应用形状记忆合金进行空间结构抗震监控的理论和方法研究
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摘要
空间结构因其能够满足许多特殊建筑功能要求而倍受青睐,尤其是近年来大跨空间结构越来越多地被人们采用,众多重要公共建筑以及许多城市的标志性建筑均采用了大跨空间结构。但发生地震时,这些建筑一旦破坏或倒塌,其直接或间接危害将非常大,因此深入研究网架或网壳等大跨空间结构的抗震性能,并采取必要的抗震监控措施是十分必要的。
本文利用形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy-SMA)材料的超弹性性能和电阻传感特性,通过理论分析和模型试验,设计并制作了2种集实时监测与抗震控制于一体的SMA抗震监测控制系统,并将其安装于2个空间模型结构中,进行了模拟地震振动台试验,其主要研究内容包括：
(1)根据SMA材料在材性试验中滑移量大的特点,改进了常规材料材性试验的试验方法,对一种国产新型、化学成分为Ti-51%atNi、常温下为奥氏体状态的SMA丝进行了超弹性力学性能试验,并就加/卸载频率、应变幅值以及加/卸载循环次数等因素对这种SMA材料在其超弹性力学行为中所表现的内耗因子、阻尼耗能等特性进行了试验研究,探讨了其主要影响规律,提出了改进和提高SMA材料力学性能的制备建议。
(2)在上述奥氏体SMA材料超弹性力学性能试验的基础上,结合唯相理论本构模型的建立思路和方法,提出并建立了2种新型的、能够较好反映材料加/卸载频率特点的SMA材料的超弹性本构模型,1种是曲线型的,1种是改进的直线型本构模型；采用理论分析和计算机模拟相结合的方法,利用MATLAB7.0编程软件,编制了上述2种本构模型的计算机分析程序,并进行了相应的数值模拟分析,同时将模拟分析结果与试验结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好。文中建立的2种本构模型不仅能够较好地反映SMA材料的超弹性力学性能,而且能够反映SMA材料的加/卸载频率,具有较好的理论和工程应用前景。
(3)为研究奥氏体SMA材料的监测传感性能,研制了一套SMA材料电阻-位移传感动态测试系统,并对上述奥氏体SMA材料在静、动态加/卸载过程中的电阻变化率与其应变之间的关系进行了研究,考察了加/卸载应变幅值、加/卸载速率、SMA丝直径变化以及加/卸载循环次数等因素对奥氏体SMA材料电阻-应变传感特性的影响,并通过理论分析,对奥氏体SMA材料在静、动态加／卸载过程中,电阻变化率-应变变化关系曲线的线性度、迟滞、灵敏度以及重复性等性能进行了研究,系统地讨论了SMA材料监测传感性能的特点,为研制SMA静、动态监测系统提供了依据。
(4)根据上述研究结果,将奥氏体SMA材料作为核心元件,利用其特殊的超弹性性能和电阻传感特性,通过理论分析和模型试验,提出并研制了2种新型的、具有位移放大功能和自复位功能的SMA被动抗震监测控制系统,讨论了系统的设计构造方法、工作原理和适用条件,分析了相应的复合传感／被动控制技术以及最大复用能力等,研究了位移幅值、加载频率、加载循环次数等因素对其传感特性和耗能性能的影响,考察了系统的稳定性,检验了系统耗能的有效性以及系统传感的准确性和灵敏度等,建立了相应的的力学分析和计算模型,同时研究了与主体结构的集成技术和识别方法。该系统不仅具有自传感性能和高效耗能复位特性,而且易于安装和替换,适用性较强,值得进一步开发和推广应用。
(5)为了检验新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统的有效性,对2种空间结构模型分别在未安装和安装新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统后的模型结构进行了模拟地震振动台试验研究,试验分30种工况,输入EL-Centro地震波,地震加速度从200gal-1200gal,考察了新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统的监测控制效果,特别是被动控制效果；同时,利用ANSYS有限元分析程序,分析了未安装和安装新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统后模型结构在各种工况下的位移、加速度等地震反应,探讨了其控制机理和规律,检验了被动抗震监测控制系统的有效性和适用性：最后,还通过数值分析方法,选择不同的地震波和结构,对SMA被动抗震监测控制系统的设置数量、位置、局部控制与整体控制的效果等进行了研究,分析了相应的控制机理,提出了较好的被动控制方案。
研究结果表明,文中建立的理论分析和计算模型等均具有较好的适用性,可以反映SMA材料特殊的物理力学特征,所研制的SMA被动抗震监测控制系统以及建议的被动抗震控制方案等均具有较好的监测控制效果,其减震控制效果一般可达30%左右,因此可用于空间结构的被动抗震控制与位移实时监测。
The large-span spatial structure is being adopted by a number of important public buildings in many cities for its advantages of meeting many special requirements of architectural functions. However, it'll do great harm once these buildings are damaged or collapsed during an earthquake. So it's very essential to study in-depth the seismic performance of space truss and latticed shell structures and to take the necessary measures for seismic monitoring.
Using the super-elastic properties and resistance sensing characteristics of shape memory alloys (Shape Memory Alloy-SMA) materials, through theoretical analysis and model tests, this paper designed and produced two kinds of SMA seismic monitoring and control system which were tested in the shaking table test of two spatial model structures. The main research contents include:
(1) Aiming at avoiding the large slip of SMA materials in the test, the method of conventional material test was improved. The super-elastic mechanical properties of a new type of SMA wire with the chemical composition of Ti-51%atNi made in china were tested, which is the austenitic state at room temperature. The influences of adding/unloading frequency, strain amplitude and adding/unloading cycles on the internal friction factor, damping energy and other properties of SMA material were studied in the test. Additionally, this paper proposed some advices to improve and enhance the mechanical properties of SMA materials.
(2) Based on the super-elastic mechanical properties of SMA materials mentioned above, combined with the establishment methods of constitutive model in phase-only theory, two new kinds of super-elastic constitutive model of SMA materials are put forward, which are respectively the curve constitutive model and the improved linear constitutive model. Combined with theoretical analysis and computer simulation, the computer analysis program of two kinds of constitutive models are finished by using MATLAB7.0 programming software, and the results of simulation analysis are in good agreement with and experiment results. The proposed two kinds of constitutive models are better to reflect the super-elastic mechanical properties of SMA materials and plus/unload frequency characteristics; therefore they have the good prospects of theoretical and engineering application.
(3) A set of SMA materials resistance-displacement sensor dynamic testing system is developed for the study of monitoring sensor performance of austenite SMA materials. The relationship between resistance change rates and strain of austenitic SMA material was studied in the process of static and dynamic add/unloading; the impacts of add/unloading strain amplitude, add/unloading rate, diameter change of SMA wires and add/unloading cycles on the resistance-strain sensing characteristics of the austenitic SMA materials were discussed; the linearity, hysterics, sensitivity and repeatability of relationship curve between resistance change rates and strain were evaluated through theoretical analysis. Additionally the monitoring sensor performances of SMA materials are discussed systematically, which is provided for the development of static and dynamic monitoring system of SMA.
(4) Based on the results above, taking the austenitic SMA material as a core component and using its special super-elastic properties and resistance sensing characteristics, two new kinds of SMA passive seismic monitoring control system with a function of displacement amplification and self-reset were proposed and developed through theoretical analysis. The design construction methods, working principles and application conditions of the system were discussed; the corresponding composite sensor/passive control technology and maximum reuse ability were analyzed; the impact of displacement amplitude, loading frequency, loading cycles and other factors on their sensing characteristics and energy performance were studied; the stability of the system, the effectiveness of the system's energy consumption, and the system sensor accuracy and sensitivity were examined; the corresponding mechanical analysis and computing model were established, and the integration of technology and identification methods with the main structure were studied. The system has the self-sensing performance, efficient energy consumption and self-reset features, additionally it's easy to install and replace, which is worthy of further development and application.
(5) In order to test the effectiveness of this SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system, the earthquake shaking table tests were carried on two kinds of spatial structure model, which were respectively installed and not installed the new SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system. There were 30 conditions in the test, in which EL-Centro earthquake wave was adopted with acceleration of 200gal-1200gal, and the monitor and control effects of SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system, especially the effects of passive control, were studied. At the same time, using ANSYS finite element analysis program, the displacement, acceleration and other seismic responses of the model structure with and without this new system in a various conditions were analyzed; its control mechanism and rules were discussed, and the effectiveness and applicability of passive seismic monitoring and control system were examined. Finally, using numerical analysis methods with different types of seismic waves and structures, the effects of the number, location, local control and overall control of SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system were studied; the corresponding control mechanism was analyzed and the better passive control programs were put forward.
The results show that the theoretical analysis and computational model established in this paper has better applicability, which can reflect the unique physical and mechanical characteristics of SMA materials; Both the developed SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system, and the proposed passive seismic control scheme have better monitoring control effect, and the effect of damping control can be up to 30%. Therefore it can be used for the passive seismic control and displacement real-time monitoring of spatial structure.
本文利用形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloy-SMA)材料的超弹性性能和电阻传感特性,通过理论分析和模型试验,设计并制作了2种集实时监测与抗震控制于一体的SMA抗震监测控制系统,并将其安装于2个空间模型结构中,进行了模拟地震振动台试验,其主要研究内容包括：
(1)根据SMA材料在材性试验中滑移量大的特点,改进了常规材料材性试验的试验方法,对一种国产新型、化学成分为Ti-51%atNi、常温下为奥氏体状态的SMA丝进行了超弹性力学性能试验,并就加/卸载频率、应变幅值以及加/卸载循环次数等因素对这种SMA材料在其超弹性力学行为中所表现的内耗因子、阻尼耗能等特性进行了试验研究,探讨了其主要影响规律,提出了改进和提高SMA材料力学性能的制备建议。
(2)在上述奥氏体SMA材料超弹性力学性能试验的基础上,结合唯相理论本构模型的建立思路和方法,提出并建立了2种新型的、能够较好反映材料加/卸载频率特点的SMA材料的超弹性本构模型,1种是曲线型的,1种是改进的直线型本构模型；采用理论分析和计算机模拟相结合的方法,利用MATLAB7.0编程软件,编制了上述2种本构模型的计算机分析程序,并进行了相应的数值模拟分析,同时将模拟分析结果与试验结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好。文中建立的2种本构模型不仅能够较好地反映SMA材料的超弹性力学性能,而且能够反映SMA材料的加/卸载频率,具有较好的理论和工程应用前景。
(3)为研究奥氏体SMA材料的监测传感性能,研制了一套SMA材料电阻-位移传感动态测试系统,并对上述奥氏体SMA材料在静、动态加/卸载过程中的电阻变化率与其应变之间的关系进行了研究,考察了加/卸载应变幅值、加/卸载速率、SMA丝直径变化以及加/卸载循环次数等因素对奥氏体SMA材料电阻-应变传感特性的影响,并通过理论分析,对奥氏体SMA材料在静、动态加／卸载过程中,电阻变化率-应变变化关系曲线的线性度、迟滞、灵敏度以及重复性等性能进行了研究,系统地讨论了SMA材料监测传感性能的特点,为研制SMA静、动态监测系统提供了依据。
(4)根据上述研究结果,将奥氏体SMA材料作为核心元件,利用其特殊的超弹性性能和电阻传感特性,通过理论分析和模型试验,提出并研制了2种新型的、具有位移放大功能和自复位功能的SMA被动抗震监测控制系统,讨论了系统的设计构造方法、工作原理和适用条件,分析了相应的复合传感／被动控制技术以及最大复用能力等,研究了位移幅值、加载频率、加载循环次数等因素对其传感特性和耗能性能的影响,考察了系统的稳定性,检验了系统耗能的有效性以及系统传感的准确性和灵敏度等,建立了相应的的力学分析和计算模型,同时研究了与主体结构的集成技术和识别方法。该系统不仅具有自传感性能和高效耗能复位特性,而且易于安装和替换,适用性较强,值得进一步开发和推广应用。
(5)为了检验新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统的有效性,对2种空间结构模型分别在未安装和安装新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统后的模型结构进行了模拟地震振动台试验研究,试验分30种工况,输入EL-Centro地震波,地震加速度从200gal-1200gal,考察了新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统的监测控制效果,特别是被动控制效果；同时,利用ANSYS有限元分析程序,分析了未安装和安装新型SMA被动抗震监测控制系统后模型结构在各种工况下的位移、加速度等地震反应,探讨了其控制机理和规律,检验了被动抗震监测控制系统的有效性和适用性：最后,还通过数值分析方法,选择不同的地震波和结构,对SMA被动抗震监测控制系统的设置数量、位置、局部控制与整体控制的效果等进行了研究,分析了相应的控制机理,提出了较好的被动控制方案。
研究结果表明,文中建立的理论分析和计算模型等均具有较好的适用性,可以反映SMA材料特殊的物理力学特征,所研制的SMA被动抗震监测控制系统以及建议的被动抗震控制方案等均具有较好的监测控制效果,其减震控制效果一般可达30%左右,因此可用于空间结构的被动抗震控制与位移实时监测。
The large-span spatial structure is being adopted by a number of important public buildings in many cities for its advantages of meeting many special requirements of architectural functions. However, it'll do great harm once these buildings are damaged or collapsed during an earthquake. So it's very essential to study in-depth the seismic performance of space truss and latticed shell structures and to take the necessary measures for seismic monitoring.
Using the super-elastic properties and resistance sensing characteristics of shape memory alloys (Shape Memory Alloy-SMA) materials, through theoretical analysis and model tests, this paper designed and produced two kinds of SMA seismic monitoring and control system which were tested in the shaking table test of two spatial model structures. The main research contents include:
(1) Aiming at avoiding the large slip of SMA materials in the test, the method of conventional material test was improved. The super-elastic mechanical properties of a new type of SMA wire with the chemical composition of Ti-51%atNi made in china were tested, which is the austenitic state at room temperature. The influences of adding/unloading frequency, strain amplitude and adding/unloading cycles on the internal friction factor, damping energy and other properties of SMA material were studied in the test. Additionally, this paper proposed some advices to improve and enhance the mechanical properties of SMA materials.
(2) Based on the super-elastic mechanical properties of SMA materials mentioned above, combined with the establishment methods of constitutive model in phase-only theory, two new kinds of super-elastic constitutive model of SMA materials are put forward, which are respectively the curve constitutive model and the improved linear constitutive model. Combined with theoretical analysis and computer simulation, the computer analysis program of two kinds of constitutive models are finished by using MATLAB7.0 programming software, and the results of simulation analysis are in good agreement with and experiment results. The proposed two kinds of constitutive models are better to reflect the super-elastic mechanical properties of SMA materials and plus/unload frequency characteristics; therefore they have the good prospects of theoretical and engineering application.
(3) A set of SMA materials resistance-displacement sensor dynamic testing system is developed for the study of monitoring sensor performance of austenite SMA materials. The relationship between resistance change rates and strain of austenitic SMA material was studied in the process of static and dynamic add/unloading; the impacts of add/unloading strain amplitude, add/unloading rate, diameter change of SMA wires and add/unloading cycles on the resistance-strain sensing characteristics of the austenitic SMA materials were discussed; the linearity, hysterics, sensitivity and repeatability of relationship curve between resistance change rates and strain were evaluated through theoretical analysis. Additionally the monitoring sensor performances of SMA materials are discussed systematically, which is provided for the development of static and dynamic monitoring system of SMA.
(4) Based on the results above, taking the austenitic SMA material as a core component and using its special super-elastic properties and resistance sensing characteristics, two new kinds of SMA passive seismic monitoring control system with a function of displacement amplification and self-reset were proposed and developed through theoretical analysis. The design construction methods, working principles and application conditions of the system were discussed; the corresponding composite sensor/passive control technology and maximum reuse ability were analyzed; the impact of displacement amplitude, loading frequency, loading cycles and other factors on their sensing characteristics and energy performance were studied; the stability of the system, the effectiveness of the system's energy consumption, and the system sensor accuracy and sensitivity were examined; the corresponding mechanical analysis and computing model were established, and the integration of technology and identification methods with the main structure were studied. The system has the self-sensing performance, efficient energy consumption and self-reset features, additionally it's easy to install and replace, which is worthy of further development and application.
(5) In order to test the effectiveness of this SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system, the earthquake shaking table tests were carried on two kinds of spatial structure model, which were respectively installed and not installed the new SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system. There were 30 conditions in the test, in which EL-Centro earthquake wave was adopted with acceleration of 200gal-1200gal, and the monitor and control effects of SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system, especially the effects of passive control, were studied. At the same time, using ANSYS finite element analysis program, the displacement, acceleration and other seismic responses of the model structure with and without this new system in a various conditions were analyzed; its control mechanism and rules were discussed, and the effectiveness and applicability of passive seismic monitoring and control system were examined. Finally, using numerical analysis methods with different types of seismic waves and structures, the effects of the number, location, local control and overall control of SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system were studied; the corresponding control mechanism was analyzed and the better passive control programs were put forward.
The results show that the theoretical analysis and computational model established in this paper has better applicability, which can reflect the unique physical and mechanical characteristics of SMA materials; Both the developed SMA passive seismic monitoring and control system, and the proposed passive seismic control scheme have better monitoring control effect, and the effect of damping control can be up to 30%. Therefore it can be used for the passive seismic control and displacement real-time monitoring of spatial structure.
引文
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