永和大桥维修加固后的结构健康监测与模型修正
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摘要
结构健康监测引起了国内外众多研究者的兴趣,成为土木工程、防灾减灾工程研究的热点。经过近年来的努力,结构健康监测技术已经从实验室走向了工程实践。基于监测信息的损伤信息提取、损伤识别与模型修正等研究方向成为健康监测系统研究的核心。本文主要围绕桥梁监测与检测技术及桥梁安全评定做了如下的一些研究工作:
首先由设计资料建立了永和大桥的有限元模型,然后研究了基于灵敏度的模型修正技术。重点研究了直接搜索算法,指出了模式搜索算法由于搜索模式固定不变造成了搜索效率低下且容易收敛于不光滑的脊线。在其基础上,对模式搜索算法做了改进,提出了自适应模式搜索算法:利用在迭代过程中获得的函数值信息在迭代的过程中不断修正搜索模式,使得优化过程获得更快的收敛速度且收敛性更有所保证。
然后编制了“自适应搜索算法”程序,对几个常用的函数做了测试,并将该算法应用于永和大桥的模型修正中。研究了该算法用于大型结构模型修正的计算速度、收敛情况并与人工免疫算法作了对比。研究了永和大桥的频率对一些重要参数的灵敏度。
分析了动力子系统的监测数据,采用NExT法和特征系统实现法对永和桥进行了工作模态参数识别,并与频域分解法的分析结果作了对比。在实测模态、基准有限元模型及自适应模式搜索算法的基础上,研究了基于监测信息的有限元模型实时修正,建立了用于健康监测系统的基准有限元模型。
此外,本文还利用光纤光栅具有绝对测量的优点,提出了采用光纤光栅测量混凝土结构钻芯取样过程中的回弹应变,再根据混凝土材料在反复荷载作用下的应力-应变关系,推算在役结构的应力状态。并进行了仿真和实验研究。
Recently, structural health monitoring (SHM) attracts many researchers interesting both domestic and foreign and becomes one of the most hot topics in civil engineering and disaster prevention and mitigation engineering. The structural health monitoring technology has been used in the engineering practice except for laboratory study gradually. Damage identification, finite-element model (FEM) updating and other related technology become the most important research field. How rational and effective use of recorded datum is the key of the health monitoring system.
In this paper, FEM updating of YongHe bridge are studied. The main point are as follows:
Firstly, The FEM of Yonghe Bridge is built based on the design drawings and the model is updated by FEM updating technology base on sensitivity analysis. Note that The direct pattern search algorithm is inefficient and often converges to the undifferential ridge lines. This paper presents a new adaptive pattern search algorithm, which makes use of the object function values obtained in the iterations. The algorithm has solved some of these problems, which indicates that the convergence is fast and can be guaranteed.
Secondly, the adaptive search algorithm is programmed and several functions are studied in order to test its performance. Then, the algorithm is applied to model updating of Yonghe Bridge. The computing speed and convergence are compared with the artificial immune algorithm. The sensitivity of frequencies to some important parameters is studied.
Thirdly, the monitoring data of dynamic subsystem is studied and the modal parameters of this bridge are identified using natural excitation technology and eigensystem realization algorithm. The results are compared with those of frequency domain decomposition with peaks pick method. Based on the measured modal data, baseline FEM model and adaptive pattern search algorithm, the real time FEM model updating is realized.
At last, making use of the absolute measurement of Fiber Bragg Grating, this paper presents that the rebound strain can be measured in the drilling core sampling process of reinforcement concrete structures using FBG. The stress state of structure in service can be revealed according to the constitutive relationships of concrete material subjected to repeated load. FEM simulation and laboratory experiments have been done.
首先由设计资料建立了永和大桥的有限元模型,然后研究了基于灵敏度的模型修正技术。重点研究了直接搜索算法,指出了模式搜索算法由于搜索模式固定不变造成了搜索效率低下且容易收敛于不光滑的脊线。在其基础上,对模式搜索算法做了改进,提出了自适应模式搜索算法:利用在迭代过程中获得的函数值信息在迭代的过程中不断修正搜索模式,使得优化过程获得更快的收敛速度且收敛性更有所保证。
然后编制了“自适应搜索算法”程序,对几个常用的函数做了测试,并将该算法应用于永和大桥的模型修正中。研究了该算法用于大型结构模型修正的计算速度、收敛情况并与人工免疫算法作了对比。研究了永和大桥的频率对一些重要参数的灵敏度。
分析了动力子系统的监测数据,采用NExT法和特征系统实现法对永和桥进行了工作模态参数识别,并与频域分解法的分析结果作了对比。在实测模态、基准有限元模型及自适应模式搜索算法的基础上,研究了基于监测信息的有限元模型实时修正,建立了用于健康监测系统的基准有限元模型。
此外,本文还利用光纤光栅具有绝对测量的优点,提出了采用光纤光栅测量混凝土结构钻芯取样过程中的回弹应变,再根据混凝土材料在反复荷载作用下的应力-应变关系,推算在役结构的应力状态。并进行了仿真和实验研究。
Recently, structural health monitoring (SHM) attracts many researchers interesting both domestic and foreign and becomes one of the most hot topics in civil engineering and disaster prevention and mitigation engineering. The structural health monitoring technology has been used in the engineering practice except for laboratory study gradually. Damage identification, finite-element model (FEM) updating and other related technology become the most important research field. How rational and effective use of recorded datum is the key of the health monitoring system.
In this paper, FEM updating of YongHe bridge are studied. The main point are as follows:
Firstly, The FEM of Yonghe Bridge is built based on the design drawings and the model is updated by FEM updating technology base on sensitivity analysis. Note that The direct pattern search algorithm is inefficient and often converges to the undifferential ridge lines. This paper presents a new adaptive pattern search algorithm, which makes use of the object function values obtained in the iterations. The algorithm has solved some of these problems, which indicates that the convergence is fast and can be guaranteed.
Secondly, the adaptive search algorithm is programmed and several functions are studied in order to test its performance. Then, the algorithm is applied to model updating of Yonghe Bridge. The computing speed and convergence are compared with the artificial immune algorithm. The sensitivity of frequencies to some important parameters is studied.
Thirdly, the monitoring data of dynamic subsystem is studied and the modal parameters of this bridge are identified using natural excitation technology and eigensystem realization algorithm. The results are compared with those of frequency domain decomposition with peaks pick method. Based on the measured modal data, baseline FEM model and adaptive pattern search algorithm, the real time FEM model updating is realized.
At last, making use of the absolute measurement of Fiber Bragg Grating, this paper presents that the rebound strain can be measured in the drilling core sampling process of reinforcement concrete structures using FBG. The stress state of structure in service can be revealed according to the constitutive relationships of concrete material subjected to repeated load. FEM simulation and laboratory experiments have been done.
引文
1.林元培.斜拉桥.人民交通出版社.2003
2.马昆全.大跨径斜拉桥建设与展望.国外桥梁.2000.4:60~65
3.王文涛.第二版.斜拉桥换索工程.人民交通出版社.2006
4.刘士林.斜拉桥.2002
5.项贻强.文晖大桥健康监测与评估管理系统的主要问题研究. 2003,浙江大学
6.周智.土木工程结构光纤光栅智能传感元件及其监测系统.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.2003,25~72
7.张启伟.桥梁结构模型修正与损伤识别,同济大学博士论文.1999: 9~15
8. D.Inaudi. Monitoring of a concrete arch bridge during construction. Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, 2002:4696~5017
9. Anderson E.Y,Pedersen. Structural monitoring of the Great Belt East Bridge. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Strait Crossing: 1994.54~62
10. Myroll.F. and Dibiagio.e. Instrumentation for Monitioring the Skarnsunder Cable-Stayed Bridge. Strait Crossing 94. Krokeborg, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1994:54~65
11.廖延彪.光纤光学.清华大学出版社. 2000,54~86
12. K.O. Hill, Y. Fuji, D.C. Jonson and B.S. Kawasaki. Photosensitivity in Optical Fiber Wave Guides: Application to Reflection Filter Fabrication. App. Phys. Lett.,1978,(32):647~649
13. G. Meltz, W.W. Morey and H. Glenn. Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers by a Transverse Holographic Method. Opt. Lett.,1989,(14):823~825
14. K.O.Hill, et al.. Bragg Grating Fabricated in Monomode Photosensitive Optical Fiber by UV Exposure through a Phase Mask. Appl. Phys. Lett.,1993,(62):1035~1037
15. P.J. Lemaire, R.M. Atkins, V.Mizrahi, et al..High Pressure H2 Loading as a technique for Achieving Utrahigh UV Photosensitivity and Thermal Sensitivity in GeO2 Doped Optical Fibers. Electron. lett.,1993,(29):1191~1195
16. A.T.Alavie, et al.. Application and Characterization of Intracore GratingSensors in CFRP Prestressed Concrete Girder. SPIE,1994,(2191):103~110
17. W.W. Morey, G.A. Ball, and H.Singh. Applications of Fiber Grating Sensors. SPIE,1996,(2839):2~7
18.鲍吉龙,章献民,陈抗生,周文.光纤光栅传感器及其应用.激光技术. 2000,(3):176~178
19. P. Friebele, et al..Fibre Bragg Grating Strain Sensors: Present and Future Applications in Smart Structures. Optics and Photonics News.1998,9:33~37.
20. Federal Highway Administration. 1996 Research and Technology Program Highlights. Publication No. FH-WA-RD-96-168,Washington D. C.,1996,41
21. Chang C C, et al. Development of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based load Transducers. Proc of the Optical Fiber Sensors Conf. ( OFS-12 ) . Williamsbure , VA, USA, 1997,174~177
22. Ou J.P., Zhou Z., Wu Zh. J.. The sensing properties and practical application in civil infrastructures of optical FBGs. SPIE, 2003, 5129
23. Zhou Z. OU J. P., Wang B.“Smart FRP-OFBG bars and their application in reinforced concrete beams.”Proceeding of the first international conference on structural health monitoring and intelligent Infrastructures, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Tokyo, Japan., Z. S. Wu, 2003
24.傅志方.模态分析理论与应用.上海交通大学出版社.2000
25.续秀忠.基于环境激励的模态参数辨识方法综述.振动与冲击.第21卷第3期
26.任伟新.环境振动系统识别方法的比较分析.福州大学学报.2001,29(6):80~86
27.张笑华.结构环境振动模态测量的随机子空间方法.福州大学硕士学位论文.2005:3~5
28. Van Overschee P. De Moor B, Subspace Algorithms for the Stochastic Identification Problem Automatica, 1993,29(3):649~660
29.侯立群.环境激励与噪声干扰下斜拉桥模态参数识别与损伤定位.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2004
30.张启伟.基于环境振动测量值的悬索桥结构动力模型修正.振动工程学报.第15卷第1期
31.幼亮.润扬大桥斜拉桥结构安全评估的有限元建模与修正.东南大学学报.第36卷第1期
32.陈志为.基于统计模式识别技术的结构异常检验.福州大学硕士学位论文.2005
33.天津市公路管理局.永和大桥检测报告.2005
34.王新岐.斜拉桥破损诊断技术研究.天津大学博士学位论文.2002
35. ANSYS.ANSYS ELEMENT REFERENCE.2000
36. ANSYS.ANSYS THEORY REFERENCE.2000
37.孙德敏.工程最优化方法及应用.中国科学技术大学出版社.1997
38.雷英杰.MATLAB遗传算法工具箱及其应用.西安电子科技大学出版社.2005
39.李士勇.软计算智能优化算法.哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2005
40.蔡自兴.免疫算法研究的进展.控制与决策.19卷第8期
41.曹树谦.振动结构模态分析.天津大学出版社.2001
42.何政.混凝土结构非线性.哈尔滨工业大学内部讲义.2005
2.马昆全.大跨径斜拉桥建设与展望.国外桥梁.2000.4:60~65
3.王文涛.第二版.斜拉桥换索工程.人民交通出版社.2006
4.刘士林.斜拉桥.2002
5.项贻强.文晖大桥健康监测与评估管理系统的主要问题研究. 2003,浙江大学
6.周智.土木工程结构光纤光栅智能传感元件及其监测系统.哈尔滨工业大学博士论文.2003,25~72
7.张启伟.桥梁结构模型修正与损伤识别,同济大学博士论文.1999: 9~15
8. D.Inaudi. Monitoring of a concrete arch bridge during construction. Smart Structures and Materials, San Diego, 2002:4696~5017
9. Anderson E.Y,Pedersen. Structural monitoring of the Great Belt East Bridge. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Strait Crossing: 1994.54~62
10. Myroll.F. and Dibiagio.e. Instrumentation for Monitioring the Skarnsunder Cable-Stayed Bridge. Strait Crossing 94. Krokeborg, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1994:54~65
11.廖延彪.光纤光学.清华大学出版社. 2000,54~86
12. K.O. Hill, Y. Fuji, D.C. Jonson and B.S. Kawasaki. Photosensitivity in Optical Fiber Wave Guides: Application to Reflection Filter Fabrication. App. Phys. Lett.,1978,(32):647~649
13. G. Meltz, W.W. Morey and H. Glenn. Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical Fibers by a Transverse Holographic Method. Opt. Lett.,1989,(14):823~825
14. K.O.Hill, et al.. Bragg Grating Fabricated in Monomode Photosensitive Optical Fiber by UV Exposure through a Phase Mask. Appl. Phys. Lett.,1993,(62):1035~1037
15. P.J. Lemaire, R.M. Atkins, V.Mizrahi, et al..High Pressure H2 Loading as a technique for Achieving Utrahigh UV Photosensitivity and Thermal Sensitivity in GeO2 Doped Optical Fibers. Electron. lett.,1993,(29):1191~1195
16. A.T.Alavie, et al.. Application and Characterization of Intracore GratingSensors in CFRP Prestressed Concrete Girder. SPIE,1994,(2191):103~110
17. W.W. Morey, G.A. Ball, and H.Singh. Applications of Fiber Grating Sensors. SPIE,1996,(2839):2~7
18.鲍吉龙,章献民,陈抗生,周文.光纤光栅传感器及其应用.激光技术. 2000,(3):176~178
19. P. Friebele, et al..Fibre Bragg Grating Strain Sensors: Present and Future Applications in Smart Structures. Optics and Photonics News.1998,9:33~37.
20. Federal Highway Administration. 1996 Research and Technology Program Highlights. Publication No. FH-WA-RD-96-168,Washington D. C.,1996,41
21. Chang C C, et al. Development of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Based load Transducers. Proc of the Optical Fiber Sensors Conf. ( OFS-12 ) . Williamsbure , VA, USA, 1997,174~177
22. Ou J.P., Zhou Z., Wu Zh. J.. The sensing properties and practical application in civil infrastructures of optical FBGs. SPIE, 2003, 5129
23. Zhou Z. OU J. P., Wang B.“Smart FRP-OFBG bars and their application in reinforced concrete beams.”Proceeding of the first international conference on structural health monitoring and intelligent Infrastructures, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Tokyo, Japan., Z. S. Wu, 2003
24.傅志方.模态分析理论与应用.上海交通大学出版社.2000
25.续秀忠.基于环境激励的模态参数辨识方法综述.振动与冲击.第21卷第3期
26.任伟新.环境振动系统识别方法的比较分析.福州大学学报.2001,29(6):80~86
27.张笑华.结构环境振动模态测量的随机子空间方法.福州大学硕士学位论文.2005:3~5
28. Van Overschee P. De Moor B, Subspace Algorithms for the Stochastic Identification Problem Automatica, 1993,29(3):649~660
29.侯立群.环境激励与噪声干扰下斜拉桥模态参数识别与损伤定位.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文.2004
30.张启伟.基于环境振动测量值的悬索桥结构动力模型修正.振动工程学报.第15卷第1期
31.幼亮.润扬大桥斜拉桥结构安全评估的有限元建模与修正.东南大学学报.第36卷第1期
32.陈志为.基于统计模式识别技术的结构异常检验.福州大学硕士学位论文.2005
33.天津市公路管理局.永和大桥检测报告.2005
34.王新岐.斜拉桥破损诊断技术研究.天津大学博士学位论文.2002
35. ANSYS.ANSYS ELEMENT REFERENCE.2000
36. ANSYS.ANSYS THEORY REFERENCE.2000
37.孙德敏.工程最优化方法及应用.中国科学技术大学出版社.1997
38.雷英杰.MATLAB遗传算法工具箱及其应用.西安电子科技大学出版社.2005
39.李士勇.软计算智能优化算法.哈尔滨工业大学出版社.2005
40.蔡自兴.免疫算法研究的进展.控制与决策.19卷第8期
41.曹树谦.振动结构模态分析.天津大学出版社.2001
42.何政.混凝土结构非线性.哈尔滨工业大学内部讲义.2005