沂蒙山区典型小流域土壤侵蚀与土地适宜性评价
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摘要
本文以地处沂蒙山区的九仙山小流域为研究区域,高分辨率航片影像为主要信息源,以水土保持理论和土地适宜性原理为指导,采用人机交互解译与野外调查验证的方法,对流域环境因子、土壤侵蚀现状及其主要环境影响因子和土地适宜性等进行了系统分析与评价,主要成果如下:
1.查清了流域环境因子特征
九仙山小流域呈向南倾斜的簸箕形,高程在96.2m~548.2m之间,流域长度为4.12km,流域宽度为2.19km,流域完整系数为0.53。流域沟壑总长度33.84km,沟壑密度3.75km/km2,沟底平均比降3.40%;地貌以低山丘陵为主;坡度级别以平缓坡和陡坡为主。流域内土壤以棕壤为主,土层厚度、土壤物理特征、土壤化学特征空间变异性较大,土层厚度在10cm~150cm之间,土壤容重为1.26~1.67g/cm3,总孔隙度为30.89%~46.78%,非毛管孔隙度为8.36%~17.32%,土壤有机质在0.93~3.20g/kg之间,氮含量在0.02%~0.04%之间,全磷含量在0.26~1.14g/kg之间,钾含量为81.08~263.53μg/g。流域内高等植物种类66种,优势植物种类有11种,主要植被类型可划分为森林、灌草和作物3个植被型组和7个植物群系。小流域植被覆盖度以中覆盖度为主,比例占流域总面积的45.03%。土地利用类型以林地和耕地为主,分别占流域面积的58.86%、20.87%。
2.掌握了流域土壤侵蚀特征及其与主要环境因子的关系
小流域的土壤侵蚀面积为432.20hm2,占总土地面积的47.91%。土壤侵蚀以水力侵蚀为主,侵蚀强度以轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀为主,局部有强烈和极强烈侵蚀的水土流失特征。土壤侵蚀在空间分布上呈现一定的规律性,轻度侵蚀主要分布在山间斜平地与丘陵区的交界处;中度侵蚀主要集中在流域北侧和西南坡面;强烈侵蚀和极强烈主要分布海拔较高、坡度较大的坡面上,呈现零星分布。
土壤侵蚀与土地利用、坡度、植被盖度关系密切。在坡度等环境因子相似的情况下,灌木林地、荒草地的土壤侵蚀情况比防护林的土壤侵蚀情况严重,而整修的旱梯田要好于水浇地、用材林等土地利用类型;从坡度因子看,15~25°坡度等级区域,土壤侵蚀面积最大。在植被盖度方面,整体表现为土壤侵蚀强度随植被覆盖度的增加而减少。
3.评价了小流域的土地适宜性
小流域土地以中等适宜级土地和勉强适宜级土地为主,面积分别为397.34hm2、282.95hm2 ,多分布于防护林这种土地利用类型,有少量的高度适宜级土地(70.77hm2),大多分布在水浇地区域,而不适宜级土地最少(55.34hm2),主要分布在裸岩石砾地。通过土壤侵蚀对土地适宜性的影响分析,受土壤侵蚀影响较大的土地为中等适宜级土地及勉强适宜级土地中的极强烈侵蚀区域,应当重视这些区域的土壤侵蚀防治工作。
4.实现了小流域三维模拟
在目前的流域水土流失监测及土地适宜性评价的研究中,大多以缺乏空间位置立体感的平面专题图形式进行展示。本文以小流域数字高程模型、航空像片和土壤侵蚀与土地适宜性等相关图层为数据源,对小流域进行了三维模拟,更加直观展示小流域地形、土壤侵蚀和土地适宜性特征,为小流域水土流失监测、治理以及流域规划提供更为直观的依据。
通过对流域环境因子、土壤侵蚀及土地适宜性特征的调查,分析了小流域存在的问题,建议适当调整土地利用结构,结合气候特点及地形条件,增加灌木林地和荒草地的植被覆盖度,适当种植风景观赏类树种,丰富小流域整体色彩度,整修流域内谷坊和低标准梯田,部分坡面进行坡改梯,并进一步优化下垫面配置。
This research has chosen Jiu Xian Shan watershed in the Yi Meng mountainous area as the study region. 0.25m high resolution images is the main information sources. Use the theory of soil and water conservation, the principle of land suitability as guidance, through the methods of man-machine interaction interpretation and investigation in the open air, environmental factors of watershed, soil erosion situation, the relationship between the environmental factors and soil erosion, land suitability have been analyzed and evaluated. And the main results are as follows:
1. The environmental features of watershed is expounded.
The watershed is like a dustpan form north to southward, the elevation of watershed is between 96.2m and 548.2m, watershed length is 4.12km, and the width is 2.19km, integrity coefficient of watershed is 0.53. The total length of the gully in watershed is 33.84km, gully density is 3.75km/km2, the average ditch slope is 3.40%; landscape is mainly in hilly, the landforms is mainly gentle and steep slope gradient level. Brown soil is the main soil,soil depth, soil physical characteristics and soil chemical characteristics is spatial variability.Soil layer thickness is between 10cm and 150cm, the soil bulk density is between 1.26 and 1.67g/cm3, total porosity is between 30.89% and 46.78%, non-capillary porosity is between 8.36% and 17.32%, soil organic matter is between 0.93 and 3.20g/kg, nitrogen content is between 0.02% and 0.04%, phosphorus content is between 0.26 and 1.14g/kg, potassium content is between 81.08 and 263.53μg/g. There are 66 species of higher plant in the watershed, 11 species is the dominant plant species, vegetation types can be divided into forest, shrub and grass.Vegetation coverage is main middle coverage, the proportion is 45.03% of the total area. Forest and arable land is the main land use, accounting for 58.86%, 20.87%.
2. The situation characteristics of soil erosion and its impact factorare is grasped.
The area of soil erosion in wastershed is 432.20hm2, accounting for 47.91% of total land area. The watershed is water-eroded in the soil erosion primarily, mild erosion and moderate erosion are is the main soil erosion intensity, intense and extremely strong erosion are in Local area. The spatial distribution of soil erosion shows some regularity, slight erosion mainly in the junction of plains and hilly mountain slope area; moderate erosion mainly in the north and south basin slope; strong and very strong erosion mainly in the higher elevations.
Soil erosion is close to the land use, slope and vegetation cover.In circumstances similar slope factors, Shelter is better than shrub land and grassland, the refurbishment of the drought better than the irrigated terraces, timber and other land use types; under the influence of variety offactors,15-25 slope rating region is the largest area of soil erosion. For vegetation cover, the intensity of soil erosion will reduce with the vegetation cover increases.
3. The land suitability of watershed is evaluated.
The land of watershed is mainly medium appropriate level land and barely suitable level land, the area are 397.34hm2 and 282.95hm2, mainly distributed in shelter, and it have a small amount of highly appropriate level land(70.77hm2), mostly in irrigated areas, not suitable level land is the least, the area is 55.34hm2, mainly in the barren lands. Through soil suitability analysis, influenced by soil erosion the most is the middle class and the very strong level of land erosion in marginally suitable land area. And we should pay attention to soil erosion control work of these areas.
4. The three-dimensional simulation of small watershed has been come ture. In the current study of soil Erosion monitoring and evaluation of land suitability, often use thematic maps, but lack of three-dimensional spatial.Use the digital elevation model, aerial photographs, soil erosion and land suitability rank correlation as the data source layer, does the three-dimensional simulation for the wateshed, and more intuitive display of characteristics about the small watershed topography, soil erosion and land suitability.
After the survey of watershed nvironmental factors, soil erosion and land suitability, and analyzes the problems of watershed, propose to adjust land use structure, combined with climate and terrain conditions, increased vegetation coverage of shrub land and grassland, appropriate increase landscape ornamental plant species, rich color degrees of the whole watershed, repair the watershed Gufang and low standards of terraces, change part of the terraced slope, and further optimize the land surface configuration.
1.查清了流域环境因子特征
九仙山小流域呈向南倾斜的簸箕形,高程在96.2m~548.2m之间,流域长度为4.12km,流域宽度为2.19km,流域完整系数为0.53。流域沟壑总长度33.84km,沟壑密度3.75km/km2,沟底平均比降3.40%;地貌以低山丘陵为主;坡度级别以平缓坡和陡坡为主。流域内土壤以棕壤为主,土层厚度、土壤物理特征、土壤化学特征空间变异性较大,土层厚度在10cm~150cm之间,土壤容重为1.26~1.67g/cm3,总孔隙度为30.89%~46.78%,非毛管孔隙度为8.36%~17.32%,土壤有机质在0.93~3.20g/kg之间,氮含量在0.02%~0.04%之间,全磷含量在0.26~1.14g/kg之间,钾含量为81.08~263.53μg/g。流域内高等植物种类66种,优势植物种类有11种,主要植被类型可划分为森林、灌草和作物3个植被型组和7个植物群系。小流域植被覆盖度以中覆盖度为主,比例占流域总面积的45.03%。土地利用类型以林地和耕地为主,分别占流域面积的58.86%、20.87%。
2.掌握了流域土壤侵蚀特征及其与主要环境因子的关系
小流域的土壤侵蚀面积为432.20hm2,占总土地面积的47.91%。土壤侵蚀以水力侵蚀为主,侵蚀强度以轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀为主,局部有强烈和极强烈侵蚀的水土流失特征。土壤侵蚀在空间分布上呈现一定的规律性,轻度侵蚀主要分布在山间斜平地与丘陵区的交界处;中度侵蚀主要集中在流域北侧和西南坡面;强烈侵蚀和极强烈主要分布海拔较高、坡度较大的坡面上,呈现零星分布。
土壤侵蚀与土地利用、坡度、植被盖度关系密切。在坡度等环境因子相似的情况下,灌木林地、荒草地的土壤侵蚀情况比防护林的土壤侵蚀情况严重,而整修的旱梯田要好于水浇地、用材林等土地利用类型;从坡度因子看,15~25°坡度等级区域,土壤侵蚀面积最大。在植被盖度方面,整体表现为土壤侵蚀强度随植被覆盖度的增加而减少。
3.评价了小流域的土地适宜性
小流域土地以中等适宜级土地和勉强适宜级土地为主,面积分别为397.34hm2、282.95hm2 ,多分布于防护林这种土地利用类型,有少量的高度适宜级土地(70.77hm2),大多分布在水浇地区域,而不适宜级土地最少(55.34hm2),主要分布在裸岩石砾地。通过土壤侵蚀对土地适宜性的影响分析,受土壤侵蚀影响较大的土地为中等适宜级土地及勉强适宜级土地中的极强烈侵蚀区域,应当重视这些区域的土壤侵蚀防治工作。
4.实现了小流域三维模拟
在目前的流域水土流失监测及土地适宜性评价的研究中,大多以缺乏空间位置立体感的平面专题图形式进行展示。本文以小流域数字高程模型、航空像片和土壤侵蚀与土地适宜性等相关图层为数据源,对小流域进行了三维模拟,更加直观展示小流域地形、土壤侵蚀和土地适宜性特征,为小流域水土流失监测、治理以及流域规划提供更为直观的依据。
通过对流域环境因子、土壤侵蚀及土地适宜性特征的调查,分析了小流域存在的问题,建议适当调整土地利用结构,结合气候特点及地形条件,增加灌木林地和荒草地的植被覆盖度,适当种植风景观赏类树种,丰富小流域整体色彩度,整修流域内谷坊和低标准梯田,部分坡面进行坡改梯,并进一步优化下垫面配置。
This research has chosen Jiu Xian Shan watershed in the Yi Meng mountainous area as the study region. 0.25m high resolution images is the main information sources. Use the theory of soil and water conservation, the principle of land suitability as guidance, through the methods of man-machine interaction interpretation and investigation in the open air, environmental factors of watershed, soil erosion situation, the relationship between the environmental factors and soil erosion, land suitability have been analyzed and evaluated. And the main results are as follows:
1. The environmental features of watershed is expounded.
The watershed is like a dustpan form north to southward, the elevation of watershed is between 96.2m and 548.2m, watershed length is 4.12km, and the width is 2.19km, integrity coefficient of watershed is 0.53. The total length of the gully in watershed is 33.84km, gully density is 3.75km/km2, the average ditch slope is 3.40%; landscape is mainly in hilly, the landforms is mainly gentle and steep slope gradient level. Brown soil is the main soil,soil depth, soil physical characteristics and soil chemical characteristics is spatial variability.Soil layer thickness is between 10cm and 150cm, the soil bulk density is between 1.26 and 1.67g/cm3, total porosity is between 30.89% and 46.78%, non-capillary porosity is between 8.36% and 17.32%, soil organic matter is between 0.93 and 3.20g/kg, nitrogen content is between 0.02% and 0.04%, phosphorus content is between 0.26 and 1.14g/kg, potassium content is between 81.08 and 263.53μg/g. There are 66 species of higher plant in the watershed, 11 species is the dominant plant species, vegetation types can be divided into forest, shrub and grass.Vegetation coverage is main middle coverage, the proportion is 45.03% of the total area. Forest and arable land is the main land use, accounting for 58.86%, 20.87%.
2. The situation characteristics of soil erosion and its impact factorare is grasped.
The area of soil erosion in wastershed is 432.20hm2, accounting for 47.91% of total land area. The watershed is water-eroded in the soil erosion primarily, mild erosion and moderate erosion are is the main soil erosion intensity, intense and extremely strong erosion are in Local area. The spatial distribution of soil erosion shows some regularity, slight erosion mainly in the junction of plains and hilly mountain slope area; moderate erosion mainly in the north and south basin slope; strong and very strong erosion mainly in the higher elevations.
Soil erosion is close to the land use, slope and vegetation cover.In circumstances similar slope factors, Shelter is better than shrub land and grassland, the refurbishment of the drought better than the irrigated terraces, timber and other land use types; under the influence of variety offactors,15-25 slope rating region is the largest area of soil erosion. For vegetation cover, the intensity of soil erosion will reduce with the vegetation cover increases.
3. The land suitability of watershed is evaluated.
The land of watershed is mainly medium appropriate level land and barely suitable level land, the area are 397.34hm2 and 282.95hm2, mainly distributed in shelter, and it have a small amount of highly appropriate level land(70.77hm2), mostly in irrigated areas, not suitable level land is the least, the area is 55.34hm2, mainly in the barren lands. Through soil suitability analysis, influenced by soil erosion the most is the middle class and the very strong level of land erosion in marginally suitable land area. And we should pay attention to soil erosion control work of these areas.
4. The three-dimensional simulation of small watershed has been come ture. In the current study of soil Erosion monitoring and evaluation of land suitability, often use thematic maps, but lack of three-dimensional spatial.Use the digital elevation model, aerial photographs, soil erosion and land suitability rank correlation as the data source layer, does the three-dimensional simulation for the wateshed, and more intuitive display of characteristics about the small watershed topography, soil erosion and land suitability.
After the survey of watershed nvironmental factors, soil erosion and land suitability, and analyzes the problems of watershed, propose to adjust land use structure, combined with climate and terrain conditions, increased vegetation coverage of shrub land and grassland, appropriate increase landscape ornamental plant species, rich color degrees of the whole watershed, repair the watershed Gufang and low standards of terraces, change part of the terraced slope, and further optimize the land surface configuration.
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