism.
(1) Using fluorescence and mesoscopic analysis method to carry out experimentalresearch on expansion characteristics of surface crack on salt rock and interlayer, notonly it was mastered but also a criterion of causing crack aimed at tension fracture hadbeen built. The research found that the grain size, mineral composition of interlayer, theinterface shape between salt rock and interlayer in layered salt rock both had effects onthe evolution and extension of crack. In generally, the strength and deformation abilityof coarse grain salt rock were less than fine grain salt rock with high purity.
(2) From the analysis of influence of cavity surrounding rock caused by brine,temperature, stress of loading and unloading and other factors, it acquired the damageweakening rule of cavity construction period. The experiment results show that brinemainly showed dissolution effect on salt while soak weakening effect was hardlyexisting. The main factor leading interlayer to weakening was brine soak also it can bepromoted with increasing temperature.
(3) Through the confining pressure reduction tests, it revealed the deformationmechanism of salt rock in cavity construction period and setted up a constitutiveequation of damage considering unloading effect and creep. In the process of constant axial pressure and confining pressure decreasing gradually, the salt rock would notappear volume shrinkage but expansion deformation. It would appear acceleratedunloading flash when the confining pressure decreases to a certain value which marksthe internal crack began to develop. After unloading was completed, the deformation ofthe specimen turned into creep whose rate was controlled by partial stress and confiningpressure.
(4) Through the analysis of self-healing characteristics of damaged salt rock indifferent temperature, humidity and stress, the self-healing mechanism in salt cavityconstruction period had been mastered and a relation between damage and healing hadbeen established. The research showed that with more internal opening crack inspecimen more disadvantageous to self-healing, but if the cracks were consolidated bycertain confining pressure it would have some help. Higher temperature would promotethe intracrystalline grain recrystallization under water supply, but only undertemperature effect, with moisture continuously losing it would restrain self-healing.
(5) A similar model experimental platform of flow field in construction period ofsalt caverns was established based on the similar theory of "selected laws of physics ". Itacquired the migration law of flow field and indicated that it could be divided into sixrole zones: buoyant plume zone, convection-diffusion zone, buffer diffusion zone,saturated precipitation zone, border dissolution zone and waterfall flow zone. It foundthat the water flow, casing spacing, corresponding space position, occurrence state andquantity of interlayer and cycle mode of water injection affected the migration of flowfield. In addition, the non-uniform flow of brine also could produce different degree ofdisturbance water pressure to interlayer based on the calculation, but this hydrodynamicpressure was very smaller than its own gravity that was not enough to lead interlayer tocollapse and destroy.
(6) A corresponding scheme of reducing disaster had been proposed based on themechanism of the damage and weakening of surrounding rock in construction period ofsalt caverns. A model to predict the weakening and collapse of interlayer also had beenestablished according to the characteristics of cavity construction with interlayer and thewater softening mechanism of interlayer. Aimed at the salt cavern shape with interlayerwas not regular and it was disadvantageous to control cavern shape, a cavernconstruction software of Salt Cavern Builder V1.0(SCB1.0) had been developed whichcould simulate cavity construction with interlayer and better solve disasters caused byirregular shape of the cavity.
(7) Through simulating the process of cavity shape expansion in solution miningfor salt cavern with many interlayer by the cavern construction software SCB1.0,selecting several key cavern construction stages and considering the characteristics ofdamage and weakening of surrounding rock in salt cavern construction, a regularity ofdistribution of damage zone of surrounding rock was found.
引文
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