农地流转中基于综合适宜度的农村居民点整理研究
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摘要
2007年6月,国务院同意批准设立重庆统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区,在随后获批的《重庆市统筹城乡综合配套改革试验总体方案》中,提出将重点推进“促进农村土地规模集约化经营、建立农村土地流转和征地补偿新机制”等相关方面改革试点,农地流转作为调整农业产业结构,提高农民收入的主要方式成为统筹城乡的一大亮点。目前,重庆市及全国的新农村建设正稳步推进,农村居民点整理作为促进土地集约利用,保护郊区生态环境,改善农村居民人居环境质量的重要手段被广泛展开,如何采用技术手段对现状农村居民点整理进行预评价,以实现整理后有利生产、方便生活、相对集中、节约用地、少占耕地、保护自然生态环境的目的显得尤为重要,同时,农村居民点整理是一项涉及田、水、路、林、村的综合整治开发系统工程,不断推进的农地流转对农村居民点整理也提出了更高的要求,因此,将能够反映农地流转现状且与之相适应的用地综合适宜度评价体系引入农村居民点整理当中十分重要。
本文以重庆市北碚区静观镇陡梯、集真、和睦、金堂村土地利用规划项目为例,基于GIS技术为平台,以土地利用现状图、地形图、地质灾害易发区域分布图等图件资料,结合人口和社会经济资料,采用指标法对研究区域农村居民点整理前的用地综合适宜度进行预评价,即通过参与性农村评估法针对影响农村居民点现状利用的各类因素(指标)开展问卷调查,选取一系列能反映用地综合适宜度的指标来表征评价对象的状态和趋势。通过特尔菲法(Delphi)和“排列成比较技术”法相互校正的手段,赋予各指标相应的分值和权重系数,通过单因子的评价和多因素的综合叠加得到用地综合适宜度的评价分值,依据多因子综合评价得到的分值采用聚类法划分为五个不同的利用等级,配合单因子评价为现状农村居民点的整理提供参考。其中,指标法选择易受评价者(专家)的主观影响,导致不同评价者对同一对象的评价结果不尽一致,针对这个问题,研究采用改进的层次分析法(AHP)法对评价因子进行分析和综合评价,对其权重分配进行一致性检验,通过采用这个定量方法,使得计算较为客观的接近于分析要求。
根据评价模型分析可知,用地综合适宜度评价为“很适宜”或“较适宜”的农村居民点占研究区域农村居民点用地总面积的13.77%,图斑数138个,其中,“很适宜”的居民点面积有16.21hm2,占研究区域居民点总面积的9.07%,“较适宜”的居民点面积有8.56hm2,占研究区域居民点总面积的4.7%；用地综合适宜度评价为“一般适宜”的农村居民点面积有50.52hm2,图斑数281个,占研究区域居民点总面积的28.57%,面积较大；用地综合适宜度评价为“很不适宜”或“较不适宜”的农村居民点图斑数为527个,“很不适宜”的居民点面积有23.75hm2,占研究区域居民点总面积的13.29%,“较不适宜”的居民点面积有79.65hm2占研究区域居民点总面积的44.57%,面积比重最大。针对评价的五个等价对研究区域未来居民点整理进行引导,得出目前不同适宜条件的现状农村居民点在整理项目实施时的整理方向,分为扩建、原规模整治和逐步搬迁三种类型。
通过综合适宜度评价研究可知,用地综合适宜度评价等级较高的居民点空间分布有两种方式：以碚金路为中轴,沿碚金路两侧呈宽带状分布,以台农园核心区范围线为外围,呈片状分布；整理潜力及生态敏感性指数对居民点用地综合适宜度的影响力在所有因素中表现最大,区域规划尤其是建设用地指标限制是整理潜力的主要影响因子,人均占地面积在村域尺度整理潜力评价中表现不为明显；用地综合适宜度评价等级较高的居民点等级高低与距离土地流转后农业生产区距离成正比,生态敏感性指数与周边地质条件优劣呈正比,耕作条件的难易仍是农户选择居民点用地的主要影响因素。
本研究的目标区域因处于土地流转程度较高的农业园区,相关性分析表明指标体系所采用的评价因子能够反映农地流转对于居民点整理的驱动力等影响用地综合适宜度的主要问题,具有一定的代表性,研究过程中我们本着促进农村建设用地集约利用,促进农地流转的原则,从四村自身的自然地理条件以及经济发展的需求考虑,以“集中建设为主,分散布设为辅,分散中适当集中”为思路,宜整则整,宜迁则迁、宜建则建。
作者结合所研究的村级土地利用规划项目,对拟进行农村居民点整理的区域进行用地综合适宜度评价,期望通过研究建立具有可操作性和有针对性的村域适宜度评价方法,作为农村居民点整理工程科学决策和实践的前提。
On June 6th,2007, the City of Chongqing was approved as a testing area of the comprehensive urban and rural coordinated reforms by the State Council. It's put forward in Chongqing's Overall Pilot Scheme of Comprehensive Urban and Rural coordinated Reforms that the emphases are placed on such relevant pilot reforms as the promotion of the rural intensive farming, the establishment of rural land circulation, the new mechanism of land requisition and compensation, etc. Of those reforms,the rural land circulation, which serves as a main way of adjusting agricultural structures and increasing farmers'income, will become a highlight of balancing urban and rural development.At present, the new rural construction is being steadily carried on in Chongqing as well as the whole country. The rural residential areas has been widely readjusted, which is a major measure of ascending the new rural villages'leading roles and serving functions, promoting intensive land utilization, protecting suburban ecological environment and improving the quality of rural residential environment. It seems particularly important how to pre-evaluate the present rural residential reorganization technologically to reach the goals of the advantageous production, convenient life, residential centralization, optimal land utilization, less use of cultivated land and the natural and ecological environment's protection. At the same time, the rural residential consolidation is a comprehensive systematic program about the comprehensive rural renovation and development, involving land, water, roads, forests and villages. The on-going rural land circulation has higher demands for the rural residential consolidation. Therefore, it is very important to introduce the comprehensive suitability evaluation system of land utilization, which can reflect the present situation of the rural land circulation and is corresponding to the circulation, into the rural residential consolidation.
The article takes the land utilization scheme of the four villages of Douti, Jizhen, Hemu and Jintang in Jingguan Town of Bebei District in Chongqing as examples. It comprehensively evaluates the conditions of the rural residential construction by GIS. It refers to some maps including land use status charts, topographic maps and regional distribution of geological hazards and some materials about the population and social economy. During the study, the indicator approach is adopted to pre-evaluate the comprehensive land suitability before the consolidation. First, do a questionnaire survey about the factors influencing the present rural residential situation and then choose a series of indicators reflecting the comprehensive land suitability to show the status and trend of the evaluated objects. At last, give each index corresponding points and weight coefficient by mutual correction of Delphi and the technique of arranging indicators in comparison. The evaluation scores of comprehensive land suitability are obtained by the evaluation of single fact and the comprehensive superposition of many factors. The scores are divided into five grades by Hierarchical Clustering, providing reference for the present rural residential consolidation. Of course, the choice by the indicator approach is liable to be affected by evaluators (experts) subjectively, resulting in different evaluation results about the same object by different evaluators. In order to solve this problem, the factors are analyzed and evaluated comprehensively by AHP and the weight distribution is checked consistently to make the calculation more close to the objective analysis requirements by using the quantitative method.
Divide the scores from the calculation of the integrated land suitability assessment and get the five evaluation results of the present residential construction conditions:Very Good, Good, General, Bad and Very Bad. At the same time it can be analyzed that each evaluating factor has different degrees of influence on different evaluating results. For example, the constructing conditions of the areas with the evaluation results of "not suitable"and "very unsuitable", are evaluated as "bad" and "very bad". The main influential factors in different evaluating units are very sensitive because of the ecological sensitivity. Perfect or local drinking water pipes networks are not compared, and the bad stability is different. On this basis, guide the future rural residential consolidation in the researched areas and get the consolidation directions of the present rural residential areas with different types of construction conditions while the consolidation is being carried out. The evaluation results can be divided into three types:expansion, housing renovation in the original size and gradual house moving. The region in the research is located in an agricultural garden with a higher degree of land circulation and so the evaluating factors used in the index system can reflect the major problems about the influence of the land circulation on the driving force of the residential consolidation and on the comprehensive land suitability, and so they are representative. During the research, according to the principle of promoting the intensive utilization of rural constructing land and the rural land circulation what can be fixed can be fixed, what can be moved be moved and what can be built can be built. Allowing for the demands of the four villages'natural geographical conditions and economic development, "with the idea of that concentrating residential areas is primary and that scattered housing is secondary and that there is appropriate concentration in the scattered housing.
The author studies the scheme on village land utilization and comprehensively evaluates the suitability where the rural residential areas will be adjusted in order to establish an operable and comprehensive evaluating method of the rural residential consolidation, which is used as a premise of making decisions scientifically and consolidating rural residential areas.
本文以重庆市北碚区静观镇陡梯、集真、和睦、金堂村土地利用规划项目为例,基于GIS技术为平台,以土地利用现状图、地形图、地质灾害易发区域分布图等图件资料,结合人口和社会经济资料,采用指标法对研究区域农村居民点整理前的用地综合适宜度进行预评价,即通过参与性农村评估法针对影响农村居民点现状利用的各类因素(指标)开展问卷调查,选取一系列能反映用地综合适宜度的指标来表征评价对象的状态和趋势。通过特尔菲法(Delphi)和“排列成比较技术”法相互校正的手段,赋予各指标相应的分值和权重系数,通过单因子的评价和多因素的综合叠加得到用地综合适宜度的评价分值,依据多因子综合评价得到的分值采用聚类法划分为五个不同的利用等级,配合单因子评价为现状农村居民点的整理提供参考。其中,指标法选择易受评价者(专家)的主观影响,导致不同评价者对同一对象的评价结果不尽一致,针对这个问题,研究采用改进的层次分析法(AHP)法对评价因子进行分析和综合评价,对其权重分配进行一致性检验,通过采用这个定量方法,使得计算较为客观的接近于分析要求。
根据评价模型分析可知,用地综合适宜度评价为“很适宜”或“较适宜”的农村居民点占研究区域农村居民点用地总面积的13.77%,图斑数138个,其中,“很适宜”的居民点面积有16.21hm2,占研究区域居民点总面积的9.07%,“较适宜”的居民点面积有8.56hm2,占研究区域居民点总面积的4.7%；用地综合适宜度评价为“一般适宜”的农村居民点面积有50.52hm2,图斑数281个,占研究区域居民点总面积的28.57%,面积较大；用地综合适宜度评价为“很不适宜”或“较不适宜”的农村居民点图斑数为527个,“很不适宜”的居民点面积有23.75hm2,占研究区域居民点总面积的13.29%,“较不适宜”的居民点面积有79.65hm2占研究区域居民点总面积的44.57%,面积比重最大。针对评价的五个等价对研究区域未来居民点整理进行引导,得出目前不同适宜条件的现状农村居民点在整理项目实施时的整理方向,分为扩建、原规模整治和逐步搬迁三种类型。
通过综合适宜度评价研究可知,用地综合适宜度评价等级较高的居民点空间分布有两种方式：以碚金路为中轴,沿碚金路两侧呈宽带状分布,以台农园核心区范围线为外围,呈片状分布；整理潜力及生态敏感性指数对居民点用地综合适宜度的影响力在所有因素中表现最大,区域规划尤其是建设用地指标限制是整理潜力的主要影响因子,人均占地面积在村域尺度整理潜力评价中表现不为明显；用地综合适宜度评价等级较高的居民点等级高低与距离土地流转后农业生产区距离成正比,生态敏感性指数与周边地质条件优劣呈正比,耕作条件的难易仍是农户选择居民点用地的主要影响因素。
本研究的目标区域因处于土地流转程度较高的农业园区,相关性分析表明指标体系所采用的评价因子能够反映农地流转对于居民点整理的驱动力等影响用地综合适宜度的主要问题,具有一定的代表性,研究过程中我们本着促进农村建设用地集约利用,促进农地流转的原则,从四村自身的自然地理条件以及经济发展的需求考虑,以“集中建设为主,分散布设为辅,分散中适当集中”为思路,宜整则整,宜迁则迁、宜建则建。
作者结合所研究的村级土地利用规划项目,对拟进行农村居民点整理的区域进行用地综合适宜度评价,期望通过研究建立具有可操作性和有针对性的村域适宜度评价方法,作为农村居民点整理工程科学决策和实践的前提。
On June 6th,2007, the City of Chongqing was approved as a testing area of the comprehensive urban and rural coordinated reforms by the State Council. It's put forward in Chongqing's Overall Pilot Scheme of Comprehensive Urban and Rural coordinated Reforms that the emphases are placed on such relevant pilot reforms as the promotion of the rural intensive farming, the establishment of rural land circulation, the new mechanism of land requisition and compensation, etc. Of those reforms,the rural land circulation, which serves as a main way of adjusting agricultural structures and increasing farmers'income, will become a highlight of balancing urban and rural development.At present, the new rural construction is being steadily carried on in Chongqing as well as the whole country. The rural residential areas has been widely readjusted, which is a major measure of ascending the new rural villages'leading roles and serving functions, promoting intensive land utilization, protecting suburban ecological environment and improving the quality of rural residential environment. It seems particularly important how to pre-evaluate the present rural residential reorganization technologically to reach the goals of the advantageous production, convenient life, residential centralization, optimal land utilization, less use of cultivated land and the natural and ecological environment's protection. At the same time, the rural residential consolidation is a comprehensive systematic program about the comprehensive rural renovation and development, involving land, water, roads, forests and villages. The on-going rural land circulation has higher demands for the rural residential consolidation. Therefore, it is very important to introduce the comprehensive suitability evaluation system of land utilization, which can reflect the present situation of the rural land circulation and is corresponding to the circulation, into the rural residential consolidation.
The article takes the land utilization scheme of the four villages of Douti, Jizhen, Hemu and Jintang in Jingguan Town of Bebei District in Chongqing as examples. It comprehensively evaluates the conditions of the rural residential construction by GIS. It refers to some maps including land use status charts, topographic maps and regional distribution of geological hazards and some materials about the population and social economy. During the study, the indicator approach is adopted to pre-evaluate the comprehensive land suitability before the consolidation. First, do a questionnaire survey about the factors influencing the present rural residential situation and then choose a series of indicators reflecting the comprehensive land suitability to show the status and trend of the evaluated objects. At last, give each index corresponding points and weight coefficient by mutual correction of Delphi and the technique of arranging indicators in comparison. The evaluation scores of comprehensive land suitability are obtained by the evaluation of single fact and the comprehensive superposition of many factors. The scores are divided into five grades by Hierarchical Clustering, providing reference for the present rural residential consolidation. Of course, the choice by the indicator approach is liable to be affected by evaluators (experts) subjectively, resulting in different evaluation results about the same object by different evaluators. In order to solve this problem, the factors are analyzed and evaluated comprehensively by AHP and the weight distribution is checked consistently to make the calculation more close to the objective analysis requirements by using the quantitative method.
Divide the scores from the calculation of the integrated land suitability assessment and get the five evaluation results of the present residential construction conditions:Very Good, Good, General, Bad and Very Bad. At the same time it can be analyzed that each evaluating factor has different degrees of influence on different evaluating results. For example, the constructing conditions of the areas with the evaluation results of "not suitable"and "very unsuitable", are evaluated as "bad" and "very bad". The main influential factors in different evaluating units are very sensitive because of the ecological sensitivity. Perfect or local drinking water pipes networks are not compared, and the bad stability is different. On this basis, guide the future rural residential consolidation in the researched areas and get the consolidation directions of the present rural residential areas with different types of construction conditions while the consolidation is being carried out. The evaluation results can be divided into three types:expansion, housing renovation in the original size and gradual house moving. The region in the research is located in an agricultural garden with a higher degree of land circulation and so the evaluating factors used in the index system can reflect the major problems about the influence of the land circulation on the driving force of the residential consolidation and on the comprehensive land suitability, and so they are representative. During the research, according to the principle of promoting the intensive utilization of rural constructing land and the rural land circulation what can be fixed can be fixed, what can be moved be moved and what can be built can be built. Allowing for the demands of the four villages'natural geographical conditions and economic development, "with the idea of that concentrating residential areas is primary and that scattered housing is secondary and that there is appropriate concentration in the scattered housing.
The author studies the scheme on village land utilization and comprehensively evaluates the suitability where the rural residential areas will be adjusted in order to establish an operable and comprehensive evaluating method of the rural residential consolidation, which is used as a premise of making decisions scientifically and consolidating rural residential areas.
引文
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